1
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Wang J, Fourriere L, Gleeson PA. Advances in the cell biology of the trafficking and processing of amyloid precursor protein: impact of familial Alzheimer's disease mutations. Biochem J 2024; 481:1297-1325. [PMID: 39302110 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20240056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The production of neurotoxic amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) is central to the initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and involves sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases. APP and the secretases are transmembrane proteins and their co-localisation in the same membrane-bound sub-compartment is necessary for APP cleavage. The intracellular trafficking of APP and the β-secretase, BACE1, is critical in regulating APP processing and Aβ production and has been studied in several cellular systems. Here, we summarise the intracellular distribution and transport of APP and its secretases, and the intracellular location for APP cleavage in non-polarised cells and neuronal models. In addition, we review recent advances on the potential impact of familial AD mutations on APP trafficking and processing. This is critical information in understanding the molecular mechanisms of AD progression and in supporting the development of novel strategies for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lou Fourriere
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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2
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Azargoonjahromi A. The duality of amyloid-β: its role in normal and Alzheimer's disease states. Mol Brain 2024; 17:44. [PMID: 39020435 PMCID: PMC11256416 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological condition that gradually impairs cognitive abilities, disrupts memory retention, and impedes daily functioning by impacting the cells of the brain. A key characteristic of AD is the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, which play pivotal roles in disease progression. These plaques initiate a cascade of events including neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, tau pathology, oxidative stress, impaired protein clearance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disrupted calcium homeostasis. Aβ accumulation is also closely associated with other hallmark features of AD, underscoring its significance. Aβ is generated through cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and plays a dual role depending on its processing pathway. The non-amyloidogenic pathway reduces Aβ production and has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, whereas the amyloidogenic pathway leads to the production of Aβ peptides, including Aβ40 and Aβ42, which contribute to neurodegeneration and toxic effects in AD. Understanding the multifaceted role of Aβ, particularly in AD, is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies that target Aβ metabolism, aggregation, and clearance with the aim of mitigating the detrimental consequences of the disease. This review aims to explore the mechanisms and functions of Aβ under normal and abnormal conditions, particularly in AD, by examining both its beneficial and detrimental effects.
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3
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Uchiumi O, Zou J, Yamaki S, Hori Y, Ono M, Yamamoto R, Kato N. Disruption of sphingomyelin synthase 2 gene alleviates cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2024; 1835:148934. [PMID: 38609029 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The membrane raft accommodates the key enzymes synthesizing amyloid β (Aβ). One of the two characteristic components of the membrane raft, cholesterol, is well known to promote the key enzymes that produce amyloid-β (Aβ) and exacerbate Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Given that the raft is a physicochemical platform for the sound functioning of embedded bioactive proteins, the other major lipid component sphingomyelin may also be involved in AD. Here we knocked out the sphingomyelin synthase 2 gene (SMS2) in 3xTg AD model mice by hybridization, yielding SMS2KO mice (4S mice). The novel object recognition test in 9/10-month-old 4S mice showed that cognitive impairment in 3xTg mice was alleviated by SMS2KO, though performance in the Morris water maze (MWM) was not improved. The tail suspension test detected a depressive trait in 4S mice, which may have hindered the manifestation of performance in the wet, stressful environment of MWM. In the hippocampal CA1, hyperexcitability in 3xTg was also found alleviated by SMS2KO. In the hippocampal dentate gyrus of 4S mice, the number of neurons positive with intracellular Aβ or its precursor proteins, the hallmark of young 3xTg mice, is reduced to one-third, suggesting an SMS2KO-led suppression of syntheses of those peptides in the dentate gyrus. Although we previously reported that large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels are suppressed in 3xTg mice and their recovery relates to cognitive amelioration, no changes occurred by hybridization. Sphingomyelin in the membrane raft may serve as a novel target for AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Uchiumi
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Jingyu Zou
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Sachiko Yamaki
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshie Hori
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Munenori Ono
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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4
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Li S, Hou Z, Ye T, Song X, Hu X, Chen J. Saponin components in Polygala tenuifolia as potential candidate drugs for treating dementia. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1431894. [PMID: 39050746 PMCID: PMC11266144 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1431894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to elucidate the intervention effects of saponin components from Polygala tenuifolia Willd (Polygalaceae) on dementia, providing experimental evidence and new insights for the research and application of saponins in the field of dementia. Materials and Methods This review is based on a search of the PubMed, NCBI, and Google Scholar databases from their inception to 13 May 2024, using terms such as "P. tenuifolia," "P. tenuifolia and saponins," "toxicity," "dementia," "Alzheimer's disease," "Parkinson's disease dementia," and "vascular dementia." The article summarizes the saponin components of P. tenuifolia, including tenuigenin, tenuifolin, polygalasaponins XXXII, and onjisaponin B, as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms of dementia. Importantly, it highlights the potential mechanisms by which the active components of P. tenuifolia prevent and treat diseases and relevant clinical studies. Results The saponin components of P. tenuifolia can reduce β-amyloid accumulation, exhibit antioxidant effects, regulate neurotransmitters, improve synaptic function, possess anti-inflammatory properties, inhibit neuronal apoptosis, and modulate autophagy. Therefore, P. tenuifolia may play a role in the prevention and treatment of dementia. Conclusion The saponin components of P. tenuifolia have shown certain therapeutic effects on dementia. They can prevent and treat dementia through various mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songzhe Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhitao Hou
- College of Basic Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ting Ye
- The Second Hospital Affiliated Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaochen Song
- College of Basic Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xinying Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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5
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Pantelopulos GA, Abraham CB, Straub JE. Cholesterol and Lipid Rafts in the Biogenesis of Amyloid-β Protein and Alzheimer's Disease. Annu Rev Biophys 2024; 53:455-486. [PMID: 38382114 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-062823-023436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol has been conjectured to be a modulator of the amyloid cascade, the mechanism that produces the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides implicated in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. We propose that cholesterol impacts the genesis of Aβ not through direct interaction with proteins in the bilayer, but indirectly by inducing the liquid-ordered phase and accompanying liquid-liquid phase separations, which partition proteins in the amyloid cascade to different lipid domains and ultimately to different endocytotic pathways. We explore the full process of Aβ genesis in the context of liquid-ordered phases induced by cholesterol, including protein partitioning into lipid domains, mechanisms of endocytosis experienced by lipid domains and secretases, and pH-controlled activation of amyloid precursor protein secretases in specific endocytotic environments. Outstanding questions on the essential role of cholesterol in the amyloid cascade are identified for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor B Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - John E Straub
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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6
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Krishnarjuna B, Sharma G, Hiiuk VM, Struppe J, Nagorny P, Ivanova MI, Ramamoorthy A. Nanodisc Reconstitution and Characterization of Amyloid-β Precursor Protein C99. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9362-9369. [PMID: 38826107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a pivotal role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since the fragmentation of the membrane-bound APP that results in the production of amyloid-β peptides is the starting point for amyloid toxicity in AD, it is important to investigate the structure and dynamics of APP in a near-native lipid-bilayer environment. However, the reconstitution of APP into a stable and suitable membrane-mimicking lipid environment is a challenging task. In this study, the 99-residue C-terminal domain of APP is successfully reconstituted into polymer nanodiscs and characterized using size-exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, solution NMR, and magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR. In addition, the feasibility of using lipid-solubilizing polymers for isolating and characterizing APP in the native Escherichia. coli membrane environment is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankala Krishnarjuna
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Volodymyr M Hiiuk
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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7
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Krishnarjuna B, Sharma G, Hiiuk VM, Struppe J, Nagorny P, Ivanova MI, Ramamoorthy A. Nanodisc reconstitution and characterization of amyloid-β precursor protein C99. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.21.590446. [PMID: 38659865 PMCID: PMC11042261 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.21.590446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a pivotal role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Since the fragmentation of the membrane-bound APP that results in the production of amyloid-beta peptides is the starting point for amyloid toxicity in AD, it is important to investigate the structure and dynamics of APP in a near-native lipid-bilayer environment. However, the reconstitution of APP into a stable/suitable membrane-mimicking lipid environment is a challenging task. In this study, the 99-residue C-terminal domain of APP is successfully reconstituted into polymer nanodiscs and characterized using size-exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, solution NMR, and magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR. In addition, the feasibility of using lipid-solubilizing polymers for isolating and characterizing APP in native E. coli membrane environment is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bankala Krishnarjuna
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Volodymyr M Hiiuk
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
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8
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Balakrishnan M, Kenworthy AK. Lipid Peroxidation Drives Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation and Disrupts Raft Protein Partitioning in Biological Membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1374-1387. [PMID: 38171000 PMCID: PMC10797634 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The peroxidation of membrane lipids by free radicals contributes to aging, numerous diseases, and ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death. Peroxidation changes the structure and physicochemical properties of lipids, leading to bilayer thinning, altered fluidity, and increased permeability of membranes in model systems. Whether and how lipid peroxidation impacts the lateral organization of proteins and lipids in biological membranes, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we employ cell-derived giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) as a model to investigate the impact of lipid peroxidation on ordered membrane domains, often termed membrane rafts. We show that lipid peroxidation induced by the Fenton reaction dramatically enhances the phase separation propensity of GPMVs into coexisting liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) domains and increases the relative abundance of the disordered phase. Peroxidation also leads to preferential accumulation of peroxidized lipids and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) adducts in the disordered phase, decreased lipid packing in both Lo and Ld domains, and translocation of multiple classes of raft proteins out of ordered domains. These findings indicate that the peroxidation of plasma membrane lipids disturbs many aspects of membrane rafts, including their stability, abundance, packing, and protein and lipid composition. We propose that these disruptions contribute to the pathological consequences of lipid peroxidation during aging and disease and thus serve as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthuraj Balakrishnan
- Center
for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
- Department
of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Anne K. Kenworthy
- Center
for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
- Department
of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
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9
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Abraham CB, Xu L, Pantelopulos GA, Straub JE. Characterizing the transmembrane domains of ADAM10 and BACE1 and the impact of membrane composition. Biophys J 2023; 122:3999-4010. [PMID: 37658602 PMCID: PMC10560698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-secretase, BACE1, and the α-secretase, ADAM10, are known to competitively cleave amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the amyloid cascades of Alzheimer's disease. Cleavage of APP by BACE1 produces a 99-residue C-terminal peptide (APP-C99) that is subsequently cleaved by γ-secretase to form amyloid-β (Aβ) protein, whereas cleavage of APP by ADAM10 is nonamyloidogenic. It has been speculated that ADAM10/APP and BACE1/APP interactions are regulated by colocalization within and outside of liquid-ordered membrane domains; however, the mechanism of this regulation and the character of the proteins' transmembrane domains are not well understood. In this work, we have developed and characterized minimal congener sequences for the transmembrane domains of ADAM10 and BACE1 using a multiscale modeling approach combining both temperature replica exchange and conventional molecular dynamics simulations based on the coarse-grained Martini2.2 and all-atom CHARMM36 force fields. Our results show that membrane composition impacts the character of the transmembrane domains of BACE1 and ADAM10, adding credence to the speculation that membrane domains are involved in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor B Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George A Pantelopulos
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John E Straub
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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10
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Balakrishnan M, Kenworthy AK. Lipid peroxidation drives liquid-liquid phase separation and disrupts raft protein partitioning in biological membranes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.557355. [PMID: 37745342 PMCID: PMC10515805 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The peroxidation of membrane lipids by free radicals contributes to aging, numerous diseases, and ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death. Peroxidation changes the structure, conformation and physicochemical properties of lipids, leading to major membrane alterations including bilayer thinning, altered fluidity, and increased permeability. Whether and how lipid peroxidation impacts the lateral organization of proteins and lipids in biological membranes, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we employ cell-derived giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) as a model to investigate the impact of lipid peroxidation on ordered membrane domains, often termed membrane rafts. We show that lipid peroxidation induced by the Fenton reaction dramatically enhances phase separation propensity of GPMVs into co-existing liquid ordered (raft) and liquid disordered (non-raft) domains and increases the relative abundance of the disordered, non-raft phase. Peroxidation also leads to preferential accumulation of peroxidized lipids and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) adducts in the disordered phase, decreased lipid packing in both raft and non-raft domains, and translocation of multiple classes of proteins out of rafts. These findings indicate that peroxidation of plasma membrane lipids disturbs many aspects of membrane rafts, including their stability, abundance, packing, and protein and lipid composition. We propose that these disruptions contribute to the pathological consequences of lipid peroxidation during aging and disease, and thus serve as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthuraj Balakrishnan
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anne K. Kenworthy
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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11
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Song N, Sun S, Chen K, Wang Y, Wang H, Meng J, Guo M, Zhang XD, Zhang R. Emerging nanotechnology for Alzheimer's disease: From detection to treatment. J Control Release 2023; 360:392-417. [PMID: 37414222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common chronic neurodegenerative diseases, is characterized by memory impairment, synaptic dysfunction, and character mutations. The pathological features of AD are Aβ accumulation, tau protein enrichment, oxidative stress, and immune inflammation. Since the pathogenesis of AD is complicated and ambiguous, it is still challenging to achieve early detection and timely treatment of AD. Due to the unique physical, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of nanoparticles (NPs), nanotechnology has shown great potential for detecting and treating AD. This review provides an overview of the latest developments in AD detection via nanotechnology based on NPs with electrochemical sensing, optical sensing, and imaging techniques. Meanwhile, we highlight the important advances in nanotechnology-based AD treatment through targeting disease biomarkers, stem-cell therapy and immunotherapy. Furthermore, we summarize the current challenges and present a promising prospect for nanotechnology-based AD diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Song
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jian Meng
- The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Meili Guo
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
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12
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Kwon S, Pantelopulos GA, Straub JE. Efficient calculation of the free energy for protein partitioning using restraining potentials. Biophys J 2023; 122:1914-1925. [PMID: 35962549 PMCID: PMC10257010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach for the efficient simulation of phase-separated lipid bilayers, for use in the calculation of equilibrium free energies of partitioning between lipid domains, is proposed. The methodology exploits restraint potentials and rectangular aspect ratios that enforce lipid phase separation, allowing for the simulation of smaller systems that approximately reproduce bulk behavior. The utility of this approach is demonstrated through the calculation of potentials of mean force for the translation of a transmembrane protein between lipid domains. The impact of the imposed restraints on lipid tail ordering and lipid packing are explored, providing insight into how restraints can best be employed to compute accurate free-energy surfaces. This approach should be useful in the accurate calculation of equilibrium partition coefficients for transmembrane protein partitioning in heterogeneous membranes, providing insight into the thermodynamic driving forces that control this fundamental biophysical phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulki Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George A Pantelopulos
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John E Straub
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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13
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Formation of extramembrane β-strands controls dimerization of transmembrane helices in amyloid precursor protein C99. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212207119. [PMID: 36538482 PMCID: PMC9907117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212207119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 99-residue C-terminal domain of amyloid precursor protein (APP-C99), precursor to amyloid beta (Aβ), is a transmembrane (TM) protein containing intrinsically disordered N- and C-terminal extramembrane domains. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we show that the structural ensemble of the C99 monomer is best described in terms of thousands of states. The C99 monomer has a propensity to form β-strand in the C-terminal extramembrane domain, which explains the slow spin relaxation times observed in paramagnetic probe NMR experiments. Surprisingly, homodimerization of C99 not only narrows the conformational ensemble from thousands to a few states through the formation of metastable β-strands in extramembrane domains but also stabilizes extramembrane α-helices. The extramembrane domain structure is observed to dramatically impact the homodimerization motif, resulting in the modification of TM domain conformations. Our study provides an atomic-level structural basis for communication between the extramembrane domains of the C99 protein and TM homodimer formation. This finding could serve as a general model for understanding the influence of disordered extramembrane domains on TM protein structure.
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14
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Valiukas Z, Ephraim R, Tangalakis K, Davidson M, Apostolopoulos V, Feehan J. Immunotherapies for Alzheimer’s Disease—A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091527. [PMID: 36146605 PMCID: PMC9503401 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that falls under the umbrella of dementia and is characterised by the presence of highly neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau protein within the brain. Historically, treatments for AD have consisted of medications that can slow the progression of symptoms but not halt or reverse them. The shortcomings of conventional drugs have led to a growing need for novel, effective approaches to the treatment of AD. In recent years, immunotherapies have been at the forefront of these efforts. Briefly, immunotherapies utilise the immune system of the patient to treat a condition, with common immunotherapies for AD consisting of the use of monoclonal antibodies or vaccines. Most of these treatments target the production and deposition of Aβ due to its neurotoxicity, but treatments specifically targeting tau protein are being researched as well. These treatments have had great variance in their efficacy and safety, leading to a constant need for the research and development of new safe and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Valiukas
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Ramya Ephraim
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Kathy Tangalakis
- First Year College, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Sezgin E. Giant plasma membrane vesicles to study plasma membrane structure and dynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183857. [PMID: 34990591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) is a highly heterogenous structure intertwined with the cortical actin cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. This complex architecture makes it difficult to study the processes taking place at the PM. Model membrane systems that are simple mimics of the PM overcome this bottleneck and allow us to study the biophysical principles underlying the processes at the PM. Among them, cell-derived giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) are considered the most physiologically relevant system, retaining the compositional complexity of the PM to a large extent. GPMVs have become a key tool in membrane research in the last few years. In this review, I will provide a brief overview of this system, summarize recent applications and discuss the limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdinc Sezgin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Solna, Sweden.
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16
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Yan XZ, Lai L, Ao Q, Tian XH, Zhang YH. Interleukin-17A in Alzheimer's disease: recent advances and controversies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:372-383. [PMID: 34429057 PMCID: PMC9413786 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210823110004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that mainly affects older adults. Although the global burden of AD is increasing year by year, the causes of AD remain largely unknown. Numerous basic and clinical studies have shown that interleukin-17A (IL-17A) may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AD. A comprehensive assessment of the role of IL-17A in AD would benefit the diagnosis, understanding of etiology and treatment. However, over the past decade, controversies remain regarding the expression level and role of IL-17A in AD. We have incorporated newly published researches and point out that IL-17A expression levels may vary along with the development of AD, exercising different roles at different stages of AD, although much more work remains to be done to support the potential role of IL-17A in AD-related pathology. Here, it is our intention to review the underlying mechanisms of IL-17A in AD and address the current controversies in an effort to clarify the results of existing research and suggest future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhu Yan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122. China
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT. 0
| | - Qiang Ao
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Device, National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064. China
| | - Xiao-Hong Tian
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122. China
| | - Yan-Hui Zhang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Avenue, Shenbei New District, Shenyang 110122. China
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