1
|
Schwer J, Ignatius A, Seitz AM. The biomechanical properties of human menisci: A systematic review. Acta Biomater 2024; 175:1-26. [PMID: 38092252 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Biomechanical characterization of meniscal tissue ex vivo remains a critical need, particularly for the development of suitable meniscus replacements or therapeutic strategies that target the native mechanical properties of the meniscus. To date, a huge variety of test configurations and protocols have been reported, making it extremely difficult to compare the respective outcome parameters, thereby leading to misinterpretation. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to identify test-specific parameters that contribute to uncertainties in the determination of mechanical properties of the human meniscus and its attachments, which derived from common quasi-static and dynamic tests in tension, compression, and shear. Strong evidence was found that the determined biomechanical properties vary significantly depending on the specific test parameters, as indicated by up to tenfold differences in both tensile and compressive properties. Test mode (stress relaxation, creep, cyclic) and configuration (unconfined, confined, in-situ), specimen shape and dimensions, preconditioning regimes, loading rates, post-processing of experimental data, and specimen age and degeneration were identified as the most critical parameters influencing the outcome measures. In conclusion, this work highlights an unmet need for standardization and reporting guidelines to facilitate comparability and may prove beneficial for evaluating the mechanical properties of novel meniscus constructs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The biomechanical properties of the human meniscus have been studied extensively over the past decades. However, it remains unclear to what extent both test protocol and specimen-related differences are responsible for the enormous variability in material properties. Therefore, this systematic review analyzes the biomechanical properties of the human meniscus in the context of the underlying testing protocol. The most sensitive parameters affecting the determination of mechanical properties were identified and critically discussed. Currently, it is of utmost importance for scientists evaluating potential meniscal scaffolds and biomaterials to have a control group rather than a direct comparison to the literature. Standardization of both test procedures and reporting requirements is needed to improve and accelerate the development of meniscal replacement constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schwer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center for Trauma Research Ulm, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center for Trauma Research Ulm, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Martin Seitz
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center for Trauma Research Ulm, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morejon A, Dalbo PL, Best TM, Jackson AR, Travascio F. Tensile energy dissipation and mechanical properties of the knee meniscus: relationship with fiber orientation, tissue layer, and water content. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1205512. [PMID: 37324417 PMCID: PMC10264653 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1205512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The knee meniscus distributes and dampens mechanical loads. It is composed of water (∼70%) and a porous fibrous matrix (∼30%) with a central core that is reinforced by circumferential collagen fibers enclosed by mesh-like superficial tibial and femoral layers. Daily loading activities produce mechanical tensile loads which are transferred through and dissipated by the meniscus. Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure how tensile mechanical properties and extent of energy dissipation vary by tension direction, meniscal layer, and water content. Methods: The central regions of porcine meniscal pairs (n = 8) were cut into tensile samples (4.7 mm length, 2.1 mm width, and 0.356 mm thickness) from core, femoral and tibial components. Core samples were prepared parallel (circumferential) and perpendicular (radial) to the fibers. Tensile testing consisted of frequency sweeps (0.01-1Hz) followed by quasi-static loading to failure. Dynamic testing yielded energy dissipation (ED), complex modulus (E*), and phase shift (δ) while quasi-static tests yielded Young's Modulus (E), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and strain at UTS (εUTS). To investigate how ED is influenced by the specific mechanical parameters, linear regressions were performed. Correlations between sample water content (φw) and mechanical properties were investigated. A total of 64 samples were evaluated. Results: Dynamic tests showed that increasing loading frequency significantly reduced ED (p < 0.05). Circumferential samples had higher ED, E*, E, and UTS than radial ones (p < 0.001). Stiffness was highly correlated with ED (R2 > 0.75, p < 0.01). No differences were found between superficial and circumferential core layers. ED, E*, E, and UTS trended negatively with φw (p < 0.05). Discussion: Energy dissipation, stiffness, and strength are highly dependent on loading direction. A significant amount of energy dissipation may be associated with time-dependent reorganization of matrix fibers. This is the first study to analyze the tensile dynamic properties and energy dissipation of the meniscus surface layers. Results provide new insights on the mechanics and function of meniscal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Morejon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Pedro L. Dalbo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Thomas M. Best
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Alicia R. Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| | - Francesco Travascio
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Max Biedermann Institute for Biomechanics at Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Orton K, Batchelor W, Ziebarth NM, Best TM, Travascio F, Jackson AR. Biomechanical properties of porcine meniscus as determined via AFM: Effect of region, compartment and anisotropy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280616. [PMID: 36662701 PMCID: PMC9858324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The meniscus is a fibrocartilaginous tissue that plays an essential role in load transmission, lubrication, and stabilization of the knee. Loss of meniscus function, through degeneration or trauma, can lead to osteoarthritis in the underlying articular cartilage. To perform its crucial function, the meniscus extracellular matrix has a particular organization, including collagen fiber bundles running circumferentially, allowing the tissue to withstand tensile hoop stresses developed during axial loading. Given its critical role in preserving the health of the knee, better understanding structure-function relations of the biomechanical properties of the meniscus is critical. The main objective of this study was to measure the compressive modulus of porcine meniscus using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM); the effects of three key factors were investigated: direction (axial, circumferential), compartment (medial, lateral) and region (inner, outer). Porcine menisci were prepared in 8 groups (= 2 directions x 2 compartments x 2 regions) with n = 9 per group. A custom AFM was used to obtain force-indentation curves, which were then curve-fit with the Hertz model to determine the tissue's compressive modulus. The compressive modulus ranged from 0.75 to 4.00 MPa across the 8 groups, with an averaged value of 2.04±0.86MPa. Only direction had a significant effect on meniscus compressive modulus (circumferential > axial, p = 0.024), in agreement with earlier studies demonstrating that mechanical properties in the tissue are anisotropic. This behavior is likely the result of the particular collagen fiber arrangement in the tissue and plays a key role in load transmission capability. This study provides important information on the micromechanical properties of the meniscus, which is crucial for understanding tissue pathophysiology, as well as for developing novel treatments for tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Orton
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wyndham Batchelor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Noel M. Ziebarth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Best
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Miami Sports Medicine Institute, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Francesco Travascio
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
- Max Biedermann Institute for Biomechanics at Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alicia R. Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Micromechanical properties of the healthy canine medial meniscus. Res Vet Sci 2022; 147:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
5
|
De Rosa M, Filippone G, Best TM, Jackson AR, Travascio F. Mechanical properties of meniscal circumferential fibers using an inverse finite element analysis approach. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 126:105073. [PMID: 34999488 PMCID: PMC9162054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the meniscus is a gel-like water solution of proteoglycans embedding bundles of collagen fibers mainly oriented circumferentially. Collagen fibers significantly contribute to meniscal mechanics, however little is known about their mechanical properties. The objective of this study was to propose a constitutive model for collagen fibers embedded in the ECM of the meniscus and to characterize the tissue's pertinent mechanical properties. It was hypothesized that a linear fiber reinforced viscoelastic constitutive model is suitable to describe meniscal mechanical behavior in shear. It was further hypothesized that the mechanical properties governing the model depend on the tissue's composition. Frequency sweep tests were conducted on eight porcine meniscal specimens. A first cohort of experimental data resulted from tissue specimens where collagen fibers oriented parallel with respect to the shear plane were used. This was done to eliminate the contribution of collagen fibers from the mechanical response and characterize the mechanical properties of the ECM. A second cohort with fibers orthogonally oriented with respect to the shear plane that were used to determine the elastic properties of the collagen fibers via inverse finite element analysis. Our testing protocol revealed that tissue ECM mechanical behavior could be described by a generalized Maxwell model with 3 relaxation times. The inverse finite element analysis suggested that collagen fibers can be modeled as linear elastic elements having an average elastic modulus of 287.5 ± 62.6 MPa. Magnitudes of the mechanical parameters governing the ECM and fibers were negatively related to tissue water content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano De Rosa
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Giovanni Filippone
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Thomas M. Best
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL,UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Coral Gables, FL,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Alicia R. Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL,Corresponding authors: Dr. Francesco Travascio, Associate Professor, College of Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, MEB 276, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA, Telephone: +1-(305)-284-2371, , Dr. Alicia R. Jackson, Associate Professor, College of Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, MEA 219, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA, Telephone: +1-(305)-284-2135,
| | - Francesco Travascio
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL,Max Biedermann Institute for Biomechanics at Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL,Corresponding authors: Dr. Francesco Travascio, Associate Professor, College of Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, MEB 276, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA, Telephone: +1-(305)-284-2371, , Dr. Alicia R. Jackson, Associate Professor, College of Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, MEA 219, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA, Telephone: +1-(305)-284-2135,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Seitz AM, Osthaus F, Schwer J, Warnecke D, Faschingbauer M, Sgroi M, Ignatius A, Dürselen L. Osteoarthritis-Related Degeneration Alters the Biomechanical Properties of Human Menisci Before the Articular Cartilage. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:659989. [PMID: 34026741 PMCID: PMC8134692 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.659989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An exact understanding of the interplay between the articulating tissues of the knee joint in relation to the osteoarthritis (OA)-related degeneration process is of considerable interest. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize the biomechanical properties of mildly and severely degenerated human knee joints, including their menisci and tibial and femoral articular cartilage (AC) surfaces. A spatial biomechanical mapping of the articulating knee joint surfaces of 12 mildly and 12 severely degenerated human cadaveric knee joints was assessed using a multiaxial mechanical testing machine. To do so, indentation stress relaxation tests were combined with thickness and water content measurements at the lateral and medial menisci and the AC of the tibial plateau and femoral condyles to calculate the instantaneous modulus (IM), relaxation modulus, relaxation percentage, maximum applied force during the indentation, and the water content. With progressing joint degeneration, we found an increase in the lateral and the medial meniscal instantaneous moduli (p < 0.02), relaxation moduli (p < 0.01), and maximum applied forces (p < 0.01), while for the underlying tibial AC, the IM (p = 0.01) and maximum applied force (p < 0.01) decreased only at the medial compartment. Degeneration had no influence on the relaxation percentage of the soft tissues. While the water content of the menisci did not change with progressing degeneration, the severely degenerated tibial AC contained more water (p < 0.04) compared to the mildly degenerated tibial cartilage. The results of this study indicate that degeneration-related (bio-)mechanical changes seem likely to be first detectable in the menisci before the articular knee joint cartilage is affected. Should these findings be further reinforced by structural and imaging analyses, the treatment and diagnostic paradigms of OA might be modified, focusing on the early detection of meniscal degeneration and its respective treatment, with the final aim to delay osteoarthritis onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Seitz
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Trauma Research Ulm, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Felix Osthaus
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Trauma Research Ulm, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonas Schwer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Trauma Research Ulm, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Warnecke
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Trauma Research Ulm, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Faschingbauer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Universitäts- und Rehabilitationskliniken Ulm (RKU), Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mirco Sgroi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Universitäts- und Rehabilitationskliniken Ulm (RKU), Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Trauma Research Ulm, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lutz Dürselen
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Trauma Research Ulm, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Grogan SP, Baek J, D'Lima DD. Meniscal tissue repair with nanofibers: future perspectives. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2517-2538. [PMID: 32975146 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The knee menisci are critical to the long-term health of the knee joint. Because of the high incidence of injury and degeneration, replacing damaged or lost meniscal tissue is extremely clinically relevant. The multiscale architecture of the meniscus results in unique biomechanical properties. Nanofibrous scaffolds are extremely attractive to replicate the biochemical composition and ultrastructural features in engineered meniscus tissue. We review recent advances in electrospinning to generate nanofibrous scaffolds and the current state-of-the-art of electrospun materials for meniscal regeneration. We discuss the importance of cellular function for meniscal tissue engineering and the application of cells derived from multiple sources. We compare experimental models necessary for proof of concept and to support translation. Finally, we discuss future directions and potential for technological innovations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Grogan
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research & Education at Scripps Clinic 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jihye Baek
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research & Education at Scripps Clinic 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darryl D D'Lima
- Shiley Center for Orthopedic Research & Education at Scripps Clinic 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Constitutive modeling of menisci tissue: a critical review of analytical and numerical approaches. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:1979-1996. [PMID: 32572727 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Menisci are fibrocartilaginous disks consisting of soft tissue with a complex biomechanical structure. They are critical determinants of the kinematics as well as the stability of the knee joint. Several studies have been carried out to formulate tissue mechanical behavior, leading to the development of a wide spectrum of constitutive laws. In addition to developing analytical tools, extensive numerical studies have been conducted on menisci modeling. This study reviews the developments of the most widely used continuum models of the meniscus mechanical properties in conjunction with emerging analytical and numerical models used to study the meniscus. The review presents relevant approaches and assumptions used to develop the models and includes discussions regarding strengths, weaknesses, and discrepancies involved in the presented models. The study presents a comprehensive coverage of relevant publications included in Compendex, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Scopus databases. This review aims at opening novel avenues for improving menisci modeling within the framework of constitutive modeling through highlighting the needs for further research directed toward determining key factors in gaining insight into the biomechanics of menisci which is crucial for the elaborate design of meniscal replacements.
Collapse
|
9
|
Huebner P, Warren PB, Chester D, Spang JT, Brown AC, Fisher MB, Shirwaiker RA. Mechanical properties of tissue formed in vivo are affected by 3D-bioplotted scaffold microarchitecture and correlate with ECM collagen fiber alignment. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:190-204. [PMID: 31345062 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1624733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Musculoskeletal soft tissues possess highly aligned extracellular collagenous networks that provide structure and strength. Such an organization dictates tissue-specific mechanical properties but can be difficult to replicate by engineered biological substitutes. Nanofibrous electrospun scaffolds have demonstrated the ability to control cell-secreted collagen alignment, but concerns exist regarding their scalability for larger and anatomically relevant applications. Additive manufacturing processes, such as melt extrusion-based 3D-Bioplotting, allow fabrication of structurally relevant scaffolds featuring highly controllable porous microarchitectures.Materials and Methods: In this study, we investigate the effects of 3D-bioplotted scaffold design on the compressive elastic modulus of neotissue formed in vivo in a subcutaneous rat model and its correlation with the alignment of ECM collagen fibers. Polycaprolactone scaffolds featuring either 100 or 400 µm interstrand spacing were implanted for 4 or 12 weeks, harvested, cryosectioned, and characterized using atomic-force-microscopy-based force mapping.Results: The compressive elastic modulus of the neotissue formed within the 100 µm design was significantly higher at 4 weeks (p < 0.05), but no differences were observed at 12 weeks. In general, the tissue stiffness was within the same order of magnitude and range of values measured in native musculoskeletal soft tissues including the porcine meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament. Finally, a significant positive correlation was noted between tissue stiffness and the degree of ECM collagen fiber alignment (p < 0.05) resulting from contact guidance provided by scaffold strands.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the significant effects of 3D-bioplotted scaffold microarchitectures in the organization and sub-tissue-level mechanical properties of ECM in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Huebner
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Paul B Warren
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Chester
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Spang
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ashley C Brown
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Matthew B Fisher
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rohan A Shirwaiker
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marchiori G, Berni M, Boi M, Filardo G. Cartilage mechanical tests: Evolution of current standards for cartilage repair and tissue engineering. A literature review. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 68:58-72. [PMID: 31158591 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repair procedures and tissue engineering are solutions available in the clinical practice for the treatment of damaged articular cartilage. Regulatory bodies defined the requirements that any products, intended to regenerate cartilage, should have to be applied. In order to verify these requirements, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) and the International Standard Organization (ISO) indicated some Standard tests, which allow evaluating, in a reproducible way, the performances of scaffolds/treatments for cartilage tissue regeneration. METHODS A review of the literature about cartilage mechanical characterization found 394 studies, from 1970 to date. They were classified by material (simulated/animal/human cartilage) and method (theoretical/applied; static/dynamic; standard/non-standard study), and analyzed by nation and year of publication. FINDINGS While Standard methods for cartilage mechanical characterization still refer to studies developed in the eighties, expertise and interest on cartilage mechanics research are evolving continuously and internationally, with studies both in vitro - on human and animal tissues - and in silico, dealing with tissue function and modelling, using static and dynamic loading conditions. INTERPRETATION there is a consensus on the importance of mechanical characterization that should be considered to evaluate cartilage treatments. Still, relative Standards need to be updated to describe advanced constructs and procedures for cartilage regeneration in a more exhaustive way. The use of the more complex, fibre-reinforced biphasic model, instead of the standard simple biphasic model, to describe cartilage response to loading, and the standardisation of dynamic tests can represent a first step in this direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Marchiori
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technology Innovation, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Matteo Berni
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Technology Innovation, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Boi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, NanoBiotechnology Laboratory (NaBi), Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, NanoBiotechnology Laboratory (NaBi), Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Applied and Translational Research Center, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Murphy CA, Garg AK, Silva-Correia J, Reis RL, Oliveira JM, Collins MN. The Meniscus in Normal and Osteoarthritic Tissues: Facing the Structure Property Challenges and Current Treatment Trends. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2019; 21:495-521. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of meniscus injuries has recently been facing a paradigm shift toward the field of tissue engineering, with the aim of regenerating damaged and diseased menisci as opposed to current treatment techniques. This review focuses on the structure and mechanics associated with the meniscus. The meniscus is defined in terms of its biological structure and composition. Biomechanics of the meniscus are discussed in detail, as an understanding of the mechanics is fundamental for the development of new meniscal treatment strategies. Key meniscal characteristics such as biological function, damage (tears), and disease are critically analyzed. The latest technologies behind meniscal repair and regeneration are assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Murphy
- Stokes Laboratories, Bernal Institute, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 PC82, Ireland
| | - Atul K. Garg
- Manufacturing Technology and Innovation Global Supply Chain, Johnson & Johnson, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, USA
| | - Joana Silva-Correia
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's: Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's: PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's: Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's: PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, University of Minho, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's: Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's: PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, University of Minho, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maurice N. Collins
- Stokes Laboratories, Bernal Institute, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 PC82, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Regional dependency of bovine meniscus biomechanics on the internal structure and glycosaminoglycan content. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 94:186-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
13
|
Ribitsch I, Peham C, Ade N, Dürr J, Handschuh S, Schramel JP, Vogl C, Walles H, Egerbacher M, Jenner F. Structure-Function relationships of equine menisci. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29522550 PMCID: PMC5844599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Meniscal pathologies are among the most common injuries of the femorotibial joint in both human and equine patients. Pathological forces and ensuing injuries of the cranial horn of the equine medial meniscus are considered analogous to those observed in the human posterior medial horn. Biomechanical properties of human menisci are site- and depth- specific. However, the influence of equine meniscus topography and composition on its biomechanical properties is yet unknown. A better understanding of equine meniscus composition and biomechanics could advance not only veterinary therapies for meniscus degeneration or injuries, but also further substantiate the horse as suitable translational animal model for (human) meniscus tissue engineering. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the composition and structure of the equine knee meniscus in a site- and age-specific manner and their relationship with potential site-specific biomechanical properties. The meniscus architecture was investigated histologically. Biomechanical testing included evaluation of the shore hardness (SH), stiffness and energy loss of the menisci. The SH was found to be subjected to both age and site-specific changes, with an overall higher SH of the tibial meniscus surface and increase in SH with age. Stiffness and energy loss showed neither site nor age related significant differences. The macroscopic and histologic similarities between equine and human menisci described in this study, support continued research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Ribitsch
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian Peham
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Ade
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Dürr
- Department of Pathobiology, Unit of Histology and Embryology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Handschuh
- Vetcore Facility for Research, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Peter Schramel
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Vogl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Molecular Genetics, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heike Walles
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Wuerzburg and Translational Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Baveria, Germany
| | - Monika Egerbacher
- Department of Pathobiology, Unit of Histology and Embryology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florien Jenner
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fischenich KM, Lewis JT, Bailey TS, Haut Donahue TL. Mechanical viability of a thermoplastic elastomer hydrogel as a soft tissue replacement material. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 79:341-347. [PMID: 29425534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are a class of synthetic biomaterials composed of a polymer network that swells with water and as such they have both an elastic and viscous component making them ideal for soft tissue applications. This study characterizes the compressive, tensile, and shear properties of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) hydrogel and compares the results to published literature values for soft tissues such as articular cartilage, the knee meniscus, and intervertebral disc components. The results show the TPE hydrogel material is viscoelastic, strain rate dependent, has similar surface and bulk properties, displays minimal damping under dynamic load, and has tension-compression asymmetry. When compared to other soft tissues it has a comparable equilibrium compressive modulus of approximately 0.5MPa and shear modulus of 0.2MPa. With a tensile modulus of only 0.2MPa though, the TPE hydrogel is inferior in tension to most collagen based soft tissues. Additional steps may be necessary to reinforce the hydrogel system and increase tensile modulus depending on the desired soft tissue application. It can be concluded that this material could be a viable option for soft tissue replacements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Fischenich
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jackson T Lewis
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Travis S Bailey
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tammy L Haut Donahue
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fischenich KM, Boncella K, Lewis JT, Bailey TS, Haut Donahue TL. Dynamic compression of human and ovine meniscal tissue compared with a potential thermoplastic elastomer hydrogel replacement. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2722-2728. [PMID: 28556414 PMCID: PMC5747566 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how human meniscal tissue responds to loading regimes mimetic of daily life as well as how it compares to larger animal models is critical in the development of a functionally accurate synthetic surrogate. Seven human and eight ovine cadaveric meniscal specimens were regionally sectioned into cylinders 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick along with 10 polystyrene-b-polyethylene oxide block copolymer-based thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) hydrogels. Samples were compressed to 12% strain at 1 Hz for 5000 cycles, unloaded for 24 h, and then retested. No differences were found within each group between test one and test two. Human and ovine tissue exhibited no regional dependency (p < 0.05). Human samples relaxed quicker than ovine tissue or the TPE hydrogel with modulus values at cycle 50 not significantly different from cycle 5000. Ovine menisci were found to be similar to human menisci in relaxation profile but had significantly higher modulus values (3.44 MPa instantaneous and 0.61 MPa after 5000 cycles compared with 1.97 and 0.11 MPa found for human tissue) and significantly different power law fit coefficients. The TPE hydrogel had an initial modulus of 0.58 MPa and experienced less than a 20% total relaxation over the 5000. Significant differences in the magnitude of compressive modulus between human and ovine menisci were observed, however the relaxation profiles were similar. Although statistically different than the native tissues, modulus values of the TPE hydrogel material were similar to those of the human and ovine menisci, making it a material worth further investigation for use as a synthetic replacement. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2722-2728, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Fischenich
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Katie Boncella
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Jackson T Lewis
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Travis S Bailey
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Tammy L Haut Donahue
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Han B, Nia HT, Wang C, Chandrasekaran P, Li Q, Chery DR, Li H, Grodzinsky AJ, Han L. AFM-Nanomechanical Test: An Interdisciplinary Tool That Links the Understanding of Cartilage and Meniscus Biomechanics, Osteoarthritis Degeneration, and Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2033-2049. [PMID: 31423463 PMCID: PMC6697429 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our objective is to provide an in-depth review of the recent technical advances of atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanomechanical tests and their contribution to a better understanding and diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA), as well as the repair of tissues undergoing degeneration during OA progression. We first summarize a range of technical approaches for AFM-based nanoindentation, including considerations in both experimental design and data analysis. We then provide a more detailed description of two recently developed modes of AFM-nanoindentation, a high-bandwidth nanorheometer system for studying poroviscoelasticity and an immunofluorescence-guided nanomechanical mapping technique for delineating the pericellular matrix (PCM) and territorial/interterritorial matrix (T/IT-ECM) of surrounding cells in connective tissues. Next, we summarize recent applications of these approaches to three aspects of joint-related healthcare and disease: cartilage aging and OA, developmental biology and OA pathogenesis in murine models, and nanomechanics of the meniscus. These studies were performed over a hierarchy of length scales, from the molecular, cellular to the whole tissue level. The advances described here have contributed greatly to advancing the fundamental knowledge base for improved understanding, detection, and treatment of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hadi T. Nia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Prashant Chandrasekaran
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Qing Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daphney R. Chery
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hao Li
- College of Architecture and the Built Environment, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144, United States
| | - Alan J. Grodzinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Q, Qu F, Han B, Wang C, Li H, Mauck RL, Han L. Micromechanical anisotropy and heterogeneity of the meniscus extracellular matrix. Acta Biomater 2017; 54:356-366. [PMID: 28242455 PMCID: PMC5413404 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To understand how the complex biomechanical functions of the meniscus are endowed by the nanostructure of its extracellular matrix (ECM), we studied the anisotropy and heterogeneity in the micromechanical properties of the meniscus ECM. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to quantify the time-dependent mechanical properties of juvenile bovine meniscus at deformation length scales corresponding to the diameters of collagen fibrils. At this scale, anisotropy in the elastic modulus of the circumferential fibers, the major ECM structural unit, can be attributed to differences in fibril deformation modes: uncrimping when normal to the fiber axis, and laterally constrained compression when parallel to the fiber axis. Heterogeneity among different structural units is mainly associated with their variations in microscale fiber orientation, while heterogeneity across anatomical zones is due to alterations in collagen fibril diameter and alignment at the nanoscale. Unlike the elastic modulus, the time-dependent properties are more homogeneous and isotropic throughout the ECM. These results enable a detailed understanding of the meniscus structure-mechanics at the nanoscale, and can serve as a benchmark for understanding meniscus biomechanical functions, documenting disease progression and designing tissue repair strategies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Meniscal damage is a common cause of joint injury, which can lead to the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis among young adults. Restoration of meniscus function requires repairing its highly heterogeneous and complex extracellular matrix. Employing AFM, this study quantifies the anisotropic and heterogeneous features of the meniscus ECM structure and mechanics. The micromechanical properties are interpreted within the context of the collagen fibril nanostructure and its variation with tissue anatomical locations. These results provide a fundamental structure-mechanics knowledge benchmark, against which, repair and regeneration strategies can be developed and evaluated with respect to the specialized structural and functional complexity of the native tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Feini Qu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Biao Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Hao Li
- College of Architecture and the Built Environment, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, United States
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gao S, Guo W, Chen M, Yuan Z, Wang M, Zhang Y, Liu S, Xi T, Guo Q. Fabrication and characterization of electrospun nanofibers composed of decellularized meniscus extracellular matrix and polycaprolactone for meniscus tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2273-2285. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb03299k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized meniscus extracellular matrix (DMECM) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were electrospun into nanofibers to make meniscus scaffolds with good mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gao
- Center for Biomedical Material and Tissue Engineering
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Weimin Guo
- Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries
- PLA
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics
- Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Beijing
| | - Mingxue Chen
- Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries
- PLA
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics
- Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Beijing
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries
- PLA
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics
- Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Beijing
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries
- PLA
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics
- Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Beijing
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries
- PLA
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics
- Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Beijing
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries
- PLA
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics
- Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Beijing
| | - Tingfei Xi
- Center for Biomedical Material and Tissue Engineering
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries
- PLA
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics
- Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Beijing
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Levillain A, Magoariec H, Boulocher C, Decambron A, Viateau V, Hoc T. Viscoelastic properties of rabbit osteoarthritic menisci: A correlation with matrix alterations. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 65:1-10. [PMID: 27543842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of early osteoarthritis (OA) on the viscoelastic properties of rabbit menisci and to correlate the mechanical alterations with the microstructural changes. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection (ACLT) was performed in six male New-Zealand White rabbits on the right knee joint. Six healthy rabbits served as controls. Menisci were removed six weeks after ACLT and were graded macroscopically. Indentation-relaxation tests were performed in the anterior and posterior regions of the medial menisci. The collagen fibre organization and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content were assessed by biphotonic confocal microscopy and histology, respectively. OA menisci displayed severe macroscopic lesions compared with healthy menisci (p=0.009). Moreover, the instantaneous and equilibrium moduli, which were 2.9±1.0MPa and 0.60±0.18MPa in the anterior region of healthy menisci, respectively, decreased significantly (p=0.03 and p=0.004, respectively) in OA menisci by 55% and 57%, respectively, indicating a global decrease in meniscal stiffness in this region. The equilibrium modulus alone decreased significantly (p=0.04) in the posterior region, going from 0.60±0.18MPa to 0.26±012MPa. This induced a loss of tissue elasticity. These mechanical changes were associated in the posterior region with a structural disruption of the superficial layers, from which the tie fibres emanate, and with a decrease in the GAG content in the anterior region. Consequently, the circumferential collagen fibres of the deep zone were dissociated and the collagen bundles were less compact. Our results demonstrate the strong meniscal modifications induced by ACLT at an early stage of OA and highlight the relationship between structural and chemical matrix alterations and mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Levillain
- LTDS, UMR CNRS 5513, Université de Lyon, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 36av Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France
| | - H Magoariec
- LTDS, UMR CNRS 5513, Université de Lyon, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 36av Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France
| | - C Boulocher
- Research unit ICE, UPSP 2011.03.101, Université de Lyon, veterinary campus of VetAgro Sup, 69 280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - A Decambron
- B2OA, UMR 7052, ENVA, 7Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - V Viateau
- B2OA, UMR 7052, ENVA, 7Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - T Hoc
- LTDS, UMR CNRS 5513, Université de Lyon, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 36av Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moshtagh PR, Pouran B, van Tiel J, Rauker J, Zuiddam MR, Arbabi V, Korthagen NM, Weinans H, Zadpoor AA. Micro- and nano-mechanics of osteoarthritic cartilage: The effects of tonicity and disease severity. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 59:561-571. [PMID: 27043052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to discover the contribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen fibers to the mechanical properties of the osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage tissue. We used nanoindentation experiments to understand the mechanical behavior of mild and severe osteoarthritic cartilage at micro- and nano-scale at different swelling conditions. Contrast enhanced micro-computed tomography (EPIC-μCT) was used to confirm that mild OA specimens had significantly higher GAGs content compared to severe OA specimens. In micro-scale, the semi-equilibrium modulus of mild OA specimens significantly dropped after immersion in a hypertonic solution and at nano-scale, the histograms of the measured elastic modulus revealed three to four components. Comparing the peaks with those observed for healthy cartilage in a previous study indicated that the first and third peaks represent the mechanical properties of GAGs and the collagen network. The third peak shows considerably stiffer elastic modulus for mild OA samples as compared to the severe OA samples in isotonic conditions. Furthermore, this peak clearly dropped when the tonicity increased, indicating the loss of collagen (pre-) stress in the shrunk specimen. Our observations support the association of the third peak with the collagen network. However, our results did not provide any direct evidence to support the association of the first peak with GAGs. For severe OA specimens, the peak associated with the collagen network did not drop when the tonicity increased, indicating a change in the response of OA cartilage to hypertonicity, likely collagen damage, as the disease progresses to its latest stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Moshtagh
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Q.03.2.103-1, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - B Pouran
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Q.03.2.103-1, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - J van Tiel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Radiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Rauker
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - M R Zuiddam
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - V Arbabi
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - N M Korthagen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Q.03.2.103-1, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - H Weinans
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Q.03.2.103-1, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - A A Zadpoor
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jacobs IN, Redden RA, Goldberg R, Hast M, Salowe R, Mauck RL, Doolin EJ. Pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction with tissue-engineered cartilage in a rabbit model. Laryngoscope 2015; 126 Suppl 1:S5-21. [PMID: 26468093 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To develop an effective rabbit model of in vitro- and in vivo-derived tissue-engineered cartilage for laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR). STUDY DESIGN 1) Determination of the optimal scaffold 1% hyaluronic acid (HA), 2% HA, and polyglycolic acid (PGA) and in vitro culture time course using a pilot study of 4 by 4-mm in vitro-derived constructs analyzed on a static culture versus zero-gravity bioreactor for 4, 8, and 12 weeks, with determination of compressive modulus and histology as outcome measures. 2) Three-stage survival rabbit experiment utilizing autologous auricular chondrocytes seeded in scaffolds, either 1% HA or PGA. The constructs were cultured for the determined in vitro time period and then cultured in vivo for 12 weeks. Fifteen LTRs were performed using HA cartilage constructs, and one was performed with a PGA construct. All remaining specimens and the final reconstructed larynx underwent mechanical testing, histology, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content determination, and then were compared to cricoid control specimens (n = 13) and control LTR using autologous thyroid cartilage (n = 18). METHODS 1) One rabbit underwent an auricular punch biopsy, and its chondrocytes were isolated and expanded and then encapsulated in eight 4 by 4-mm discs of 1% HA, 2% HA, PGA either in rotary bioreactor or static culture for 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively, with determination of compressive modulus, GAG content, and histology. 2) Sixteen rabbits underwent ear punch biopsy; chondrocytes were isolated and expanded. The cells were seeded in 13 by 5 by 2.25-mm UV photopolymerized 1% HA (w/w) or calcium alginate encapsulated synthetic PGA (13 × 5 × 2 mm); the constructs were then incubated in vitro for 12 weeks (the optimal time period determined above in paragraph 1) on a shaker. One HA and one PGA construct from each animal was tested mechanically and histologically, and the remaining eight (4 HA and 4 PGA) were implanted in the neck. After 12 weeks in vivo, the most optimal-appearing HA construct was used as a graft for LTR in 15 rabbits and PGA in one rabbit. The seven remaining specimens underwent hematoxylin and eosin, Safranin O, GAG content determination, and flexural modulus testing. At 12 weeks postoperative, the animals were euthanized and underwent endoscopy. The larynges underwent mechanical and histological testing. All animals that died underwent postmortem examination, including gross and microhistological analysis of the reconstructed airway. RESULTS Thirteen of the 15 rabbits that underwent LTR with HA in vitro- and in vivo-derived tissue-engineered cartilage constructs survived. The 1% HA specimens had the highest modulus and GAG after 12 weeks in vitro. The HA constructs became well integrated in the airway, supported respiration for the 12 weeks, and were histologically and mechanically similar to autologous cartilage. CONCLUSIONS The engineering of in vitro- and in vivo-derived cartilage with HA is a novel approach for laryngotracheal reconstruction. The data suggests that the in vitro- and in vivo-derived tissue-engineered approaches may offer a promising alternative to current strategies used in pediatric airway reconstruction, as well as other head and neck applications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 126:S5-S21, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian N Jacobs
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Robert A Redden
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Rachel Goldberg
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Michael Hast
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca Salowe
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Robert L Mauck
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Edward J Doolin
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen X, Zhou Y, Wang L, Santare MH, Wan LQ, Lu XL. Determining Tension-Compression Nonlinear Mechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage from Indentation Testing. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:1148-58. [PMID: 26240062 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The indentation test is widely used to determine the in situ biomechanical properties of articular cartilage. The mechanical parameters estimated from the test depend on the constitutive model adopted to analyze the data. Similar to most connective tissues, the solid matrix of cartilage displays different mechanical properties under tension and compression, termed tension-compression nonlinearity (TCN). In this study, cartilage was modeled as a porous elastic material with either a conewise linear elastic matrix with cubic symmetry or a solid matrix reinforced by a continuous fiber distribution. Both models are commonly used to describe the TCN of cartilage. The roles of each mechanical property in determining the indentation response of cartilage were identified by finite element simulation. Under constant loading, the equilibrium deformation of cartilage is mainly dependent on the compressive modulus, while the initial transient creep behavior is largely regulated by the tensile stiffness. More importantly, altering the permeability does not change the shape of the indentation creep curves, but introduces a parallel shift along the horizontal direction on a logarithmic time scale. Based on these findings, a highly efficient curve-fitting algorithm was designed, which can uniquely determine the three major mechanical properties of cartilage (compressive modulus, tensile modulus, and permeability) from a single indentation test. The new technique was tested on adult bovine knee cartilage and compared with results from the classic biphasic linear elastic curve-fitting program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL 126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Yilu Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL 126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL 126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Michael H Santare
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL 126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - X Lucas Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL 126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Levillain A, Boulocher C, Kaderli S, Viguier E, Hannouche D, Hoc T, Magoariec H. Meniscal biomechanical alterations in an ACLT rabbit model of early osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1186-93. [PMID: 25725391 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze the early biomechanical alterations of menisci during the early stage of osteoarthritis (OA) development and to correlate them with the chemical composition and matrix alteration. A particular focus was paid to pathological changes in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and collagen fiber architecture. DESIGN Menisci (n = 24) were removed from rabbits' knee joints 6 weeks following surgical anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). Both the anterior and posterior regions of medial and lateral menisci were characterized using indentation tests, Raman microspectroscopy (RM), biphotonic confocal microscopy (BCM) and histology. RESULTS Mechanical and matrix alterations occurred in both regions of medial and lateral menisci. A significant decrease in the mechanical properties was observed in OA menisci, with a mean reduced modulus from 2.3 to 1.1 MPa. Microstructural observations revealed less organized and less compact collagen bundles in operated menisci than in contralateral menisci, as well as a loss of fiber tension. GAG content was increased in OA menisci, especially in the damaged areas. Neither changes in the secondary structure of collagen nor mineralization were detected through RM at this stage of OA. CONCLUSION ACLT led to a disorganization of the collagen framework at the early stage of OA development, which decreases the mechanical resistance of the menisci. GAG content increases in response to this degradation. All of these results demonstrate the strong correlation between matrix and mechanical alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Levillain
- LTDS, UMR CNRS 5513, Université de Lyon, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 36 av Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France
| | - C Boulocher
- Research Unit ICE, UPSP 2011.03.101, Université de Lyon, Veterinary Campus of VetAgro Sup, 69 280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - S Kaderli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Viguier
- Research Unit ICE, UPSP 2011.03.101, Université de Lyon, Veterinary Campus of VetAgro Sup, 69 280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - D Hannouche
- B2OA, UMR CNRS 7052 CHU Lariboisière Saint Louis, 10 av de Verdun, 75020 Paris France
| | - T Hoc
- LTDS, UMR CNRS 5513, Université de Lyon, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 36 av Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France.
| | - H Magoariec
- LTDS, UMR CNRS 5513, Université de Lyon, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 36 av Guy de Collongue, 69134 Ecully Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Higher strains in the inner region of the meniscus indicate a potential source for degeneration. J Biomech 2015; 48:1377-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
25
|
Fischenich KM, Lewis J, Kindsfater KA, Bailey TS, Haut Donahue TL. Effects of degeneration on the compressive and tensile properties of human meniscus. J Biomech 2015; 48:1407-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
26
|
Efficacy of P188 on lapine meniscus preservation following blunt trauma. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 47:57-64. [PMID: 25846264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the knee leads to the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of a single intra-articular injection of a non-ionic surfactant, Poloxamer 188 (P188), in preservation of meniscal tissue following trauma through maintenance of meniscal glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and mechanical properties. Flemish Giant rabbits were subjected to a closed knee joint, traumatic compressive impact with the joint constrained to prevent anterior tibial translation. The contralateral limb served as an un-impacted control. Six animals (treated) received an injection of P188 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) post trauma, and another six animals (sham) received a single injection of PBS to the impacted limb. Histological analyses for GAG was determined 6 weeks post trauma, and functional outcomes were assessed using stress relaxation micro-indentation. The impacted limbs of the sham group demonstrated a significant decrease in meniscal GAG coverage compared to non-impacted limbs (p<0.05). GAG coverage of the impacted P188 treated limbs was not significantly different than contralateral non-impacted limbs in all regions except the medial anterior (p<0.05). No significant changes were documented in mechanics for either the sham or treated groups compared to their respective control limbs. This suggests that a single intra-articular injection of P188 shows promise in prevention of trauma induced GAG loss.
Collapse
|
27
|
Li Q, Doyran B, Gamer LW, Lu XL, Qin L, Ortiz C, Grodzinsky AJ, Rosen V, Han L. Biomechanical properties of murine meniscus surface via AFM-based nanoindentation. J Biomech 2015; 48:1364-70. [PMID: 25817332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the biomechanical properties of murine meniscus surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoindentation was performed on the central region, proximal side of menisci from 6- to 24-week old male C57BL/6 mice using microspherical tips (Rtip≈5µm) in PBS. A unique, linear correlation between indentation depth, D, and response force, F, was found on menisci from all age groups. This non-Hertzian behavior is likely due to the dominance of tensile resistance by the collagen fibril bundles on meniscus surface that are mostly aligned along the circumferential direction. The indentation resistance was calculated as both the effective modulus, Eind, via the isotropic Hertz model, and the effective stiffness, Sind = dF/dD. Values of Sind and Eind were found to depend on indentation rate, suggesting the existence of poro-viscoelasticity. These values do not significantly vary with anatomical sites, lateral versus medial compartments, or mouse age. In addition, Eind of meniscus surface (e.g., 6.1±0.8MPa for 12 weeks of age, mean±SEM, n=13) was found to be significantly higher than those of meniscus surfaces in other species, and of murine articular cartilage surface (1.4±0.1MPa, n=6). In summary, these results provided the first direct mechanical knowledge of murine knee meniscus tissues. We expect this understanding to serve as a mechanics-based benchmark for further probing the developmental biology and osteoarthritis symptoms of meniscus in various murine models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Basak Doyran
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Laura W Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - X Lucas Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Christine Ortiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wheatley BB, Fischenich KM, Button KD, Haut RC, Haut Donahue TL. An optimized transversely isotropic, hyper-poro-viscoelastic finite element model of the meniscus to evaluate mechanical degradation following traumatic loading. J Biomech 2015; 48:1454-60. [PMID: 25776872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inverse finite element (FE) analysis is an effective method to predict material behavior, evaluate mechanical properties, and study differences in biological tissue function. The meniscus plays a key role in load distribution within the knee joint and meniscal degradation is commonly associated with the onset of osteoarthritis. In the current study, a novel transversely isotropic hyper-poro-viscoelastic constitutive formulation was incorporated in a FE model to evaluate changes in meniscal material properties following tibiofemoral joint impact. A non-linear optimization scheme was used to fit the model output to indentation relaxation experimental data. This study is the first to investigate rate of relaxation in healthy versus impacted menisci. Stiffness was found to be decreased (p=0.003), while the rate of tissue relaxation increased (p=0.010) at twelve weeks post impact. Total amount of relaxation, however, did not change in the impacted tissue (p=0.513).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Wheatley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Keith D Button
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Roger C Haut
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratories, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Tammy L Haut Donahue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Qu X. Age-related cognitive task effects on gait characteristics: do different working memory components make a difference? J Neuroeng Rehabil 2014; 11:149. [PMID: 25348927 PMCID: PMC4221663 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-11-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though it is well recognized that gait characteristics are affected by concurrent cognitive tasks, how different working memory components contribute to dual task effects on gait is still unknown. The objective of the present study was to investigate dual-task effects on gait characteristics, specifically the application of cognitive tasks involving different working memory components. In addition, we also examined age-related differences in such dual-task effects. Methods Three cognitive tasks (i.e. ‘Random Digit Generation’, ‘Brooks’ Spatial Memory’, and ‘Counting Backward’) involving different working memory components were examined. Twelve young (6 males and 6 females, 20 ~ 25 years old) and 12 older participants (6 males and 6 females, 60 ~ 72 years old) took part in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, each cognitive task was defined at three difficulty levels, and perceived difficulty was compared across tasks. The cognitive tasks perceived to be equally difficult were selected for the second phase. In the second phase, four testing conditions were defined, corresponding to a baseline and the three equally difficult cognitive tasks. Participants walked on a treadmill at their self-selected comfortable speed in each testing condition. Body kinematics were collected during treadmill walking, and gait characteristics were assessed using spatial-temporal gait parameters. Results Application of the concurrent Brooks’ Spatial Memory task led to longer step times compared to the baseline condition. Larger step width variability was observed in both the Brooks’ Spatial Memory and Counting Backward dual-task conditions than in the baseline condition. In addition, cognitive task effects on step width variability differed between two age groups. In particular, the Brooks’ Spatial Memory task led to significantly larger step width variability only among older adults. Conclusion These findings revealed that cognitive tasks involving the visuo-spatial sketchpad interfered with gait more severely in older versus young adults. Thus, dual-task training, in which a cognitive task involving the visuo-spatial sketchpad (e.g. the Brooks’ Spatial Memory task) is concurrently performed with walking, could be beneficial to mitigate impairments in gait among older adults. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-0003-11-149) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingda Qu
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
RAUKER JOSIP, MOSHTAGH PARISAR, WEINANS HARRIE, ZADPOOR AMIRA. ANALYTICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR NANOINDENTATION-BASED ESTIMATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOMATERIALS. J MECH MED BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s021951941430004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanoindentation is an (almost) non-invasive method for obtaining material properties of different types of materials from the interpretation of experimental data related to indenter load (P) and penetration depth (h). In most cases, the material properties that are obtained by nanoindentation are elastic modulus (E), shear modulus (G) and hardness (H). The main advantages of this method are that no extensive preparation of the test specimen is required and that the mechanical properties can be probed at small scales. Moreover, nanoindentation test procedure is automated and the test equipment is easy to use. In this paper, we review different analytical methods that could be used for obtaining the mechanical properties of biomaterials based on the force-displacement curves generated by nanoindentation machines. Some practical issues including different types of machines and tips, calibration of nano-indentation machines, sources of error and specimen preparation are also briefly discussed. The main interest of this paper is the elastic behavior of biological tissues and biomaterials. Nevertheless, there is one section on elasto-plasticity, because purely elastic deformation of linearly elastic materials is difficult to achieve. The analytical solutions found in the literature for different material models are presented including the relationships found for linear elastic, elasto-plastic, hyperelastic, viscoelastic and poroelastic materials. These material models are relevant material models for studies of biological tissues and biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JOSIP RAUKER
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - PARISA R. MOSHTAGH
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - HARRIE WEINANS
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedics and Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - AMIR A. ZADPOOR
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sanchez-Adams J, Wilusz RE, Guilak F. Atomic force microscopy reveals regional variations in the micromechanical properties of the pericellular and extracellular matrices of the meniscus. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:1218-25. [PMID: 23568545 PMCID: PMC4037160 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regional variations in the composition and architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and pericellular matrix (PCM) of the knee meniscus play important roles in determining the local mechanical environment of meniscus cells. In this study, atomic force microscopy was used to spatially map the mechanical properties of matched ECM and perlecan-labeled PCM sites within the outer, middle, and inner porcine medial meniscus, and to evaluate the properties of the proximal surface of each region. The elastic modulus of the PCM was significantly higher in the outer region (151.4 ± 38.2 kPa) than the inner region (27.5 ± 8.8 kPa), and ECM moduli were consistently higher than region-matched PCM sites in both the outer (320.8 ± 92.5 kPa) and inner (66.1 ± 31.4 kPa) regions. These differences were associated with a higher proportion of aligned collagen fibers and lower glycosaminoglycan content in the outer region. Regional variations in the elastic moduli and some viscoelastic properties were observed on the proximal surface of the meniscus, with the inner region exhibiting the highest moduli overall. These results indicate that matrix architecture and composition play an important role in the regional micromechanical properties of the meniscus, suggesting that the local stress-strain environment of meniscal cells may vary significantly among the different regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannah Sanchez-Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca E. Wilusz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States,Corresponding Author: 375 Medical Sciences Research Bldg., Box 3093 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710 Phone: 919-684-2521 Fax: 919-681-8490
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Moyer JT, Priest R, Bouman T, Abraham AC, Haut Donahue TL. Indentation properties and glycosaminoglycan content of human menisci in the deep zone. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6624-9. [PMID: 23321302 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Menisci are two crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structures that provide fundamental load distribution and support within the knee joint. Their unique shape transmits axial stresses (i.e. "body force") into hoop or radial stresses. The menisci are primarily an inhomogeneous aggregate of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) supporting bulk compression and type I collagen fibrils sustaining tension. It has been shown that the superficial meniscal layers are functionally homogeneous throughout the three distinct regions (anterior, central and posterior) using a 300 μm diameter spherical indenter tip, but the deep zone of the meniscus has yet to be mechanically characterized at this scale. Furthermore, the distribution and content of GAG throughout the human meniscal cross-section have not been examined. This study investigated the mechanical properties, via indentation, of the human deep zone meniscus among three regions of the lateral and medial menisci. The distribution of GAGs through the cross-section was also documented. Results for the deep zone of the meniscus showed the medial posterior region to have a significantly greater instantaneous elastic modulus than the central region. No significant differences in the equilibrium modulus were seen when comparing regions or the hemijoint. Histological results revealed that GAGs are not present until at least ~600 μm from the meniscal surface. Understanding the role and distribution of GAG within the human meniscus in conjunction with the material properties of the meniscus will aid in the design of tissue engineered meniscal replacements.
Collapse
|