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do Nascimento RLF, Fajardo-Bullon F, Santos E, Landeira-Fernandez J, Anunciação L. Psychometric Properties and Cross-Cultural Invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II and Beck Anxiety Inventory among a Representative Sample of Spanish, Portuguese, and Brazilian Undergraduate Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6009. [PMID: 37297613 PMCID: PMC10252305 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20116009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clinical psychologists often use the Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd edition (BDI-II), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) to aid in the diagnosis of mental health issues and verify the effectiveness of treatments. Despite this common practice, studies that implement a cross-cultural design to check psychometric properties and the invariance of these scales are still scarce in the literature, which can lead to biased results that prevent comparisons among different groups. The present study investigated the internal structure of both tools and their level of invariance. From a representative sample of undergraduate students from Spain (n = 1216), Portugal (n = 426), and Brazil (n = 315), Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis were performed. The results revealed suitable fit indices for the two-factor structure of the BDI-II and BAI, assessed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis procedures. Additionally, the two-factor model of the BDI-II reached invariant properties at three levels, whereas the structural model of the BAI did not. Altogether, these results suggest using the BDI-II in this group in these three countries and imply that BAI scores should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Fajardo-Bullon
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Santos
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J. Landeira-Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Anunciação
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, Brazil
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Goulart AC, Bianchi LLT, Bismarchi D, Miname MH, Lourenção ACM, Henares BB, Garcia AT, de Almeida MS, Machado TAO, Syllos DH, Rienzo M, Wang YP. Sex differences in the relationship between hepatic steatosis, mood and anxiety disorders. J Psychosom Res 2023; 168:111216. [PMID: 36913766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), mental symptoms (mood, anxiety disorders and distress) by sex. METHODS This a cross-sectional study performed in working-age adults from a Health Promotion Center (primary care) in São Paulo, Brazil. Self-reported mental symptoms from rating scales (21-item Beck Anxiety Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and K6 distress scale) were evaluated by hepatic steatosis (NAFLD and ALD). Logistic regression models estimated the association between hepatic steatosis subtypes and mental symptoms by Odds ratios (OR) adjusted by confounders in the total sample and sex stratified. RESULTS Among 7241 participants (70.5% men, median age: 45 years), the frequency of steatosis was of 30.7% (25.1% NAFLD), being higher in men than women (70.5% vs. 29.5%, p < 0.0001), regardless of the steatosis subtype. Metabolic risk factors were similar in both subtypes of steatosis, but not mental symptoms. Overall, NAFLD was inversely associated with anxiety (OR = 0.75, 95%CI 0.63-0.90) and positively associated with depression (OR = 1.17, 95%CI 1.00-1.38). On the other hand, ALD was positively associated with anxiety (OR = 1.51; 95%CI 1.15-2.00). In sex-stratified analyses, only men presented an association of anxiety symptoms with NAFLD (OR = 0.73; 95%CI 0.60-0.89) and ALD (OR = 1.60; 95%CI 1.18-2.16). CONCLUSIONS The complex association between different types of steatosis (NAFLD and ALD), mood and anxiety disorders indicates the need for a deeper understanding of their common causal pathways.
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Williams M, Osman M, Hyon C. Understanding the Psychological Impact of Oppression Using the Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks) 2023; 7:24705470221149511. [PMID: 36683843 PMCID: PMC9850126 DOI: 10.1177/24705470221149511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oppression refers to systemic discrimination where the injustice targets or disproportionately impacts specific groups of people. The Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale (TSDS) is a self-report measure designed to assess the traumatizing impact of discrimination broadly by measuring anxiety-related symptoms of trauma due to discriminatory experiences. This may include symptoms arising from racism, homophobia, sexism, poverty, or other forms of marginalization. Almost all studies of the TSDS have examined its use in marginalized ethnoracial groups, primarily African Americans. This paper will extend prior work to help us better understand racial trauma across groups by reporting and comparing TSDS mean scores across ethnoracial identities in a diverse national sample (n = 923). It also explores trauma with other marginalized identities and demographic dimensions, including gender, sexual minority/LGBQ status, education, and income. The relationship of TSDS scores to clinical psychopathologies are examined, including stress, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. We also examine the unique risks associated with intersectionality, and how having multiple marginalized identities may increase traumatization. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monnica Williams
- School of Psychology, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,
University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Muna Osman
- School of Psychology, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada,Monnica T. Williams, PhD, University of
Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Hall, Ottawa,
Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Chrysalis Hyon
- Department of East West Psychology,
California
Institute of Integral Studies, San
Francisco, California, USA
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Zangeneh Soroush M, Tahvilian P, Koohestani S, Maghooli K, Jafarnia Dabanloo N, Sarhangi Kadijani M, Jahantigh S, Zangeneh Soroush M, Saliani A. Effects of COVID-19-related psychological distress and anxiety on quality of sleep and life in healthcare workers in Iran and three European countries. Front Public Health 2022; 10:997626. [PMID: 36504977 PMCID: PMC9732084 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.997626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has considerably affected human beings most of whom are healthcare workers (HCWs) combating the disease in the front line. Methods This cross-sectional study aims to explore the effects of stress and anxiety caused by COVID-19 on the quality of sleep and life in HCWs, including physicians, nurses, and other healthcare staff. In this global study, we asked 1,210 HCWs (620 and 590 volunteers from Iran and European countries, including Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy, respectively), who age 21-70, to participate in the test. Several measures of COVID-related stress, anxiety, sleep, and life quality, including the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) are recorded. Results Volunteers reported high rates of stress and anxiety and poor sleep quality as well as lower quality of life. The correlation analysis between the measures is reported. According to the results, regardless of the location, HCWs, predominantly female nurses, developed anxiety and stress symptoms which consequently resulted in lower sleep and life quality. Both for Iranian and the European HCWs, significant differences existed between nurses and the other two groups, with the p-values equal to 0.0357 and 0.0429 for GHQ-12, 0.0368, and 0.714 for BAI measure. Even though nurses reported the most stress, anxiety, fear of COVID-19, lower quality of life and sleep in both countries, and also an increase in other measures as well, there existed no statistically significant difference in FCV-19S, PSQI, and WHOQOL-BREF. Discussion This study helps to expand our knowledge the effects of pandemics on HCWs and also for healthcare management to predict HCW's mental health conditions in similar situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Zangeneh Soroush
- Occupational Sleep Research Center, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Bio-Intelligence Research Unit, Electrical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Engineering Research Center in Medicine and Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Tahvilian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Engineering Research Center in Medicine and Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Koohestani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Keivan Maghooli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Engineering Research Center in Medicine and Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Jafarnia Dabanloo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Engineering Research Center in Medicine and Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sepehr Jahantigh
- Department Chemical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Amitis Saliani
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Saffaran P, Oh P, Reitav J. Evaluating the Feasibility and Efficacy of A Novel CBTi/SMT Treatment Protocol for Cardiac Rehab Patients: A Non-Randomized Pilot Trial. Behav Sleep Med 2022; 20:716-731. [PMID: 34672904 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2021.1993227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac patients and those with chronic medical conditions often suffer from comorbidities such as insomnia and mood disorders. Previous treatment protocols have focused on resolving symptoms of anxiety and depression in this population using Stress Management Training (SMT). However, these treatments have neglected the importance of sleep problems in these patients. This pilot trial sought to address this by examining the feasibility of a novel CBTi/SMT treatment protocol. METHODS 42 participants attending a Cardiac Rehab (CR) exercise program registered in this 7-week non-randomized pilot trial. The primary objective of the pilot trial was to determine the feasibility of the protocol for retention and adherence rates. Secondarily, the authors sought to examine the potential efficacy of the program in terms of treating insomnia, depression, anxiety, emotion dysregulation, and arousal. RESULTS 29 participants attended at least 1 class, with 21 participants completing the program. The average attendance for the program completers was 6 out of 7 classes (SD = 0.8) with four days of practice each week (SD = 1.6) for 33 minutes daily (SD = 16.8). Moreover, the number of participants meeting clinical threshold for insomnia, anxiety, and/or depression was significantly reduced at post-treatment and follow-up. Similarly, raw scores on the relevant scales were significantly reduced at both timepoints. CONCLUSION This pilot trial provided preliminary evidence for the feasibility and efficacy of targeting sleep improvement with a combined CBTi/SMT protocol. This provides the groundwork for future RCTs to establish the effectiveness of targeting insomnia in a range of medical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Saffaran
- Department of Human Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul Oh
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, Toronto, Canada, University Health Network/Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jaan Reitav
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Program, Toronto, Canada, University Health Network/Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Canada
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Lopes Meghelli B, Gregorio Joaquim A, Bertoncini-Silva C, Nogueira de Almeida Ribeiro G, Salgado-Júnior W, Marques Miguel Suen V. Effect of bariatric surgery on neurocognitive function after 6 months of follow-up: a pilot study. NUTR HOSP 2021. [PMID: 34435502 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND reduced cognitive performance has been observed in patients with severe obesity. Bariatric surgery and subsequent adipose tissue loss seem to affect cognitive functioning positively; however, improvement predictors are not well established. AIM to evaluate the cognitive performance and the nutritional status of patients with severe obesity 6-month after bariatric surgery. METHODS we assessed the neuropsychological performance of 22 patients with obesity (body mass index: ~ 42.9 kg/m²). The nutritional evaluation consisted of the routine tests performed in the baseline and postoperative periods. Lastly, we calculated the correlation between neuropsychological assessment results and blood biomarkers. RESULTS the patients did not present cognitive impairment in the preoperative assessment, but performed below the standard range. The patients underwent significant weight loss after 6 months from surgery (~ 22 kg), with a change in obesity class III to I. Also, the patients presented a significant improvement in attention, mental flexibility, inhibitory control, and processing speed. Additionally, we observed a significant improvement in serum folic acid (108 %), gamma-glutamyl transferase (-41 %), uric acid (-32 %), ferritin (-28 %), triglycerides (-19 %), and high-density lipoprotein (9 %). Lastly, we found a moderate positive correlation between processing speed and body weight (r = 0.46), gamma-glutamyl transferase (r = 0.54), and total protein and mental flexibility (r = 0.75). CONCLUSION bariatric surgery promoted significant weight loss and improved attention, mental flexibility, processing speed, and several nutritional biomarkers. Nevertheless, the surgery had limited effects on other cognitive functions such as short- and long-term memory and language.
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Honeycutt L, Gagnon JF, Pelletier A, Montplaisir JY, Gagnon G, Postuma RB. Characterization of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. J Parkinsons Dis 2021; 11:1409-1416. [PMID: 33967057 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety are common in synucleinopathies and often present during prodromal stages, including idiopathic/isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). However, the specific profiles of depression/anxiety and their predictive values for phenoconversion remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess the predominant manifestations, predictive value, and changes over time in depressive and anxiety symptoms in iRBD. METHODS Patients with polysomnography-confirmed iRBD (n = 114) and healthy controls (n = 44) were recruited. The Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory were administered at baseline, which was repeated prospectively over follow-up. Factor solutions were generated to delineate symptom clusters within the scales, and to help disentangle primary mood symptoms from other neurodegenerative confounds. Total scores, individual scale items, and factors were evaluated to 1) compare patients and controls, 2) assess progression of symptoms over time, and 3) assess predictive value for phenoconversion. RESULTS At baseline, iRBD patients had more severe depressive (9.0 = 6.7 vs 5.8 = 4.8) and anxiety (7.0 = 7.9 vs 4.5 = 6.0) symptoms than controls. Increased scores were seen in numerous individual scale items and most scales' factors. For depressive symptoms, there was no progression of total scores or factors over time. However, anxiety scores worsened slightly over prospective follow-up (annual slope = 0.58 points, p < 0.05). Over an average 2.4 = 3.1-year follow-up, 37 patients phenoconverted and 72 remained disease-free. Neither baseline depressive nor anxiety symptoms predicted phenoconversion to clinical neurodegenerative disease. CONCLUSIONS Depressive and anxiety symptoms are common in iRBD. However, they do not predict phenoconversion and show only modest progression over time, solely for anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Honeycutt
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, 7 QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Gagnon
- Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, CIUSSS-NÎM-Hĉpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amélie Pelletier
- Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, CIUSSS-NÎM-Hĉpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques Y Montplaisir
- Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, CIUSSS-NÎM-Hĉpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Gagnon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, 7 QC, Canada.,Centre d'Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, CIUSSS-NÎM-Hĉpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Ion A, Iliescu D, Nedelcea C. A multi-measure, multi-ethnic investigation of anxiety. Curr Psychol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Goulart AC, Arap AM, Bufarah HB, Bismarchi D, Rienzo M, Syllos DH, Wang YP. Anxiety, Depression, and Anger in Bruxism: A Cross-sectional Study among Adult Attendees of a Preventive Center. Psychiatry Res 2021; 299:113844. [PMID: 33690023 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between emotional symptom and bruxism is not well-established. We aimed to investigate sleeping bruxism and psychological factors. A cross-sectional study was performed in working-age adults attended in general outpatient service. The main outcome was the sleep bruxism diagnosed by dentist. Sociodemographic, clinical and psychological characteristics were evaluated according to sleep bruxism (yes/no). Scores of self-report scales of psychological symptoms (Beck Anxiety Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire, and Dimensions of Anger Reactions) were individually subjected to factor analysis, through the extraction method of principal axis factoring. The associations between probable cases of sleep bruxism with dimensions of anxiety (somatic and cognitive), depression, and anger were estimated by linear regression models. Linear regression models (with β coefficients and 95% CI) were adjusted for sociodemographic covariates. Among 351 respondents, 37.3% presented sleep bruxism. Of them, high frequencies of symptoms of anger (68.1%), moderate-severe anxiety (23.6%), and depression (17.9%) were observed. After adjustment, somatic-anxiety (β: 0,136; CI95%: 0,028 to 0.276) was associated with sleep bruxism, but not cognitive-anxiety, depression or anger. The presence of sleeping bruxism should be routinely explored among adults, regarding its relationship with emotional symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Astrid Marie Arap
- Health Promotion and Check-up Center, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henry Bittar Bufarah
- Health Promotion and Check-up Center, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bismarchi
- Health Promotion and Check-up Center, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rienzo
- Health Promotion and Check-up Center, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielli Haddad Syllos
- Health Promotion and Check-up Center, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yuan-Pang Wang
- Instituto de Psiquiatria (LIM-23), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bagheri Z, Noorshargh P, Shahsavar Z, Jafari P. Assessing the measurement invariance of the 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and Beck Anxiety Inventory questionnaires across people living with HIV/AIDS and healthy people. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:42. [PMID: 33750473 PMCID: PMC7941965 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, extensive research has been reported the higher rate of depression and anxiety among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) as compared to the general population. However, no single study has been carried out to investigate whether this disparity is a real difference or it happens due to lack of measurement invariance. This study aims to assess the measurement invariance of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10) questionnaires across PLWHAs and healthy individuals. Methods One hundred and fifty PLWHAs and 500 healthy individuals filled out the Persian version of the BAI and CESD-10 questionnaires. Multi-group multiple-indicators multiple-causes model (MG-MIMIC) was used to assess measurement invariance across PLWHAs and healthy people. Results Our findings revealed that PLWHAs and healthy individuals perceived the meaning of all the items in the BAI and CESD-10 questionnaires similarly. In addition, although depression scores were significantly higher in PLWHAs as opposed to the healthy individuals, no significant difference was observed in anxiety scores of these two groups. Conclusions The current study suggests that the BAI and CESD-10 are invariant measures across PLWHAs and healthy people which can be used for meaningful cross-group comparison. Therefore, in comparison to healthy individuals, higher depression score of PLWHAs is a real difference. It is highly recommended that health professionals develop therapeutic interventions and psychological supports to promote the mental health of PLWHAs which alleviate their depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bagheri
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pegah Noorshargh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Shahsavar
- Department of English Language, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peyman Jafari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Benuto LT, Zimmermann M, Gonzalez FR, Corral Rodríguez A. A confirmatory factor analysis of the beck anxiety inventory in Latinx primary care patients. International Journal of Mental Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2020.1812833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
The State-Trait Inventory of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA) is a commonly administered self-report instrument of state-trait cognitive and somatic anxiety. Extant research has consistently supported the intended oblique two-factor scoring structure for the STICSA. However, this model assumes that population-level data have (or approximate) a simple structure and that item-level variance is unidimensional. These assumptions may not be tenable and have unintended consequences for STICSA subscore interpretation. Consequently, we tested these assumptions by fitting confirmatory and exploratory structural equation models to STICSA scores for a diverse sample of college students enrolled at a large Southwestern university in the United States (n = 635). Results indicated that cognitive and somatic factors are not equally robust and that STICSA items appear to measure a nonnegligible mixture of both latent cognitive and somatic anxiety. It is recommended that future research use exploratory structural equation model in tandem with CFA to directly model data complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esther H Yi
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
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Abstract
Three widely-used self-report anxiety scales, including the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the State Anxiety Inventory (S-AI), were used to simultaneously compare the psychometric properties via an item response theory (IRT) model with Chinese university students as the sample. Although these scales were probably to measure the same underlying construct, namely, anxiety, their psychometric properties were different. Results showed that the BAI's measurement error was fewer than that of the other scales, with their anxiety severity ranging approximately from the 0.8 standard deviations below the mean to 3 standard deviations above the mean, while the S-AI's measurement error was fewer than that of the other degrees of anxiety. The S-AI provided more information than the other scales when the student's scale was less than approximately 0.8 standard deviations below the mean of anxiety severity. In general, the BAI showed better, for it provided more information than the other scales at the broadest range of anxiety severity. The SAS provided less information than the other scales at all anxiety severity range. In conclusion, BAI shows good psychometric quality. Finally, the three instruments were combined on a common scale by using IRT model and a conversion table was provided so as to achieve the transformation of each scale score.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongbo Tu
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Cai
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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Williams MT, Kanter JW, Ching THW. Anxiety, Stress, and Trauma Symptoms in African Americans: Negative Affectivity Does Not Explain the Relationship between Microaggressions and Psychopathology. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2018; 5:919-927. [PMID: 29098598 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-017-0440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has demonstrated a clear relationship between experiences of racial microaggressions and various indicators of psychological unwellness. One concern with these findings is that the role of negative affectivity, considered a marker of neuroticism, has not been considered. Negative affectivity has previously been correlated to experiences of racial discrimination and psychological unwellness and has been suggested as a cause of the observed relationship between microaggressions and psychopathology. We examined the relationships between self-reported frequency of experiences of microaggressions and several mental health outcomes (i.e., anxiety [Beck Anxiety Inventory], stress [General Ethnic and Discrimination Scale], and trauma symptoms [Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale]) in 177 African American and European American college students, controlling for negative affectivity (the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) and gender. Results indicated that African Americans experience more racial discrimination than European Americans. Negative affectivity in African Americans appears to be significantly related to some but not all perceptions of the experience of discrimination. A strong relationship between racial mistreatment and symptoms of psychopathology was evident, even after controlling for negative affectivity. In summary, African Americans experience clinically measurable anxiety, stress, and trauma symptoms as a result of racial mistreatment, which cannot be wholly explained by individual differences in negative affectivity. Future work should examine additional factors in these relationships, and targeted interventions should be developed to help those suffering as a result of racial mistreatment and to reduce microaggressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monnica T Williams
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA.
| | - Jonathan W Kanter
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terence H W Ching
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
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16
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Kaczkurkin AN, Asnaani A, Hall-Clark B, Peterson AL, Yarvis JS, Foa EB. Ethnic and racial differences in clinically relevant symptoms in active duty military personnel with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 43:90-98. [PMID: 27639110 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown racial/ethnic differences in Vietnam veterans on symptoms related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study explored racial/ethnic differences in PTSD symptoms and clinically relevant symptoms. Resilience and social support were tested as potential moderators of racial/ethnic differences in symptoms. The sample included 303 active duty male service members seeking treatment for PTSD. After controlling for age, education, military grade, and combat exposure, Hispanic/Latino and African American service members reported greater PTSD symptoms compared to non-Hispanic White service members. Higher alcohol consumption was endorsed by Hispanic/Latino service members compared to non-Hispanic White or African American service members, even after controlling for PTSD symptom severity. No racial/ethnic differences were found with regard to other variables. These results suggest that care should be made to thoroughly assess PTSD patients, especially those belonging to minority groups, for concurrent substance use problems that may impede treatment utilization or adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia N Kaczkurkin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Anu Asnaani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Brittany Hall-Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Alan L Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, 7400 Merton Minter, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Jeffrey S Yarvis
- Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center, 36000 Darnall Loop, Fort Hood, TX, 76544, USA.
| | - Edna B Foa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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17
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Liang Y, Wang L, Zhu J. Factor structure and psychometric properties of Chinese version of Beck Anxiety Inventory in Chinese doctors. J Health Psychol 2016; 23:657-666. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105316658971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyses the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Beck Anxiety Inventory on Chinese doctors. Participants include 762 doctors sampled in 18 public hospitals in three cities in Eastern China. Exploratory factor analysis is employed to identify the potential factor structure of the inventory. Confirmatory factor analysis is referred to for model fit. The results indicate that the Chinese version of Beck Anxiety Inventory has satisfactory reliability and validity, but its factor structure is unstable and has great differences compared with international versions. Naming the four extracted factors is difficult. In general, the Chinese version of Beck Anxiety Inventory is appropriate for Chinese doctors and can be used as a good screener to detect the anxiety of Chinese doctors.
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18
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Breland JY, Hundt NE, Barrera TL, Mignogna J, Petersen NJ, Stanley MA, Cully JA. Identification of Anxiety Symptom Clusters in Patients with COPD: Implications for Assessment and Treatment. Int J Behav Med 2016; 22:590-6. [PMID: 25622813 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-014-9450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is palliative, and quality of life is important. Increased understanding of correlates of quality of life and its domains could help clinicians and researchers better tailor COPD treatments and better support patients engaging in those treatments or other important self-management behaviors. PURPOSE Anxiety is common in those with COPD; however, overlap of physical and emotional symptoms complicates its assessment. The current study aimed to identify anxiety symptom clusters and to assess the association of these symptom clusters with COPD-related quality of life. METHODS Participants (N = 162) with COPD completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Medical Research Council dyspnea scale. Anxiety clusters were identified, using principal component analysis (PCA) on the BAI's 21 items. Anxiety clusters, along with factors previously associated with quality of life, were entered into a multiple regression designed to predict COPD-related quality of life. RESULTS PCA identified four symptom clusters related to (1) general somatic distress, (2) fear, (3) nervousness, and (4) respiration-related distress. Multiple regression analyses indicated that greater fear was associated with less perceived mastery over COPD (β = -0.19, t(149) = -2.69, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Anxiety symptoms associated with fear appear to be an important indicator of anxiety in patients with COPD. In particular, fear was associated with perceptions of mastery, an important psychological construct linked to disease self-management. Assessing the BAI symptom cluster associated with fear (five items) may be a valuable rapid assessment tool to improve COPD treatment and physical health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Breland
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Natalie E Hundt
- Houston VA Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center (MEDVAMC 152), 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM 350, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Veterans Affairs South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Terri L Barrera
- Houston VA Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center (MEDVAMC 152), 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM 350, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Veterans Affairs South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Mignogna
- Houston VA Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center (MEDVAMC 152), 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM 350, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Veterans Affairs South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nancy J Petersen
- Houston VA Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center (MEDVAMC 152), 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Veterans Affairs South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Melinda A Stanley
- Houston VA Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center (MEDVAMC 152), 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM 350, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Veterans Affairs South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffery A Cully
- Houston VA Health Services Research and Development Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center (MEDVAMC 152), 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM 350, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Veterans Affairs South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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19
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Chou TL, Chang LI, Chung MH. The mediating and moderating effects of sleep hygiene practice on anxiety and insomnia in hospital nurses. Int J Nurs Pract 2015; 21 Suppl 2:9-18. [DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Lan Chou
- Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health; Keelung Taiwan
| | - Lu-I Chang
- Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Min-Huey Chung
- Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
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20
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Chapman LK, Petrie JM, Richards A. The Efficacy of Self-Report Measures in Predicting Social Phobia in African American Adults. J Natl Med Assoc 2015; 107:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Carter MM, Sbrocco T, Tang D, Rekrut FM, Condit C. Psychometric properties of the social phobia and social interaction anxiety scales: evidence of construct equivalence in an African American sample. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:633-43. [PMID: 25124500 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Scale and Social Interaction Anxiety scale in a community sample of African Americans. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis of the combined scales comparing the data to 2- and 3-factor solutions commonly reported in the literature. The results indicated that neither solution produce an adequate fit to the data in this study. We then proceeded to conduct an exploratory factor analysis within a confirmatory framework of both scales. While we were able to extract a 2-factor solution from the data, the item composition of the factors was somewhat different for African Americans than what is typically reported in non-Hispanic White samples. While we conclude that use of the two social anxiety scales is warranted, we make recommendations regarding the interpretation of both scales with African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy Sbrocco
- Center for Health Disparties, Uniformed Services University, United States
| | - Dickson Tang
- Department of Psychology, American University, United States
| | | | - Caitlin Condit
- Department of Psychology, American University, United States
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22
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Lee DB, Neblett EW, Jackson V. The Role of Optimism and Religious Involvement in the Association Between Race-Related Stress and Anxiety Symptomatology. Journal of Black Psychology 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798414522297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the associations between individual, institutional, and cultural race-related stress and somatic and cognitive anxiety. We adopted a risk and resilience framework to investigate the protective role of optimism and religious involvement in the race-related stress-anxiety link. A total of 171 African American young adults completed measures of race-related stress, optimism, religious involvement, and anxiety symptomatology. Institutional race-related stress was positively associated with cognitive and somatic anxiety. Optimism moderated the association between individual race-related stress and cognitive anxiety. Religious involvement enhanced the protective function of optimism in the association between individual and cultural race-related stress and cognitive anxiety. These results illustrate the utility of a multidimensional framework for understanding the impact of race-related stress on anxiety symptomatology. Moreover, the pattern of findings suggests that high religious involvement and high optimism may produce the most advantageous outcomes with respect to the association between race-related stress and anxiety in African American young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Lee
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Veronica Jackson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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23
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Williams MT, Wetterneck CT, Thibodeau MA, Duque G. Validation of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Severity Scale in African Americans with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:214-21. [PMID: 23664665 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) is widely used in the assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but the psychometric properties of the instrument have not been examined in African Americans with OCD. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the properties of the Y-BOCS severity scale in this population. Participants were 75 African American adults with a lifetime diagnosis of OCD. They completed the Y-BOCS, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM). Evaluators rated OCD severity using the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) and their global assessment of functioning (GAF). The Y-BOCS was significantly correlated with both the CGI and GAF, indicating convergent validity. It also demonstrated good internal consistency (α=0.83) and divergent validity when compared to the BAI and BDI-II. Confirmatory factor analyses tested five previously reported models and supported a three-factor solution, although no model exhibited excellent fit. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted, supporting a three-factor solution. A linear regression was conducted, predicting CGI from the three factors of the Y-BOCS and the MEIM, and the model was significant. The Y-BOCS appears to be a valid measure for African American populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monnica T Williams
- University of Pennsylvania, Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, Department of Psychiatry, 3535 Market Street, 6th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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24
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Kevin Chapman L, Petrie J, Vines L. Factor structure analysis of the SCL-90-R in a community-based sample of African American women. Psychiatry Res 2012; 199:140-4. [PMID: 22633011 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The empirical literature pertaining to anxiety and related disorders in African Americans continues to be sparse, raising significant doubt upon the valid assessment of anxiety and related disorders in African American samples. The identification of culturally valid instruments that accurately identify the symptomatology associated with anxiety and related constructs as well as differentiating individuals who meet criteria for anxiety and related disorders would undoubtedly enhance our understanding of anxiety and related constructs in diverse populations while assisting researchers in identifying ingredients for culturally sensitive therapies (CSTs). The current study represents a major stride in this area through examination of the factor structure of the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R) in a community-based sample of African American women. Ninety-one African American women completed the SCL-90-R as part of a larger investigation of anxiety and related disorders in African American parent-child dyads. Results suggest that psychological distress, as measured by the SCL-90-R, adequately fits the current data. Implications and suggestions for future work in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Kevin Chapman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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25
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Williams MT, Chapman LK, Wong J, Turkheimer E. The role of ethnic identity in symptoms of anxiety and depression in African Americans. Psychiatry Res 2012; 199:31-6. [PMID: 22513043 PMCID: PMC3445759 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ethnic identity has been identified as a factor contributing to resilience and coping in African Americans. Ethnic identity includes positive feelings of ethnic affirmation and belonging, appreciation for one's ethnic identity, and increased ethnic behaviors. This study examines the role of ethnic identity in symptoms of anxiety and depression. Participants were an adult student and community sample (N=572), administered the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), State Trait Anxiety Inventory-state portion (STAI-S), and Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM). Compared to European Americans, African Americans reported significantly greater depression and more negative state anxiety, as well as higher levels of ethnic identity. For African Americans, higher ethnic identity was correlated to reduced anxiety and depression, whereas this was not true for European Americans. Findings support the proposition that a strong, positive ethnic identity may serve a protective role among African Americans by moderating the relationship between discriminatory experiences and psychological well-being. An Afrocentric perspective may also contribute to reduced anxiety due to a greater emphasis on a present versus future-oriented worldview. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monnica T. Williams
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Mental Health Disparities, University of Louisville, 2301 South Third Street, Louisville, KY 40292,
- Corresponding Author: Monnica Williams, Ph.D., Center for Mental Health Disparities, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, 2301 South Third Street, Louisville, KY 40292, m.williams@louisville, Phone: (502) 852-2521, Fax: (502) 852-8904
| | - L. Kevin Chapman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Mental Health Disparities, University of Louisville, 2301 South Third Street. Louisville, KY 40292,
| | - Judy Wong
- Department of Psychology, Adult Anxiety Clinic of Temple, Temple University, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6085,
| | - Eric Turkheimer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Box 400400, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA,
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Abstract
Burgeoning literature in the field of social anxiety suggests that social phobia may diverge from the other anxiety disorders in terms of the association it shares with low positive affect. Research examining positive affect and social anxiety has contributed to the understanding of social phobia in non-Hispanic White populations, but the cross-cultural generalization of anxiety in African Americans remains unknown. The current study used receiver operating characteristic analysis to estimate the extent to which scores on the Positive and Negative Affect Scales of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule–Expanded form (PANAS-X) predicted anxiety disorder diagnoses in a sample of 91 community-dwelling African American females. Subsequent receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted to evaluate the utility of the Positive and Negative Affect Scales of the PANAS-X in predicting social phobia specifically. Results suggest that the PANAS-X is a clinically useful measure for predicting anxiety disorder diagnosis and, more specifically, social phobia in African American females. Additionally, optimal cutoff scores were identified, underscoring the potential use of the PANAS-X as a screening device for anxiety in African American females.
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27
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Williams MT, Abramowitz JS, Olatunji BO. The relationship between contamination cognitions, anxiety, and disgust in two ethnic groups. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2012; 43:632-7. [PMID: 21946040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is understudied in African Americans, thus little is known about factors that might predispose this group to obsessive-compulsive anxiety. Prior research has shown that African Americans endorse more concerns about contamination, but it is not known how these differences relate to variables, such as beliefs or cognitions about contamination, the emotion of disgust, and anxiety sensitivity. The current study examined Black-White differences in contamination cognitions in a non-clinical sample (N = 245). METHODS European American and African American participants completed measures of contamination cognitions, anxiety, OCD, and disgust. RESULTS African Americans exhibited significantly stronger contamination cognitions, as measured by the Contamination Concerns Scale. Multiple regression analysis showed that contamination concerns were predicted by disgust sensitivity, ethnicity/race, and gender. Neither anxiety sensitivity nor pathological washing behaviors were significant factors in the model. LIMITATIONS Study should be replicated in additional populations as generalizability beyond a college student population is not known. CONCLUSIONS African Americans are no more sensitive to disgust or anxiety than European Americans, but nonetheless have greater concerns about the severity of contamination surrounding certain items. This may predispose African Americans with OCD to symptoms involving contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monnica T Williams
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Lewis KM, Byrd DA, Ollendick TH. Anxiety symptoms in African-American and Caucasian youth: relations to negative life events, social support, and coping. J Anxiety Disord 2012; 26:32-9. [PMID: 21930362 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the relations among negative life events, social support, coping and anxiety symptoms in 709 Caucasian and African-American youth between 11 and 14 years of age. Results indicated that more negative life events, less social support, more coping efforts, and African-American status were related to more anxiety symptoms. Additionally, although active coping moderated the relationship between negative life events and anxiety, these relations were qualified in separate analyses for the African-American and Caucasian youth. Negative life events were related to anxiety symptoms only for the African-American participants. When these findings were explored further for males and females of each racial group, negative life events remained significant for African-American males but not African-American females. Implications of these findings are examined and future directions for research to understand the processes underlying these relations with both Caucasian and African-American youth are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal M Lewis
- Child Study Center, Department of Psychology Virginia Polytechnic Institute, and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436, USA.
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29
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Chapman LK, Petrie J, Vines L, Durrett E. The co-occurrence of anxiety disorders in African American parents and their children. J Anxiety Disord 2012; 26:65-70. [PMID: 21963233 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the co-occurrence of anxiety disorders, specifically the relationship between parent and youth anxiety, in a community-based sample of 100 African American parents and their biological child between the ages of 6 and 17 years. Data were provided by both the parent and child. Parents completed the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (ADIS-IV) Client Version about their own experiences with anxiety and related disorders and the Parent version for the child's experiences. Children were administered the ADIS-IV Child version to assess their experiences with anxiety and related disorders. Fifty-five parents met criteria for at least one anxiety disorder while 34 children met criteria for at least one anxiety disorder. Two logistic regressions were subsequently conducted to predict the presence of any form of psychopathology from the ADIS-IV and the presence of an anxiety disorder in African American offspring. Results indicated that African American offspring with an anxious parent were 4 times more likely to meet criteria for both an anxiety disorder and other forms of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kevin Chapman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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30
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Meites TM, Ingram RE, Siegle GJ. Unique and Shared Aspects of Affective Symptomatology: The Role of Parental Bonding in Depression and Anxiety Symptom Profiles. Cogn Ther Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-011-9426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rouquette A, Falissard B. Sample size requirements for the internal validation of psychiatric scales. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2011; 20:235-49. [PMID: 22020761 PMCID: PMC7549437 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The ratio of subjects to variables (N/p), as a rule to calculate the sample size required in internal validity studies on measurement scales, has been recommended without any strict theoretical or empirical basis being provided. The purpose of the present study was to develop a tool to determine sample size for these studies in the field of psychiatry. First, a literature review was carried out to identify the distinctive features of psychiatric scales. Then, two simulation methods were developed to generate data according to: (1) the model for factor structure derived from the literature review and (2) a real dataset. This enabled the study of the quality of solutions obtained from principal component analysis or Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) on various sample sizes. Lastly, the influence of sample size on the precision of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was examined. The N/p ratio rule is not upheld by this study: short scales do not allow smaller sample size. As a rule of thumb, if one's aim is to reveal the factor structure, a minimum of 300 subjects is generally acceptable but should be increased when the number of factors within the scale is large, when EFA is used and when the number of items is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rouquette
- Unité INSERM U669, Paris Sud Innovation Group in Adolescent Mental Health, Paris, France.
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32
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Melka SE, Lancaster SL, Bryant AR, Rodriguez BF. Confirmatory factor and measurement invariance analyses of the emotion regulation questionnaire. J Clin Psychol 2011; 67:1283-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Melka SE, Lancaster SL, Bryant AR, Rodriguez BF, Weston R. An Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Affective Control Scale in an Undergraduate Sample. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-011-9236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Beard C, Rodriguez BF, Moitra E, Sibrava NJ, Bjornsson A, Weisberg RB, Keller MB. Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) in a longitudinal study of African Americans with anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 2011; 25:722-6. [PMID: 21501944 PMCID: PMC3089666 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) is a widely used measure of social anxiety. However, no study has examined the psychometric properties of the LSAS in an African American sample. The current study examined the LSAS characteristics in 97 African Americans diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Overall, the original LSAS subscales showed excellent internal consistency and temporal stability. Similar to previous reports, fear and avoidance subscales were so highly correlated that they yielded redundant information. Confirmatory factor analyses for three previously proposed models failed to demonstrate an excellent fit to our data. However, a four-factor model showed minimally acceptable fit. Overall, the LSAS performed similarly in our African American sample as in previous European American samples. Exploratory factor analyses are warranted to determine whether a better factor structure exists for African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Beard
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, USA.
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Sæmundsson BR, Þórsdóttir F, Kristjánsdóttir H, Ólason DÞ, Smári J, Sigurðsson JF. Psychometric Properties of the Icelandic Version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in a Clinical and a Student Population. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2011. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a widely used anxiety scale in clinical practice as well as in research. In the present study the objective was to assess the psychometric properties of the Icelandic version of the BAI in a patient and a student population. There was a total of 1674 participants, 607 outpatients and 1067 students. All participants completed the BAI and a subgroup of the students completed additional measures of anxiety and depression as well. A subgroup of the students also completed the BAI on a second occasion. Most of the patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). All patients were diagnosed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Both internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability were excellent. Convergent and divergent validity were supported. The BAI showed discriminant validity both with regard to discriminating anxiety disorder patients from other patients and panic disorder patients from other anxiety disorder patients. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed excellent support for a one-factor model in the student population, which was superior to the alternative two- and four-factor models. The four-factor model was, however, supported in the patient population whereas the one- and two-factor models were not. It is concluded that the psychometric properties of the Icelandic version of the BAI are satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanney Þórsdóttir
- Faculty of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Iceland
| | | | - Daníel Þ. Ólason
- Faculty of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Iceland
| | - Jakob Smári
- Faculty of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Iceland
| | - Jón F. Sigurðsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Iceland
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Melka SE, Lancaster SL, Adams LJ, Howarth EA, Rodriguez BF. Social anxiety across ethnicity: a confirmatory factor analysis of the FNE and SAD. J Anxiety Disord 2010; 24:680-5. [PMID: 20537507 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has established that social anxiety occurs at different rates in African American and European American populations (Grant et al., 2005), while psychometric investigations of widely used measures of psychopathology show differences in factor structure based on ethnic background (Carter, Miller, Sbrocco, Suchday, & Lewis, 1999; Chapman, Williams, Mast, & Woodruff-Borden, 2009). The current study examined response characteristics of 1276 African American and European American undergraduates completing the Fear of Negative Evaluation and Social Avoidance and Distress Scales (Watson & Friend, 1969). Confirmatory factor analyses failed to demonstrate factorial invariance in the two ethnic samples, and Wald tests suggested several items on both measures be dropped for African Americans. Results suggest the FNE and SAD operate differently across ethnic groups. Implications for the cross-cultural measurement of social anxiety and the importance of continued rigorous psychometric inquiry of commonly used measures are discussed.
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