Covalent inhibition of hAChE by organophosphates causes homodimer dissociation through long-range allosteric effects

Treatment of acute organophosphate poisoning by using a cocaine hydrolase engineered from human butyrylcholinesterase

Organophosphate (OP) chemical warfare nerve agents and pesticides are potent, irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and paraoxon is often used as a surrogate compound in the studies of OP poisoning. For a truly effective treatment of OP poisoning, it is desirable that a protein-based OP bioscavenger can react with OP significantly faster than AChE reacting with OP to protect AChE from further inhibition reaction with OP. In the present study, our in vitro reactivity assays revealed that CocH3-Fc(M3), a potent cocaine hydrolase engineered from human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), has a ∼20-fold improved bimolecular rate constant for the reaction with paraoxon compared to wild-type BChE. Due to the improved in vitro reactivity with paraoxon, CocH3-Fc(M3) at a modest dose of 25 mg/kg was able to effectively rescue all mice that had been injected with a lethal dose of 0.66 mg/kg paraoxon and accelerate the recovery of the mice from paraoxon-induced toxicity symptoms. All the in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data consistently suggest that CocH3-Fc(M3) can be used to effectively detoxify paraoxon.

The mechanistic pathway induced by fenpropathrin toxicity: Oxidative stress, signaling pathway, and mitochondrial damage

Fenpropathrin (FNP) is a kind of insecticide and acaricide known as pyrethroid. It is very effective, has a wide range of activities, and works quickly. Internationally, it is commonly considered the most powerful pyrethroid insecticide. Nevertheless, an increasing amount of data indicates a substantial link between Fenpropathrin and adverse effects on nontarget species, including liver toxicity, kidney toxicity, nerve damage, and reproductive toxicity. Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the toxicity of fenpropathrin, in addition to its mechanical mechanism. This study offers a thorough examination of the harmful effects of Fenpropathrin on oxidative and mitochondrial processes, as well as the signaling pathways involved in these effects. The significant impact of oxidative stress emphasizes the toxicity of Fenpropathrin.

Connectivity between surface and interior in catalytic subunits of acetylcholinesterases inferred from their X-ray structures

Catalytic activity and function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) have been recognized and studied for over a century and its quaternary and primary structures for about half a century, and its tertiary structure has been known for about 33 years. Clear understanding of relationships between the structure and the function is still pending for this enzyme. Hundreds of crystallographic, static snapshots of AChEs from different sources reveal largely one general backbone conformation with narrow entry into the active center gorge, tightly fit to accept one acetylcholine (ACh) molecule, in contrast to its high catalytic turnover. This short review of available X-ray structures of AChEs from electric ray Torpedo californica, mouse and human, finds some limited, yet consistent deviations in conformations of selected secondary structure elements of AChE relevant for its function. The observed conformational diversity of the acyl pocket loop of AChE, unlike the large Ω-loop, appears consistent with structurally dynamic INS data and solution-based SAXS experiments to explain its dominant role in controlling the size of the active center gorge opening, as well as connectivity between the immediate surroundings of the buried active Ser, and catalytically relevant sites on the AChE surface.

A-agents, misleadingly known as "Novichoks": a narrative review

"Novichok" refers to a new group of nerve agents called the A-series agents. Their existence came to light in 2018 after incidents in the UK and again in 2020 in Russia. They are unique organophosphorus-based compounds developed during the Cold War in a program called Foliant in the USSR. This review is based on original chemical entities from Mirzayanov's memoirs published in 2008. Due to classified research, a considerable debate arose about their structures, and hence, various structural moieties were speculated. For this reason, the scientific literature is highly incomplete and, in some cases, contradictory. This review critically assesses the information published to date on this class of compounds. The scope of this work is to summarize all the available and relevant information, including the physicochemical properties, chemical synthesis, mechanism of action, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and medical countermeasures used to date. The environmental stability of A-series agents, the lack of environmentally safe decontamination, their high toxicity, and the scarcity of information on post-contamination treatment pose a challenge for managing possible incidents.

Pteridine reductase (PTR1): initial structure-activity relationships studies of potential leishmanicidal arylindole derivatives compounds

Leishmaniasis is a public health concern, especially in Brazil and India. The drugs available for therapy are old, cause toxicity and have reports of resistance. Therefore, this paper aimed to carry out initial structure-activity relationships (applying molecular docking and dynamic simulations) of arylindole scaffolds against the pteridine reductase (PTR1), which is essential target for the survival of the parasite. Thus, we used a series of 43 arylindole derivatives as a privileged skeleton, which have been evaluated previously for different biological actions. Compound 7 stood out among its analogues presenting the best results of average number of interactions with binding site (2.00) and catalytic triad (1.00). Additionally, the same compound presented the best binding free energy (-32.33 kcal/mol) in dynamic simulations. Furthermore, with computational studies, it was possible to comprehend and discuss the influences of the substituent sizes, positions of substitutions in the aromatic ring and electronic influences. Therefore, this study can be a starting point for the structural improvements needed to obtain a good leishmanicidal drug.

Structural and dynamic effects of paraoxon binding to human acetylcholinesterase by X-ray crystallography and inelastic neutron scattering

Organophosphorus (OP) compounds, including nerve agents and some pesticides, covalently bind to the catalytic serine of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), thereby inhibiting acetylcholine hydrolysis necessary for efficient neurotransmission. Oxime antidotes can reactivate the OP-conjugated hAChE, but reactivation efficiency can be low for pesticides, such as paraoxon (POX). Understanding structural and dynamic determinants of OP inhibition and reactivation can provide insights to design improved reactivators. Here, X-ray structures of hAChE with unaged POX, with POX and oximes MMB4 and RS170B, and with MMB4 are reported. A significant conformational distortion of the acyl loop was observed upon POX binding, being partially restored to the native conformation by oximes. Neutron vibrational spectroscopy combined with molecular dynamics simulations showed that picosecond vibrational dynamics of the acyl loop soften in the ∼20-50 cm-1 frequency range. The acyl loop structural perturbations may be correlated with its picosecond vibrational dynamics to yield more comprehensive template for structure-based reactivator design.