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Sun Z, Lou Y, Hu X, Song F, Zheng X, Hu Y, Ding H, Zhang Y, Huang P. Single-cell sequencing analysis fibrosis provides insights into the pathobiological cell types and cytokines of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:149. [PMID: 37118713 PMCID: PMC10148423 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is an essential treatment for chest cancer. Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is an almost irreversible interstitial lung disease; however, its pathogenesis remains unclear. METHODS We analyzed specific changes in cell populations and potential markers by using single-cell sequencing datasets from the Sequence Read Archive database, PERFORMED from control (0 Gy) and thoracic irradiated (20 Gy) mouse lungs at day 150 post-radiation. We performed IHC and ELISA on lung tissue and cells to validate the potential marker cytokines identified by the analysis on rat thoracic irradiated molds (30 Gy). RESULTS Single-cell sequencing analysis showed changes in abundance across cell types and at the single-cell level, with B and T cells showing the most significant changes in abundance. And four cytokines, CCL5, ICAM1, PF4, and TNF, were significantly upregulated in lung tissues of RIPF rats and cell supernatants after ionizing radiation. CONCLUSION Cytokines CCL5, ICAM1, PF4, and TNF may play essential roles in radiation pulmonary fibrosis. They are potential targets for the treatment of radiation pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Sun
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yutao Lou
- College of pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feifeng Song
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiying Ding
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ping Huang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Seyran M, Melanie S, Philip S, Amiq G, Fabian B. Allies or enemies? The effect of regulatory T cells and related T lymphocytes on the profibrotic environment in bleomycin-injured lung mouse models. Clin Exp Med 2022:10.1007/s10238-022-00945-7. [PMID: 36403186 PMCID: PMC10390389 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by permanent scarring of lung tissue and declining lung function, and is an incurable disease with increase in prevalence over the past decade. The current consensus is that aberrant wound healing following repeated injuries to the pulmonary epithelium is the most probable cause of IPF, with various immune inflammatory pathways having been reported to impact disease pathogenesis. While the role of immune cells, specifically T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells (Treg), in IPF pathogenesis has been reported and discussed recently, the pathogenic or beneficial roles of these cells in inducing or preventing lung fibrosis is still debated. This lack of understanding could be due in part to the difficulty in obtaining diseased human lung tissue for research purposes. For this reason, many animal models have been developed over the years to attempt to mimic the main clinical hallmarks of IPF: among these, inducing lung injury in rodents with the anti-cancer agent bleomycin has now become the most commonly studied animal model of IPF. Pulmonary fibrosis is the major side effect when bleomycin is administered for cancer treatment in human patients, and a similar effect can be observed after intra-tracheal administration of bleomycin to rodents. Despite many pathophysiological pathways of lung fibrosis having been investigated in bleomycin-injured animal models, one central facet still remains controversial, namely the involvement of specific T lymphocyte subsets, and in particular Treg, in disease pathogenesis. This review aims to summarize the major findings and conclusions regarding the involvement of immune cells and their receptors in the pathogenesis of IPF, and to elaborate on important parallels between animal models and the human disease. A more detailed understanding of the role of Treg and other immune cell subsets in lung injury and fibrosis derived from animal models is a critical basis for translating this knowledge to the development of new immune-based therapies for the treatment of human IPF.
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3
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Chavez-Galan L, Becerril C, Ruiz A, Ramon-Luing LA, Cisneros J, Montaño M, Salgado A, Ramos C, Buendía-Roldán I, Pardo A, Selman M. Fibroblasts From Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Induce Apoptosis and Reduce the Migration Capacity of T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:820347. [PMID: 35222396 PMCID: PMC8866565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.820347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and irreversible lung disease of unknown etiology. Myofibroblasts are organized in peculiar subepithelial fibroblasts foci (FF), where they abnormally persist and exclude lymphocytes by unclear mechanisms. FF are the source of an excessive extracellular matrix, which results in progressive stiffening and destruction of the lung architecture. We hypothesized that the absence of T cells inside the FF could be related, at least partially, to an inefficient function of lymphocytes induced by IPF fibroblasts. Here, we evaluated the effect of a supernatant from IPF fibroblasts on T-cell apoptosis and migration capacity. Data showed that IPF fibroblasts secrete pro-apoptotic molecules (both from extrinsic and intrinsic pathways), generating a microenvironment that induces apoptosis of T cells at 3 h of culture, despite a weak anti-apoptotic profile exhibited by these T cells. At 24 h of culture, the supernatants from both IPF and control fibroblasts provoked T-cell death. However, at this time of culture, IPF fibroblasts caused a marked decrease in T-cell migration; in contrast, control lung fibroblasts induced an increase of T-cell migration. The reduction of T-cell migratory capacity provoked by IPF fibroblasts was associated with a negative regulation of RHOA and ROCK, two essential GTPases for migration, and was independent of the expression of chemokine receptors. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that IPF fibroblasts/myofibroblasts induce apoptosis and affect T-cell migration, revealing a mechanism involved in the virtual absence of T lymphocytes inside the FF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carina Becerril
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andy Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucero A Ramon-Luing
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Cisneros
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Montaño
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Salgado
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ramos
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivette Buendía-Roldán
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Annie Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Moisés Selman
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Han H, Zhang Y, Peng G, Li L, Yang J, Yuan Y, Xu Y, Liu ZR. Extracellular PKM2 facilitates organ-tissue fibrosis progression. iScience 2021; 24:103165. [PMID: 34693222 PMCID: PMC8517170 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent activation of fibroblasts and resistance of myofibroblasts to turnover play important roles in organ-tissue fibrosis development and progression. The mechanism that mediates apoptosis resistance of myofibroblasts is not understood. Here, we report that myofibroblasts express and secrete PKM2. Extracellular PKM2 (EcPKM2) facilitates progression of fibrosis by protecting myofibroblasts from apoptosis. EcPKM2 upregulates arginase-1 expression in myofibroblasts and therefore facilitates proline biosynthesis and subsequent collagen production. EcPKM2 interacts with integrin αvβ3 on myofibroblasts to activate FAK-PI3K signaling axis. Activation of FAK-PI3K by EcPKM2 activates downstream NF-κB survival pathway to prevent myofibroblasts from apoptosis. On the other hand, activation of FAK- PI3K by EcPKM2 suppresses PTEN to subsequently upregulate arginase-1 in myofibroblasts. Our studies uncover an important mechanism for organ fibrosis progression. More importantly, an antibody disrupting the interaction between PKM2 and integrin αvβ3 is effective in reversing fibrosis, suggesting a possible therapeutic strategy and target for treatment of organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Han
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yinwei Zhang
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Guangda Peng
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Liangwei Li
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jenny Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yiting Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zhi-Ren Liu
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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5
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Merkt W, Zhou Y, Han H, Lagares D. Myofibroblast fate plasticity in tissue repair and fibrosis: Deactivation, apoptosis, senescence and reprogramming. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:678-691. [PMID: 34117675 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In response to tissue injury, fibroblasts differentiate into professional repair cells called myofibroblasts, which orchestrate many aspects of the normal tissue repair programme including synthesis, deposition and contraction of extracellular matrix proteins, leading to wound closure. Successful tissue repair responses involve termination of myofibroblast activities in order to prevent pathologic fibrotic scarring. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms limiting myofibroblast activities during physiological tissue repair, including myofibroblast deactivation, apoptosis, reprogramming and immune clearance of senescent myofibroblasts. In addition, we summarize pathological mechanisms leading to myofibroblast persistence and survival, a hallmark of fibrotic diseases. Finally, we discuss emerging anti-fibrotic therapies aimed at targeting myofibroblast fate such as senolytics, gene therapy, cellular immunotherapy and CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Merkt
- Fibrosis Research Center, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yan Zhou
- Fibrosis Research Center, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physiology, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongwei Han
- Fibrosis Research Center, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Lagares
- Fibrosis Research Center, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Wallach-Dayan SB, Petukhov D, Ahdut-HaCohen R, Richter-Dayan M, Breuer R. sFasL-The Key to a Riddle: Immune Responses in Aging Lung and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042177. [PMID: 33671651 PMCID: PMC7926921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By dint of the aging population and further deepened with the Covid-19 pandemic, lung disease has turned out to be a major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. The condition is exacerbated when the immune system further attacks the healthy, rather than the diseased, tissue within the lung. Governed by unremittingly proliferating mesenchymal cells and increased collagen deposition, if inflammation persists, as frequently occurs in aging lungs, the tissue develops tumors and/or turns into scars (fibrosis), with limited regenerative capacity and organ failure. Fas ligand (FasL, a ligand of the Fas cell death receptor) is a key factor in the regulation of these processes. FasL is primarily found in two forms: full length (membrane, or mFasL) and cleaved (soluble, or sFasL). We and others found that T-cells expressing the mFasL retain autoimmune surveillance that controls mesenchymal, as well as tumor cell accumulation following an inflammatory response. However, mesenchymal cells from fibrotic lungs, tumor cells, or cells from immune-privileged sites, resist FasL+ T-cell-induced cell death. The mechanisms involved are a counterattack of immune cells by FasL, by releasing a soluble form of FasL that competes with the membrane version, and inhibits their cell death, promoting cell survival. This review focuses on understanding the previously unrecognized role of FasL, and in particular its soluble form, sFasL, in the serum of aged subjects, and its association with the evolution of lung disease, paving the way to new methods of diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit B. Wallach-Dayan
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (D.P.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dmytro Petukhov
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (D.P.); (R.B.)
| | - Ronit Ahdut-HaCohen
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
- Department of Science, The David Yellin Academic College of Education, Jerusalem 9103501, Israel
| | - Mark Richter-Dayan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Raphael Breuer
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (D.P.); (R.B.)
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7
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Luzina IG, Lillehoj EP, Lockatell V, Hyun SW, Lugkey KN, Imamura A, Ishida H, Cairo CW, Atamas SP, Goldblum SE. Therapeutic Effect of Neuraminidase-1-Selective Inhibition in Mouse Models of Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:136-146. [PMID: 33139318 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis remains a serious biomedical problem with no cure and an urgent need for better therapies. Neuraminidases (NEUs), including NEU1, have been recently implicated in the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis by us and others. We now have tested the ability of a broad-spectrum neuraminidase inhibitor, 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA), to modulate the in vivo response to acute intratracheal bleomycin challenge as an experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis. A marked alleviation of bleomycin-induced body weight loss and notable declines in accumulation of pulmonary lymphocytes and collagen deposition were observed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of human and mouse lung tissues and primary human lung fibroblast cultures were also performed. A predominant expression and pronounced elevation in the levels of NEU1 mRNA were observed in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and bleomycin-challenged mice compared with their corresponding controls, whereas NEU2, NEU3, and NEU4 were expressed at far lower levels. The levels of mRNA for the NEU1 chaperone, protective protein/cathepsin A (PPCA), were also elevated by bleomycin. Western blotting analyses demonstrated bleomycin-induced elevations in protein expression of both NEU1 and PPCA in mouse lungs. Two known selective NEU1 inhibitors, C9-pentyl-amide-DANA (C9-BA-DANA) and C5-hexanamido-C9-acetamido-DANA, dramatically reduced bleomycin-induced loss of body weight, accumulation of pulmonary lymphocytes, and deposition of collagen. Importantly, C9-BA-DANA was therapeutic in the chronic bleomycin exposure model with no toxic effects observed within the experimental timeframe. Moreover, in the acute bleomycin model, C9-BA-DANA attenuated NEU1-mediated desialylation and shedding of the mucin-1 ectodomain. These data indicate that NEU1-selective inhibition offers a potential therapeutic intervention for pulmonary fibrotic diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Neuraminidase-1-selective therapeutic targeting in the acute and chronic bleomycin models of pulmonary fibrosis reverses pulmonary collagen deposition, accumulation of lymphocytes in the lungs, and the disease-associated loss of body weight-all without observable toxic effects. Such therapy is as efficacious as nonspecific inhibition of all neuraminidases in these models, thus indicating the central role of neuraminidase-1 as well as offering a potential innovative, specifically targeted, and safe approach to treating human patients with a severe malady: pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Erik P Lillehoj
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Virginia Lockatell
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Sang W Hyun
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Katerina N Lugkey
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Akihiro Imamura
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Sergei P Atamas
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
| | - Simeon E Goldblum
- Departments of Medicine (I.G.L., V.L., S.W.H., K.N.L., S.P.A., S.E.G.) and Pediatrics (E.P.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Research Service, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., S.W.H., S.P.A., S.E.G.); Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan (A.I., H.I.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (C.W.C.)
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8
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Kato K, Logsdon NJ, Shin YJ, Palumbo S, Knox A, Irish JD, Rounseville SP, Rummel SR, Mohamed M, Ahmad K, Trinh JM, Kurundkar D, Knox KS, Thannickal VJ, Hecker L. Impaired Myofibroblast Dedifferentiation Contributes to Nonresolving Fibrosis in Aging. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:633-644. [PMID: 31962055 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0092oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal age-associated disease with no cure. Although IPF is widely regarded as a disease of aging, the cellular mechanisms that contribute to this age-associated predilection remain elusive. In this study, we sought to evaluate the consequences of senescence on myofibroblast cell fate and fibrotic responses to lung injury in the context of aging. We demonstrated that nonsenescent lung myofibroblasts maintained the capacity for dedifferentiation, whereas senescent/IPF myofibroblasts exhibited an impaired capacity for dedifferentiation. We previously demonstrated that the transcription factor MyoD acts as a critical switch in the differentiation and dedifferentiation of myofibroblasts. Here, we demonstrate that decreased levels of MyoD preceded myofibroblast dedifferentiation and apoptosis susceptibility in nonsenescent cells, whereas MyoD expression remained elevated in senescent/IPF myofibroblasts, which failed to undergo dedifferentiation and demonstrated resistance to apoptosis. Genetic strategies to silence MyoD restored the susceptibility of IPF myofibroblasts to undergo apoptosis and led to a partial reversal of age-associated persistent fibrosis in vivo. The capacity for myofibroblast dedifferentiation and subsequent apoptosis may be critical for normal physiologic responses to tissue injury, whereas restricted dedifferentiation and apoptosis resistance in senescent cells may underlie the progressive nature of age-associated human fibrotic disorders. These studies support the concept that senescence may promote profibrotic effects via impaired myofibroblast dedifferentiation and apoptosis resistance, which contributes to myofibroblast accumulation and ultimately persistent fibrosis in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kato
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Naomi J Logsdon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yoon-Joo Shin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sunny Palumbo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Adam Knox
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joseph D Irish
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Skye P Rounseville
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sydney R Rummel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Mohamed Mohamed
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kareem Ahmad
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Johnny M Trinh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Deepali Kurundkar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kenneth S Knox
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Louise Hecker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona
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9
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Wallach-Dayan SB, Rojas M. Senescence, the Janus of Lung Injury and Repair. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:548-549. [PMID: 31978311 PMCID: PMC7193790 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0022ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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10
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Bulvik R, Breuer R, Dvir-Ginzberg M, Reich E, Berkman N, Wallach-Dayan SB. SIRT1 Deficiency, Specifically in Fibroblasts, Decreases Apoptosis Resistance and Is Associated with Resolution of Lung-Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10070996. [PMID: 32630813 PMCID: PMC7407379 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to normal regenerating tissue, resistance to Fas- and FasL-positive T cell-induced apoptosis were detected in myofibroblasts from fibrotic-lungs of humans and mice following bleomycin (BLM) exposure. In this study we show, decreased FLIP expression in lung-tissues with resolution of BLM-induced fibrosis and in isolated-lung fibroblasts, with decreased resistance to apoptosis. Using a FLIP-expression vector or a shFLIP-RNA, we further confirmed the critical need for FLIP to regain/lose susceptibility of fibrotic-lung myofibroblast to Fas-induced apoptosis. Our study further show that FLIP is regulated by SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1) deacetylase. Chimeric mice, with SIRT1-deficiency in deacetylase domain (H355Y-Sirt1y/y), specifically in mesenchymal cells, were not only protected from BLM-induced lung fibrosis but, as assessed following Ku70 immunoprecipitation, had also decreased Ku70-deacetylation, decreasedKu70/FLIP complex, and decreased FLIP levels in their lung myofibroblasts. In addition, myofibroblasts isolated from lungs of BLM-treated miR34a-knockout mice, exposed to a miR34a mimic, which we found here to downregulate SIRT1 in the luciferase assay, had a decreased Ku70-deacetylation indicating decrease in SIRT1 activity. Thus, SIRT1 may mediate, miR34a-regulated, persistent FLIP levels by deacetylation of Ku70 in lung myofibroblasts, promoting resistance to cell-death and lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raanan Bulvik
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (R.B.); (R.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Raphael Breuer
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (R.B.); (R.B.); (N.B.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 670 Albany St, 4th Floor, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mona Dvir-Ginzberg
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (M.D.-G.); (E.R.)
| | - Eli Reich
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, POB 12065, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (M.D.-G.); (E.R.)
| | - Neville Berkman
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (R.B.); (R.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Shulamit B. Wallach-Dayan
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (R.B.); (R.B.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-2-6776622
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11
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Wang Z, Qu S, Zhu J, Chen F, Ma L. Comprehensive analysis of lncRNA-associated competing endogenous RNA network and immune infiltration in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:1856-1865. [PMID: 32642089 PMCID: PMC7330328 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-19-2842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a life-threatening lung disorder with an unknown aetiology. The roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and its related competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) network in IPF remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to build a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network and explore the pathogenesis of IPF. Methods We screened differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and mRNAs (DEmRNAs) between IPF and control lung tissues from two datasets. The ceRNA network was built according to the interactions between DElncRNA, miRNA, and DEmRNA. Functional enrichment analysis of DemRNAs was performed using Metascape. CIBERSORT (Cell type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets Of known RNA Transcripts) was applied to estimate the fraction of 22 immune cells in IPF and controls lung tissue samples. Then we investigated the correlation between immune cells and clinical traits. Results We constructed a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, which was composed of two DElncRNAs, 18 miRNAs, 66 DemRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the DEmRNAs mainly participated in MicroRNAs in cancer. By applying CIBERSORT, we found that IPF tissue samples had a higher proportion of plasma cells, resting mast cells and a lower proportion of resting NK cells, monocytes, neutrophils compared with control tissue samples. Also, our results indicated that immune cells were associated with the severity of IPF. Conclusions In summary, this is the first study to build lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network of IPF, which may improve our understanding of IPF pathogenesis. Our study indicates that immune cells in lung tissues may predict disease severity and participate in the development of IPF. Future prospective studies are required to confirm the findings of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Shuoying Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Fengzhe Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Lixian Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
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12
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Matrix Metalloproteinases Retain Soluble FasL-mediated Resistance to Cell Death in Fibrotic-Lung Myofibroblasts. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020411. [PMID: 32053892 PMCID: PMC7072292 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent feature of obstructed tissue regeneration following injury in general, and fibrotic lung tissue in particular, is fibroblast proliferation and accumulation. The Fas/FasL apoptotic pathway has been shown to be involved in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rodents. We previously showed that in normal injury repair, myofibroblasts' accumulation is followed by their decline by FasL+ T cell-induced cell death. In pathological lung fibrosis, myofibroblasts resist cell death and accumulate. Like other members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, membrane-bound FasL can be cleaved from the cell surface to generate a soluble form (sFasL). Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to convert the membrane-bound form of FasL to sFasL. MMP-7 knockout (KO) mice were shown to be protected from bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis. In this study, we detected increased levels of sFasL in their blood serum, as in the lungs of patients with IPF, and IPF-lung myofibroblast culture medium. In this study, using an MMP-inhibitor, we showed that sFasL is decreased in cultures of IPF-lung myofibroblasts and BLM-treated lung myofibroblasts, and in the blood serum of MMP-7KO mice. Moreover, resistant fibrotic-lung myofibroblasts, from the lungs of humans with IPF and of BLM-treated mice, became susceptible to T-cell induced cell death in a co-culture following MMP-inhibition- vs. control-treatment or BLM-treated MMP-7KO vs. wild-type mice, respectively. sFasL may be an unrecognized mechanism for MMP-7-mediated decreased tissue regeneration following injury and the evolution of lung fibrosis.
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13
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Hohmann MS, Habiel DM, Coelho AL, Verri WA, Hogaboam CM. Quercetin Enhances Ligand-induced Apoptosis in Senescent Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Fibroblasts and Reduces Lung Fibrosis In Vivo. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:28-40. [PMID: 30109946 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0289oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cellular senescence may be a protective mechanism in modulating proliferative capacity, fibroblast senescence is now recognized as a key pathogenic mechanism in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In aged mice, abundance and persistence of apoptosis-resistant senescent fibroblasts play a central role in nonresolving lung fibrosis after bleomycin challenge. Therefore, we investigated whether quercetin can restore the susceptibility of senescent IPF fibroblasts to proapoptotic stimuli and mitigate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in aged mice. Unlike senescent normal lung fibroblasts, IPF lung fibroblasts from patients with stable and rapidly progressing disease were highly resistant to Fas ligand (FasL)-induced and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. Senescent IPF fibroblasts exhibited decreased expression of FasL and TRAIL receptors and caveolin-1, as well as increased AKT activation, compared with senescent normal lung fibroblasts. Although quercetin alone was not proapoptotic, it abolished the resistance to FasL- or TRAIL-induced apoptosis in IPF fibroblasts. Mechanistically, quercetin upregulated FasL receptor and caveolin-1 expression and modulated AKT activation. In vivo quercetin reversed bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and attenuated lethality, weight loss, and the expression of pulmonary senescence markers p21 and p19-ARF and senescence-associated secretory phenotype in aged mice. Collectively, these data indicate that quercetin reverses the resistance to death ligand-induced apoptosis by promoting FasL receptor and caveolin-1 expression and inhibiting AKT activation, thus mitigating the progression of established pulmonary fibrosis in aged mice. Therefore, quercetin may be a viable therapeutic option for IPF and other age-related diseases that progress with the accumulation of senescent fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Hohmann
- 1 Departmento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil; and
| | - David M Habiel
- 2 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ana L Coelho
- 2 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- 1 Departmento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil; and
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- 2 Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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14
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Petukhov D, Richter-Dayan M, Fridlender Z, Breuer R, Wallach-Dayan SB. Increased Regeneration Following Stress-Induced Lung Injury in Bleomycin-Treated Chimeric Mice with CD44 Knockout Mesenchymal Cells. Cells 2019; 8:E1211. [PMID: 31591327 PMCID: PMC6829612 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44, an adhesion-molecule promoting cell-migration, is shown here to increase in stress conditions following bleomycin-induced apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), a main target of lung injury. In vivo, it inhibits tissue regeneration and leads to fibrosis. We show that some AECs survive by the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase/ATM pathway, and undergo a CD44-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) with migratory capacities in vitro, and in vivo. We assessed apoptosis vs. proliferation of AECs following bleomycin, ATM/P53 signaling pathway in AECs, and CD44 involvement in EMT, cell motility and tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Expression of survival genes, CD44, and ATM/p53 pathway was elevated in AECs surviving bleomycin injury, as were the markers of EMT (downregulation of E-cadherin, upregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin, nuclear translocation of β-catenin). Inhibition of CD44 decreased AECs transdifferentiation. Bleomycin-treated chimeric CD44KO-mice had decreased EMT markers, ATM, and mesenchymal cells (α-SMA+) accumulation in lung, increased surfactant-b, diminished lung mesenchymal cell motility, and increased lung tissue regenerative capacity following bleomycin injury, as indicated by lung collagen content and semiquantitave morphological index scoring. Thus, AECs surviving lung injury are plastic and undergo ATM-mediated, CD44-dependent transdifferentiation, preventing tissue regeneration and promoting fibrosis. Synthetic or natural compounds that downregulate CD44 may improve tissue regeneration following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Petukhov
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Qiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Mark Richter-Dayan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Qiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Zvi Fridlender
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Qiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Raphael Breuer
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Qiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St., Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Shulamit B Wallach-Dayan
- Lung Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Qiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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15
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A Profibrotic Phenotype in Naïve and in Fibrotic Lung Myofibroblasts Is Governed by Modulations in Thy-1 Expression and Activation. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:4638437. [PMID: 30002599 PMCID: PMC5996423 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4638437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is characterized by abnormal accumulation of Thy-deficient fibroblasts in the interstitium of the alveolar space. We have previously shown in bleomycin-treated chimeric Thy1-deficient mice with wild-type lymphocytes that Thy1-deficient fibroblasts accumulate and promote fibrosis and an “inflammation-free” environment. Here, we aimed to identify the critical effects of Thy1, or the absence of Thy1, in lung myofibroblast profibrotic functions, particularly proliferation and collagen deposition. Using specific Thy1 siRNA in Thy1-positive cells, Thy1 knockout cells, Thy1 cDNA expression vector in Thy1-deficient cells, and Thy1 cross-linking, we evaluated cell proliferation (assessed by cell mass and BrdU uptake), differentiation (using immunofluorescence), and collagen deposition (using Sircol assay). We found that myofibroblast Thy1 cross-linking and genetic manipulation modulate cell proliferation and expression of Fgf (fibroblast growth factor) and Angtl (angiotensin) receptors (using qPCR) that are involved in myofibroblast proliferation, differentiation, and collagen deposition. In conclusion, lung myofibroblast downregulation of Thy1 expression is critical to increase proliferation, differentiation, and collagen deposition.
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16
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Dodi AE, Ajayi IO, Chang C, Beard M, Ashley SL, Huang SK, Thannickal VJ, Tschumperlin DJ, Sisson TH, Horowitz JC. Regulation of fibroblast Fas expression by soluble and mechanical pro-fibrotic stimuli. Respir Res 2018; 19:91. [PMID: 29747634 PMCID: PMC5946418 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast apoptosis is a critical component of normal repair and the acquisition of an apoptosis-resistant phenotype contributes to the pathogenesis of fibrotic repair. Fibroblasts from fibrotic lungs of humans and mice demonstrate resistance to apoptosis induced by Fas-ligand and prior studies have shown that susceptibility to apoptosis is enhanced when Fas (CD95) expression is increased in these cells. Moreover, prior work shows that Fas expression in fibrotic lung fibroblasts is reduced by epigenetic silencing of the Fas promoter. However, the mechanisms by which microenvironmental stimuli such as TGF-β1 and substrate stiffness affect fibroblast Fas expression are not well understood. Methods Primary normal human lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) were cultured on tissue culture plastic or on polyacrylamide hydrogels with Young’s moduli to recapitulate the compliance of normal (400 Pa) or fibrotic (6400 Pa) lung tissue and treated with or without TGF-β1 (10 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of protein kinase inhibitors and/or inflammatory cytokines. Expression of Fas was assessed by quantitative real time RT-PCR, ELISA and Western blotting. Soluble Fas (sFas) was measured in conditioned media by ELISA. Apoptosis was assessed using the Cell Death Detection Kit and by Western blotting for cleaved PARP. Results Fas expression and susceptibility to apoptosis was diminished in fibroblasts cultured on 6400 Pa substrates compared to 400 Pa substrates. TGF-β1 reduced Fas mRNA and protein in a time- and dose-dependent manner dependent on focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Surprisingly, TGF-β1 did not significantly alter cell-surface Fas expression, but did stimulate secretion of sFas. Finally, enhanced Fas expression and increased susceptibility to apoptosis was induced by combined treatment with TNF-α/IFN-γ and was not inhibited by TGF-β1. Conclusions Soluble and matrix-mediated pro-fibrotic stimuli promote fibroblast resistance to apoptosis by decreasing Fas transcription while stimulating soluble Fas secretion. These findings suggest that distinct mechanisms regulating Fas expression in fibroblasts may serve different functions in the complex temporal and spatial evolution of normal and fibrotic wound-repair responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0801-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos E Dodi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6303 MSRB 3, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA
| | - Iyabode O Ajayi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6303 MSRB 3, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA
| | - Christine Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6303 MSRB 3, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA
| | - Meghan Beard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6303 MSRB 3, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA
| | - Shanna L Ashley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6303 MSRB 3, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA
| | - Steven K Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6303 MSRB 3, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6303 MSRB 3, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 6303 MSRB 3, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5642, USA.
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathogenesis of lung cancer and pulmonary fibrotic disorders partially overlaps. This review focuses on the common features of the two disease categories, aimed at advancing our translational understanding of their pathobiology and at fostering the development of new therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Both malignant and collagen-producing lung cells display enhanced cellular proliferation, increased resistance to apoptosis, a propensity for invading and distorting the lung parenchyma, as well as stemness potential. These characteristics are reinforced by the tissue microenvironment and inflammation seems to play an important adjuvant role in both types of disorders. SUMMARY Unraveling the thread of the common and distinct characteristics of lung fibrosis and cancer might contribute to a more comprehensive approach of the pathobiology of both diseases and to a pathfinder for novel and personalized therapeutic strategies.
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18
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Abstract
Fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix that often occurs as a wound healing response to repeated or chronic tissue injury, and may lead to the disruption of organ architecture and loss of function. Although fibrosis was previously thought to be irreversible, recent evidence indicates that certain circumstances permit the resolution of fibrosis when the underlying causes of injury are eradicated. The mechanism of fibrosis resolution encompasses degradation of the fibrotic extracellular matrix as well as elimination of fibrogenic myofibroblasts through their adaptation of various cell fates, including apoptosis, senescence, dedifferentiation, and reprogramming. In this Review, we discuss the present knowledge and gaps in our understanding of how matrix degradation is regulated and how myofibroblast cell fates can be manipulated, areas that may identify potential therapeutic approaches for fibrosis.
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19
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Bauer Y, White ES, de Bernard S, Cornelisse P, Leconte I, Morganti A, Roux S, Nayler O. MMP-7 is a predictive biomarker of disease progression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. ERJ Open Res 2017; 3:00074-2016. [PMID: 28435843 PMCID: PMC5395293 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00074-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease with poor prognosis, which is characterised by destruction of normal lung architecture and excessive deposition of lung extracellular matrix. The heterogeneity of disease progression in patients with IPF poses significant obstacles to patient care and prevents efficient development of novel therapeutic interventions. Blood biomarkers, reflecting pathobiological processes in the lung, could provide objective evidence of the underlying disease. Longitudinally collected serum samples from the Bosentan Use in Interstitial Lung Disease (BUILD)-3 trial were used to measure four biomarkers (metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), Fas death receptor ligand, osteopontin and procollagen type I C-peptide), to assess their potential prognostic capabilities and to follow changes during disease progression in patients with IPF. In baseline BUILD-3 samples, only MMP-7 showed clearly elevated protein levels compared with samples from healthy controls, and further investigations demonstrated that MMP-7 levels also increased over time. Baseline levels of MMP-7 were able to predict patients who had higher risk of worsening and, notably, baseline levels of MMP-7 could predict changes in FVC as early as month 4. MMP-7 shows potential to be a reliable predictor of lung function decline and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Bauer
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sebastien Roux
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland.,These authors contributed equally to this research
| | - Oliver Nayler
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland.,These authors contributed equally to this research
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20
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Liu X, Wong SS, Taype CA, Kim J, Shentu TP, Espinoza CR, Finley JC, Bradley JE, Head BP, Patel HH, Mah EJ, Hagood JS. Thy-1 interaction with Fas in lipid rafts regulates fibroblast apoptosis and lung injury resolution. J Transl Med 2017; 97:256-267. [PMID: 28165468 PMCID: PMC5663248 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thy-1-negative lung fibroblasts are resistant to apoptosis. The mechanisms governing this process and its relevance to fibrotic remodeling remain poorly understood. By using either sorted or transfected lung fibroblasts, we found that Thy-1 expression is associated with downregulation of anti-apoptotic molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, as well as increased levels of cleaved caspase-9. Addition of rhFasL and staurosporine, well-known apoptosis inducers, caused significantly increased cleaved caspase-3, -8, and PARP in Thy-1-transfected cells. Furthermore, rhFasL induced Fas translocation into lipid rafts and its colocalization with Thy-1. These in vitro results indicate that Thy-1, in a manner dependent upon its glycophosphatidylinositol anchor and lipid raft localization, regulates apoptosis in lung fibroblasts via Fas-, Bcl-, and caspase-dependent pathways. In vivo, Thy-1 deficient (Thy1-/-) mice displayed persistence of myofibroblasts in the resolution phase of bleomycin-induced fibrosis, associated with accumulation of collagen and failure of lung fibrosis resolution. Apoptosis of myofibroblasts is decreased in Thy1-/- mice in the resolution phase. Collectively, these findings provide new evidence regarding the role and mechanisms of Thy-1 in initiating myofibroblast apoptosis that heralds the termination of the reparative response to bleomycin-induced lung injury. Understanding the mechanisms regulating fibroblast survival/apoptosis should lead to novel therapeutic interventions for lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Liu
- Respiratory Department, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Simon S Wong
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carmen A Taype
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeeyeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tzu-Pin Shentu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Celia R Espinoza
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - John E Bradley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Brian P Head
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hemal H Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emma J Mah
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James S Hagood
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Abstract
More than 50 years ago, cells were observed to die during insect development via a process that was named 'programmed cell death'. Later, a similar cell death process was found to occur in humans, and the process was renamed 'apoptosis'. In the 1990s, a number of apoptosis-regulating molecules were identified, and apoptosis was found to have essential roles in the immune system. In this Timeline article, we highlight the key events that have demonstrated the importance of programmed cell death processes, including apoptosis and programmed necrosis, in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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22
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McMillan DH, van der Velden JL, Lahue KG, Qian X, Schneider RW, Iberg MS, Nolin JD, Abdalla S, Casey DT, Tew KD, Townsend DM, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Butnor KJ, Taatjes DJ, Budd RC, Irvin CG, van der Vliet A, Flemer S, Anathy V, Janssen-Heininger YM. Attenuation of lung fibrosis in mice with a clinically relevant inhibitor of glutathione- S-transferase π. JCI Insight 2016; 1:85717. [PMID: 27358914 PMCID: PMC4922427 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a debilitating lung disease characterized by excessive collagen production and fibrogenesis. Apoptosis in lung epithelial cells is critical in IPF pathogenesis, as heightened loss of these cells promotes fibroblast activation and remodeling. Changes in glutathione redox status have been reported in IPF patients. S-glutathionylation, the conjugation of glutathione to reactive cysteines, is catalyzed in part by glutathione-S-transferase π (GSTP). To date, no published information exists linking GSTP and IPF to our knowledge. We hypothesized that GSTP mediates lung fibrogenesis in part through FAS S-glutathionylation, a critical event in epithelial cell apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that GSTP immunoreactivity is increased in the lungs of IPF patients, notably within type II epithelial cells. The FAS-GSTP interaction was also increased in IPF lungs. Bleomycin- and AdTGFβ-induced increases in collagen content, α-SMA, FAS S-glutathionylation, and total protein S-glutathionylation were strongly attenuated in Gstp-/- mice. Oropharyngeal administration of the GSTP inhibitor, TLK117, at a time when fibrosis was already apparent, attenuated bleomycin- and AdTGFβ-induced remodeling, α-SMA, caspase activation, FAS S-glutathionylation, and total protein S-glutathionylation. GSTP is an important driver of protein S-glutathionylation and lung fibrosis, and GSTP inhibition via the airways may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. McMillan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jos L.J. van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Karolyn G. Lahue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Xi Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Robert W. Schneider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Martina S. Iberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - James D. Nolin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sarah Abdalla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Dylan T. Casey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Danyelle M. Townsend
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly J. Butnor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Douglas J. Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | | | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Stevenson Flemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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23
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Horowitz JC, Osterholzer JJ, Marazioti A, Stathopoulos GT. "Scar-cinoma": viewing the fibrotic lung mesenchymal cell in the context of cancer biology. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:1842-54. [PMID: 27030681 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01201-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis are common, yet distinct, pathological processes that represent urgent unmet medical needs. Striking clinical and mechanistic parallels exist between these distinct disease entities. The goal of this article is to examine lung fibrosis from the perspective of cancer-associated phenotypic hallmarks, to discuss areas of mechanistic overlap and distinction, and to highlight profibrotic mechanisms that contribute to carcinogenesis. Ultimately, we speculate that such comparisons might identify opportunities to leverage our current understanding of the pathobiology of each disease process in order to advance novel therapeutic approaches for both. We anticipate that such "outside the box" concepts could be translated to a more precise and individualised approach to fibrotic diseases of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Antonia Marazioti
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Dept of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Dept of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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24
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Luzina IG, Lockatell V, Hyun SW, Kopach P, Kang PH, Noor Z, Liu A, Lillehoj EP, Lee C, Miranda-Ribera A, Todd NW, Goldblum SE, Atamas SP. Elevated expression of NEU1 sialidase in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis provokes pulmonary collagen deposition, lymphocytosis, and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L940-54. [PMID: 26993524 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00346.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) poses challenges to understanding its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms and the development of better therapies. Previous studies suggest a pathophysiological role for neuraminidase 1 (NEU1), an enzyme that removes terminal sialic acid from glycoproteins. We observed increased NEU1 expression in epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as fibroblasts, in the lungs of patients with IPF compared with healthy control lungs. Recombinant adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of NEU1 to cultured primary human cells elicited profound changes in cellular phenotypes. Small airway epithelial cell migration was impaired in wounding assays, whereas, in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, NEU1 overexpression strongly impacted global gene expression, increased T cell adhesion to endothelial monolayers, and disrupted endothelial capillary-like tube formation. NEU1 overexpression in fibroblasts provoked increased levels of collagen types I and III, substantial changes in global gene expression, and accelerated degradation of matrix metalloproteinase-14. Intratracheal instillation of NEU1 encoding, but not control adenovirus, induced lymphocyte accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage samples and lung tissues and elevations of pulmonary transforming growth factor-β and collagen. The lymphocytes were predominantly T cells, with CD8(+) cells exceeding CD4(+) cells by nearly twofold. These combined data indicate that elevated NEU1 expression alters functional activities of distinct lung cell types in vitro and recapitulates lymphocytic infiltration and collagen accumulation in vivo, consistent with mechanisms implicated in lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Virginia Lockatell
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Sang W Hyun
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Pavel Kopach
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Phillip H Kang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Zahid Noor
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Anguo Liu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Erik P Lillehoj
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Chunsik Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Nevins W Todd
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Simeon E Goldblum
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Sergei P Atamas
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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25
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Bian Z, Miao Q, Zhong W, Zhang H, Wang Q, Peng Y, Chen X, Guo C, Shen L, Yang F, Xu J, Qiu D, Fang J, Friedman S, Tang R, Gershwin ME, Ma X. Treatment of cholestatic fibrosis by altering gene expression of Cthrc1: Implications for autoimmune and non-autoimmune liver disease. J Autoimmun 2015; 63:76-87. [PMID: 26238209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Collagen triple helix repeat containing-1 (Cthrc1) is a documented specific inhibitor of TGF-β signaling. Based on this observation, we developed the hypothesis that knocking in/knocking out the Cthrc1 gene in murine models of cholestasis would alter the natural history of cholestatic fibrosis. To study this thesis, we studied two murine models of fibrosis, first, common bile duct ligation (CBDL) and second, feeding of 3, 5-diethoxy-carbonyl-1, 4-dihydrocollidine (DDC). In both models, we administered well-defined adenoviral vectors that expressed either Cthrc1 or, alternatively, a short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-targeting Cthrc1 either before or after establishment of fibrosis. Importantly, when Cthrc1 gene expression was enhanced, we noted a significant improvement of hepatic fibrosis, both microscopically and by analysis of fibrotic gene expression. In contrast, when Cthrc1 gene expression was deleted, there was a significant exacerbation of fibrosis. To identify the mechanism of action of these significant effects produced by knocking in/knocking out Cthrc gene expression, we thence studied the interaction of Cthrc1 gene expression using hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and human LX-2 cells. Importantly, we demonstrate that Cthrc1 is induced by TGF-β1 via phospho-Smad3 binding to the promoter with subsequent transcription activation. In addition, we demonstrate that Cthrc1 inhibits TGF-β signaling by accelerating degradation of phospho-Smad3 through a proteosomal pathway. Importantly, the anti-fibrotic effects can be recapitulated with a truncated fragment of Cthrc1. In conclusion, our findings uncover a critical negative feedback regulatory loop in which TGF-β1 induces Cthrc1, which can attenuate fibrosis by accelerating degradation of phospho-Smad3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolian Bian
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Qi Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Wei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Qixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Yanshen Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Canjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Li Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Dekai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Jingyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Scott Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| | - Ruqi Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Xiong Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
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