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Yanagisawa S, Kamei T, Shimada A, Gladyck S, Aras S, Hüttemann M, Grossman LI, Kubo M. Resonance Raman spectral analysis of the heme site structure of cytochrome c oxidase with its positive regulator CHCHD2. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 260:112673. [PMID: 39094247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) reduces O2, pumps protons in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and is essential for oxygen consumption in the cell. The coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain-containing 2 (CHCHD2; also known as mitochondrial nuclear retrograde regulator 1 [MNRR1], Parkinson's disease 22 [PARK22] and aging-associated gene 10 protein [AAG10]) is a protein that binds to CcO from the intermembrane space and positively regulates the activity of CcO. Despite the importance of CHCHD2 in mitochondrial function, the mechanism of action of CHCHD2 and structural information regarding its binding to CcO remain unknown. Here, we utilized visible resonance Raman spectroscopy to investigate the structural changes around the hemes in CcO in the reduced and CO-bound states upon CHCHD2 binding. We found that CHCHD2 has a significant impact on the structure of CcO in the reduced state. Mapping of the heme peripheries that result in Raman spectral changes in the structure of CcO highlighted helices IX and X near the hemes as sites where CHCHD2 takes action. Part of helix IX is exposed in the intermembrane space, whereas helix X, located between both hemes, may play a key role in proton uptake to a proton-loading site in the reduced state for proton pumping. Taken together, our results suggested that CHCHD2 binds near helix IX and induces a structural change in helix X, accelerating proton uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuto Kamei
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Shimada
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Stephanie Gladyck
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Siddhesh Aras
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Lawrence I Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Minoru Kubo
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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2
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Kass D, Katz S, Özgen H, Mebs S, Haumann M, García-Serres R, Dau H, Hildebrandt P, Lohmiller T, Ray K. A Bioinspired Nonheme Fe III-(O 22-)-Cu II Complex with an St = 1 Ground State. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24808-24817. [PMID: 38967560 PMCID: PMC11403606 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is a heme copper oxidase (HCO) that catalyzes the natural reduction of oxygen to water. A profound understanding of some of the elementary steps leading to the intricate 4e-/4H+ reduction of O2 is presently lacking. A total spin St = 1 FeIII-(O22-)-CuII (IP) intermediate is proposed to reduce the overpotentials associated with the reductive O-O bond rupture by allowing electron transfer from a tyrosine moiety without the necessity of any spin-surface crossing. Direct evidence of the involvement of IP in the CcO catalytic cycle is, however, missing. A number of heme copper peroxido complexes have been prepared as synthetic models of IP, but all of them possess the catalytically nonrelevant St = 0 ground state resulting from antiferromagnetic coupling between the S = 1/2 FeIII and CuII centers. In a complete nonheme approach, we now report the spectroscopic characterization and reactivity of the FeIII-(O22-)-CuII intermediates 1 and 2, which differ only by a single -CH3 versus -H substituent on the central amine of the tridentate ligands binding to copper. Complex 1 with an end-on peroxido core and ferromagnetically (St = 1) coupled FeIII and CuII centers performs H-bonding-mediated O-O bond cleavage in the presence of phenol to generate oxoiron(IV) and exchange-coupled copper(II) and PhO• moieties. In contrast, the μ-η2:η1 peroxido complex 2, with a St = 0 ground state, is unreactive toward phenol. Thus, the implications for spin topology contributions to O-O bond cleavage, as proposed for the heme FeIII-(O22-)-CuII intermediate in CcO, can be extended to nonheme chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Kass
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sagie Katz
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hivda Özgen
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Haumann
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricardo García-Serres
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Holger Dau
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lohmiller
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- EPR4Energy Joint Lab, Department Spins in Energy Conversion and Quantum Information Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 16, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kallol Ray
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Rousseau DL, Ishigami I, Yeh SR. Structural and functional mechanisms of cytochrome c oxidase. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 262:112730. [PMID: 39276716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is the terminal enzyme in the electron transfer chain in mitochondria. It catalyzes the four-electron reduction of O2 to H2O and harnesses the redox energy to drive unidirectional proton translocation against a proton electrochemical gradient. A great deal of research has been conducted to comprehend the molecular properties of CcO. However, the mechanism by which the oxygen reduction reaction is coupled to proton translocation remains poorly understood. Here, we review the chemical properties of a variety of key oxygen intermediates of bovine CcO (bCcO) revealed by time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy and the structural features of the enzyme uncovered by serial femtosecond crystallography, an innovative technique that allows structural determination at room temperature without radiation damage. The implications of these data on the proton translocation mechanism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis L Rousseau
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Izumi Ishigami
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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4
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Nastasi MR, Borisov VB, Forte E. Membrane-Bound Redox Enzyme Cytochrome bd-I Promotes Carbon Monoxide-Resistant Escherichia coli Growth and Respiration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1277. [PMID: 38279276 PMCID: PMC10815991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The terminal oxidases of bacterial aerobic respiratory chains are redox-active electrogenic enzymes that catalyze the four-electron reduction of O2 to 2H2O taking out electrons from quinol or cytochrome c. Living bacteria often deal with carbon monoxide (CO) which can act as both a signaling molecule and a poison. Bacterial terminal oxidases contain hemes; therefore, they are potential targets for CO. However, our knowledge of this issue is limited and contradictory. Here, we investigated the effect of CO on the cell growth and aerobic respiration of three different Escherichia coli mutants, each expressing only one terminal quinol oxidase: cytochrome bd-I, cytochrome bd-II, or cytochrome bo3. We found that following the addition of CO to bd-I-only cells, a minimal effect on growth was observed, whereas the growth of both bd-II-only and bo3-only strains was severely impaired. Consistently, the degree of resistance of aerobic respiration of bd-I-only cells to CO is high, as opposed to high CO sensitivity displayed by bd-II-only and bo3-only cells consuming O2. Such a difference between the oxidases in sensitivity to CO was also observed with isolated membranes of the mutants. Accordingly, O2 consumption of wild-type cells showed relatively low CO sensitivity under conditions favoring the expression of a bd-type oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina R. Nastasi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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5
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Safari C, Ghosh S, Andersson R, Johannesson J, Båth P, Uwangue O, Dahl P, Zoric D, Sandelin E, Vallejos A, Nango E, Tanaka R, Bosman R, Börjesson P, Dunevall E, Hammarin G, Ortolani G, Panman M, Tanaka T, Yamashita A, Arima T, Sugahara M, Suzuki M, Masuda T, Takeda H, Yamagiwa R, Oda K, Fukuda M, Tosha T, Naitow H, Owada S, Tono K, Nureki O, Iwata S, Neutze R, Brändén G. Time-resolved serial crystallography to track the dynamics of carbon monoxide in the active site of cytochrome c oxidase. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh4179. [PMID: 38064560 PMCID: PMC10708180 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is part of the respiratory chain and contributes to the electrochemical membrane gradient in mitochondria as well as in many bacteria, as it uses the energy released in the reduction of oxygen to pump protons across an energy-transducing biological membrane. Here, we use time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography to study the structural response of the active site upon flash photolysis of carbon monoxide (CO) from the reduced heme a3 of ba3-type CcO. In contrast with the aa3-type enzyme, our data show how CO is stabilized on CuB through interactions with a transiently ordered water molecule. These results offer a structural explanation for the extended lifetime of the CuB-CO complex in ba3-type CcO and, by extension, the extremely high oxygen affinity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Safari
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Swagatha Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Johannesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Båth
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Owens Uwangue
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Dahl
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Doris Zoric
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emil Sandelin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adams Vallejos
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eriko Nango
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Robert Bosman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elin Dunevall
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Greger Hammarin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giorgia Ortolani
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthijs Panman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomoyuki Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yamashita
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Toshi Arima
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Michihiro Sugahara
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Mamoru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Crystallography, Research Center for Structural and Functional Proteomics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Masuda
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Hanae Takeda
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Raika Yamagiwa
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Oda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Takehiko Tosha
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naitow
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Shigeki Owada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kuoto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Richard Neutze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gisela Brändén
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Shim D, Han J. Coordination chemistry of mitochondrial copper metalloenzymes: exploring implications for copper dyshomeostasis in cell death. BMB Rep 2023; 56:575-583. [PMID: 37915136 PMCID: PMC10689082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, fundamental cellular organelles that govern energy metabolism, hold a pivotal role in cellular vitality. While consuming dioxygen to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the electron transfer process within mitochondria can engender the formation of reactive oxygen species that exert dual roles in endothelial homeostatic signaling and oxidative stress. In the context of the intricate electron transfer process, several metal ions that include copper, iron, zinc, and manganese serve as crucial cofactors in mitochondrial metalloenzymes to mediate the synthesis of ATP and antioxidant defense. In this mini review, we provide a comprehensive understanding of the coordination chemistry of mitochondrial cuproenzymes. In detail, cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) reduces dioxygen to water coupled with proton pumping to generate an electrochemical gradient, while superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) functions in detoxifying superoxide into hydrogen peroxide. With an emphasis on the catalytic reactions of the copper metalloenzymes and insights into their ligand environment, we also outline the metalation process of these enzymes throughout the copper trafficking system. The impairment of copper homeostasis can trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, and potentially lead to the development of copper-related disorders. We describe the current knowledge regarding copper-mediated toxicity mechanisms, thereby shedding light on prospective therapeutic strategies for pathologies intertwined with copper dyshomeostasis. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(11): 575-583].
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Shim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
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7
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Shimada A, Baba J, Nagao S, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Yamashita E, Muramoto K, Tsukihara T, Yoshikawa S. Crystallographic cyanide-probing for cytochrome c oxidase reveals structural bases suggesting that a putative proton transfer H-pathway pumps protons. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105277. [PMID: 37742916 PMCID: PMC10598403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) reduces O2 in the O2-reduction site by sequential four-electron donations through the low-potential metal sites (CuA and Fea). Redox-coupled X-ray crystal structural changes have been identified at five distinct sites including Asp51, Arg438, Glu198, the hydroxyfarnesyl ethyl group of heme a, and Ser382, respectively. These sites interact with the putative proton-pumping H-pathway. However, the metal sites responsible for each structural change have not been identified, since these changes were detected as structural differences between the fully reduced and fully oxidized CcOs. Thus, the roles of these structural changes in the CcO function are yet to be revealed. X-ray crystal structures of cyanide-bound CcOs under various oxidation states showed that the O2-reduction site controlled only the Ser382-including site, while the low-potential metal sites induced the other changes. This finding indicates that these low-potential site-inducible structural changes are triggered by sequential electron-extraction from the low-potential sites by the O2-reduction site and that each structural change is insensitive to the oxidation and ligand-binding states of the O2-reduction site. Because the proton/electron coupling efficiency is constant (1:1), regardless of the reaction progress in the O2-reduction site, the structural changes induced by the low-potential sites are assignable to those critically involved in the proton pumping, suggesting that the H-pathway, facilitating these low-potential site-inducible structural changes, pumps protons. Furthermore, a cyanide-bound CcO structure suggests that a hypoxia-inducible activator, Higd1a, activates the O2-reduction site without influencing the electron transfer mechanism through the low-potential sites, kinetically confirming that the low-potential sites facilitate proton pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Shimada
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Baba
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nagao
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shinzawa-Itoh
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Akoh, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Eiki Yamashita
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Muramoto
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Akoh, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Tomitake Tsukihara
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan; Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Shinya Yoshikawa
- Picobiology Institute, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Akoh, Hyogo, Japan.
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8
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Ishigami I, Sierra RG, Su Z, Peck A, Wang C, Poitevin F, Lisova S, Hayes B, Moss FR, Boutet S, Sublett RE, Yoon CH, Yeh SR, Rousseau DL. Structural insights into functional properties of the oxidized form of cytochrome c oxidase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5752. [PMID: 37717031 PMCID: PMC10505203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is an essential enzyme in mitochondrial and bacterial respiration. It catalyzes the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water and harnesses the chemical energy to translocate four protons across biological membranes. The turnover of the CcO reaction involves an oxidative phase, in which the reduced enzyme (R) is oxidized to the metastable OH state, and a reductive phase, in which OH is reduced back to the R state. During each phase, two protons are translocated across the membrane. However, if OH is allowed to relax to the resting oxidized state (O), a redox equivalent to OH, its subsequent reduction to R is incapable of driving proton translocation. Here, with resonance Raman spectroscopy and serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (SFX), we show that the heme a3 iron and CuB in the active site of the O state, like those in the OH state, are coordinated by a hydroxide ion and a water molecule, respectively. However, Y244, critical for the oxygen reduction chemistry, is in the neutral protonated form, which distinguishes O from OH, where Y244 is in the deprotonated tyrosinate form. These structural characteristics of O provide insights into the proton translocation mechanism of CcO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ishigami
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Zhen Su
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ariana Peck
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Cong Wang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Frederic Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Stella Lisova
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Brandon Hayes
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Frank R Moss
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Altos Labs, Redwood City, CA, 94065, USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Robert E Sublett
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Chun Hong Yoon
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Denis L Rousseau
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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9
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Shimada A, Tsukihara T, Yoshikawa S. Recent progress in experimental studies on the catalytic mechanism of cytochrome c oxidase. Front Chem 2023; 11:1108190. [PMID: 37214485 PMCID: PMC10194837 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1108190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) reduces molecular oxygen (O2) to water, coupled with a proton pump from the N-side to the P-side, by receiving four electrons sequentially from the P-side to the O2-reduction site-including Fea3 and CuB-via the two low potential metal sites; CuA and Fea. The catalytic cycle includes six intermediates as follows, R (Fea3 2+, CuB 1+, Tyr244OH), A (Fea3 2+-O2, CuB 1+, Tyr244OH), Pm (Fea3 4+ = O2-, CuB 2+-OH-, Tyr244O•), F (Fea3 4+ = O2-, CuB 2+-OH-, Tyr244OH), O (Fea3 3+-OH-, CuB 2+-OH-, Tyr244OH), and E (Fea3 3+-OH-, CuB 1+-H2O, Tyr244OH). CcO has three proton conducting pathways, D, K, and H. The D and K pathways connect the N-side surface with the O2-reduction site, while the H-pathway is located across the protein from the N-side to the P-side. The proton pump is driven by electrostatic interactions between the protons to be pumped and the net positive charges created during the O2 reduction. Two different proton pump proposals, each including either the D-pathway or H-pathway as the proton pumping site, were proposed approximately 30 years ago and continue to be under serious debate. In our view, the progress in understanding the reaction mechanism of CcO has been critically rate-limited by the resolution of its X-ray crystallographic structure. The improvement of the resolutions of the oxidized/reduced bovine CcO up to 1.5/1.6 Å resolution in 2016 provided a breakthrough in the understanding of the reaction mechanism of CcO. In this review, experimental studies on the reaction mechanism of CcO before the appearance of the 1.5/1.6 Å resolution X-ray structures are summarized as a background description. Following the summary, we will review the recent (since 2016) experimental findings which have significantly improved our understanding of the reaction mechanism of CcO including: 1) redox coupled structural changes of bovine CcO; 2) X-ray structures of all six intermediates; 3) spectroscopic findings on the intermediate species including the Tyr244 radical in the Pm form, a peroxide-bound form between the A and Pm forms, and Fr, a one-electron reduced F-form; 4) time resolved X-ray structural changes during the photolysis of CO-bound fully reduced CcO using XFEL; 5) a simulation analysis for the Pm→Pr→F transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Shimada
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomitake Tsukihara
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Yoshikawa
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan
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10
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Structures of the intermediates in the catalytic cycle of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148933. [PMID: 36403794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Ishigami I, Sierra RG, Su Z, Peck A, Wang C, Poitevin F, Lisova S, Hayes B, Moss FR, Boutet S, Sublett RE, Yoon CH, Yeh SR, Rousseau DL. Structural basis for functional properties of cytochrome c oxidase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.20.530986. [PMID: 36993562 PMCID: PMC10055264 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.20.530986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is an essential enzyme in mitochondrial and bacterial respiration. It catalyzes the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water and harnesses the chemical energy to translocate four protons across biological membranes, thereby establishing the proton gradient required for ATP synthesis1. The full turnover of the CcO reaction involves an oxidative phase, in which the reduced enzyme (R) is oxidized by molecular oxygen to the metastable oxidized OH state, and a reductive phase, in which OH is reduced back to the R state. During each of the two phases, two protons are translocated across the membranes2. However, if OH is allowed to relax to the resting oxidized state (O), a redox equivalent to OH, its subsequent reduction to R is incapable of driving proton translocation2,3. How the O state structurally differs from OH remains an enigma in modern bioenergetics. Here, with resonance Raman spectroscopy and serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (SFX)4, we show that the heme a3 iron and CuB in the active site of the O state, like those in the OH state5,6, are coordinated by a hydroxide ion and a water molecule, respectively. However, Y244, a residue covalently linked to one of the three CuB ligands and critical for the oxygen reduction chemistry, is in the neutral protonated form, which distinguishes O from OH, where Y244 is in the deprotonated tyrosinate form. These structural characteristics of O provide new insights into the proton translocation mechanism of CcO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Ishigami
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Raymond G. Sierra
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Zhen Su
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Ariana Peck
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Cong Wang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Frederic Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Stella Lisova
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Brandon Hayes
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Frank R. Moss
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Robert E. Sublett
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Chun Hong Yoon
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Denis L. Rousseau
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
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12
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Urbanowicz T, Hanć A, Olasińska-Wiśniewska A, Rodzki M, Witkowska A, Michalak M, Perek B, Haneya A, Jemielity M. Serum copper concentration reflect inflammatory activation in the complex coronary artery disease - A pilot study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 74:127064. [PMID: 36058104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronary artery disease possess inflammatory background related to enzymatic processes with trace elements involvements as co-factors. The aim of the study was to compare serum, urine and salivary copper, magnesium, calcium and zinc levels with inflammatory indices obtained from the whole blood count in patients with complex coronary artery disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD Fifty-two (42(81 %) males, 10 (19 %) females) consecutive patients (mean (SD) age 68 (9) years with symptomatic complex coronary artery disease were enrolled into prospective single center study in 2021. Serum, saliva and urine samples were collected at the day of admission for trace elements concentration (copper, zinc, magnesium, calcium) and compared with inflammatory indexes obtained from preoperative and perioperative period. RESULTS Multivariable regression analysis revealed relation between the copper serum concentration and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and systemic inflammatory index (SII). CONCLUSION Serum copper concentration interplay with preoperative inflammatory activation in complex coronary disease measured by NLR and SII. The copper serum concentration possesses the strongest relation to preoperative inflammatory activation in patients reffered for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Urbanowicz
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Anetta Hanć
- Department of Trace Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Rodzki
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Witkowska
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Michalak
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Perek
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Assad Haneya
- Klinik für Herz, und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitat Klinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Marek Jemielity
- Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Rottenberg H. The accelerated evolution of human cytochrome c oxidase - Selection for reduced rate and proton pumping efficiency? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148595. [PMID: 35850262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome c oxidase complex, complex VI (CIV), catalyzes the terminal step of the mitochondrial electron transport chain where the reduction of oxygen to water by cytochrome c is coupled to the generation of a protonmotive force that drive the synthesis of ATP. CIV evolution was greatly accelerated in humans and other anthropoid primates and appears to be driven by adaptive selection. However, it is not known if there are significant functional differences between the anthropoid primates CIV, and other mammals. Comparison of the high-resolution structures of bovine CIV, mouse CIV and human CIV shows structural differences that are associated with anthropoid-specific substitutions. Here I examine the possible effects of these substitutions in four CIV peptides that are known to affect proton pumping: the mtDNA-coded subunits I, II and III, and the nuclear-encoded subunit VIa2. I conclude that many of the anthropoid-specific substitutions could be expected to modulate the rate and/or the efficiency of proton pumping. These results are compatible with the previously proposed hypothesis that the accelerated evolution of CIV in anthropoid primates is driven by selection pressure to lower the mitochondrial protonmotive force and thus decrease the rate of superoxide generation by mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Rottenberg
- New Hope Biomedical R&D, 23 W. Bridge Street, New Hope, PA 18938, USA.
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14
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Diversity of Cytochrome c Oxidase Assembly Proteins in Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050926. [PMID: 35630371 PMCID: PMC9145763 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase in animals, plants and many aerobic bacteria functions as the terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain where it reduces molecular oxygen to form water in a reaction coupled to energy conservation. The three-subunit core of the enzyme is conserved, whereas several proteins identified to function in the biosynthesis of the common family A1 cytochrome c oxidase show diversity in bacteria. Using the model organisms Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Paracoccus denitrificans, and Rhodobacter sphaeroides, the present review focuses on proteins for assembly of the heme a, heme a3, CuB, and CuA metal centers. The known biosynthesis proteins are, in most cases, discovered through the analysis of mutants. All proteins directly involved in cytochrome c oxidase assembly have likely not been identified in any organism. Limitations in the use of mutants to identify and functionally analyze biosynthesis proteins are discussed in the review. Comparative biochemistry helps to determine the role of assembly factors. This information can, for example, explain the cause of some human mitochondrion-based diseases and be used to find targets for new antimicrobial drugs. It also provides information regarding the evolution of aerobic bacteria.
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Friedrich T, Wohlwend D, Borisov VB. Recent Advances in Structural Studies of Cytochrome bd and Its Potential Application as a Drug Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063166. [PMID: 35328590 PMCID: PMC8951039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome bd is a triheme copper-free terminal oxidase in membrane respiratory chains of prokaryotes. This unique molecular machine couples electron transfer from quinol to O2 with the generation of a proton motive force without proton pumping. Apart from energy conservation, the bd enzyme plays an additional key role in the microbial cell, being involved in the response to different environmental stressors. Cytochrome bd promotes virulence in a number of pathogenic species that makes it a suitable molecular drug target candidate. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the structure of cytochrome bd and the development of its selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Friedrich
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.F.); (D.W.)
| | - Daniel Wohlwend
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.F.); (D.W.)
| | - Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Borisov VB, Forte E. Impact of Hydrogen Sulfide on Mitochondrial and Bacterial Bioenergetics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12688. [PMID: 34884491 PMCID: PMC8657789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on the unique bioenergetic molecular machines in mitochondria and bacteria-the protein complexes of electron transport chains and associated enzymes. H2S, along with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, belongs to the class of endogenous gaseous signaling molecules. This compound plays critical roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Enzymes implicated in H2S metabolism and physiological actions are promising targets for novel pharmaceutical agents. The biological effects of H2S are biphasic, changing from cytoprotection to cytotoxicity through increasing the compound concentration. In mammals, H2S enhances the activity of FoF1-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthase and lactate dehydrogenase via their S-sulfhydration, thereby stimulating mitochondrial electron transport. H2S serves as an electron donor for the mitochondrial respiratory chain via sulfide quinone oxidoreductase and cytochrome c oxidase at low H2S levels. The latter enzyme is inhibited by high H2S concentrations, resulting in the reversible inhibition of electron transport and ATP production in mitochondria. In the branched respiratory chain of Escherichia coli, H2S inhibits the bo3 terminal oxidase but does not affect the alternative bd-type oxidases. Thus, in E. coli and presumably other bacteria, cytochrome bd permits respiration and cell growth in H2S-rich environments. A complete picture of the impact of H2S on bioenergetics is lacking, but this field is fast-moving, and active ongoing research on this topic will likely shed light on additional, yet unknown biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Siletsky SA, Borisov VB. Proton Pumping and Non-Pumping Terminal Respiratory Oxidases: Active Sites Intermediates of These Molecular Machines and Their Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10852. [PMID: 34639193 PMCID: PMC8509429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminal respiratory oxidases are highly efficient molecular machines. These most important bioenergetic membrane enzymes transform the energy of chemical bonds released during the transfer of electrons along the respiratory chains of eukaryotes and prokaryotes from cytochromes or quinols to molecular oxygen into a transmembrane proton gradient. They participate in regulatory cascades and physiological anti-stress reactions in multicellular organisms. They also allow microorganisms to adapt to low-oxygen conditions, survive in chemically aggressive environments and acquire antibiotic resistance. To date, three-dimensional structures with atomic resolution of members of all major groups of terminal respiratory oxidases, heme-copper oxidases, and bd-type cytochromes, have been obtained. These groups of enzymes have different origins and a wide range of functional significance in cells. At the same time, all of them are united by a catalytic reaction of four-electron reduction in oxygen into water which proceeds without the formation and release of potentially dangerous ROS from active sites. The review analyzes recent structural and functional studies of oxygen reduction intermediates in the active sites of terminal respiratory oxidases, the features of catalytic cycles, and the properties of the active sites of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Siletsky
- Department of Bioenergetics, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
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