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Guo Y, Ma J, Li Z, Dang K, Ge Q, Huang Y, Wang GZ, Zhao X. Transcriptomic profiling of nuclei from paraformaldehyde-fixed and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain tissues. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1281:341861. [PMID: 38783731 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraformaldehyde (PFA) fixation is necessary for histochemical staining, and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue archives are the largest repository of clinically annotated specimens. Single-cell gene expression workflows have recently been developed for PFA-fixed and FFPE tissue specimens. However, for tissues where intact cells are hard to recover, including tissues containing highly interconnected neurons, single-nuclear transcriptomics is beneficial. Moreover, since RNA is very unstable, the effects of standard pathological practice on the transcriptome of samples obtained from such archived specimens like FFPE samples are largely anecdotal. RESULTS We evaluated the effects of polyformaldehyde (PFA) fixation and paraffin-embedding on transcriptional profiles of the mouse hippocampus obtained by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The transcriptomic signatures of nuclei isolated from fresh PFA-fixed and fresh FFPE tissues were comparable to those of cryopreserved samples. However, more differentially expressed genes were obtained for brains after PFA fixation for more than 3 days than in fresh PFA-fixed samples, especially genes involved in spliceosome and synaptic-related pathways. Importantly, the real cell states were destroyed, with oligodendrocyte precursor cells depleted in the 1day fixed hippocampus. After fixation for 3 days, the proportions of neuronal cells and oligodendrocytes decreased and microglia increased; however, relative frequencies remained constant for longer fixation durations. The storage time of FFPE samples had a negligible effect on the cell composition. SIGNIFICANCE This represents the first work to investigate the effects of fixation and storage time of brains on its nuclear transcriptome signatures in detail. The fixation time had more influences on the nuclear transcriptomic profiles than FFPE retention time, and the cliff-like effects appeared to occur over a fixed period of 1-3 days. These findings are expected to guide sample preparation for single-nucleus RNA-seq of FFPE samples, particularly in transcriptomic studies focused on brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Junjie Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhengyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Kaitong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qinyu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Guang-Zhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Xiangwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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Orozco-García E, van Meurs DJ, Calderón JC, Narvaez-Sanchez R, Harmsen MC. Endothelial plasticity across PTEN and Hippo pathways: A complex hormetic rheostat modulated by extracellular vesicles. Transl Oncol 2023; 31:101633. [PMID: 36905871 PMCID: PMC10020115 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascularization is a multifactorial and spatiotemporally regulated process, essential for cell and tissue survival. Vascular alterations have repercussions on the development and progression of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. Additionally, vascularization continues to be a challenge for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Hence, vascularization is the center of interest for physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic processes. Within vascularization, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and Hippo signaling have pivotal roles in the development and homeostasis of the vascular system. Their suppression is related to several pathologies, including developmental defects and cancer. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are among the regulators of PTEN and/or Hippo pathways during development and disease. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss the mechanisms by which exosome-derived ncRNAs modulate endothelial cell plasticity during physiological and pathological angiogenesis, through the regulation of PTEN and Hippo pathways, aiming to establish new perspectives on cellular communication during tumoral and regenerative vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Orozco-García
- Physiology and biochemistry research group - PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - D J van Meurs
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - J C Calderón
- Physiology and biochemistry research group - PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Raul Narvaez-Sanchez
- Physiology and biochemistry research group - PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - M C Harmsen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.
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3
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Torres-Aguilera I, Pinto-Hernandez P, Iglesias-Gutierrez E, Terrados N, Fernandez-Sanjurjo M. Circulating plasma levels of miR-106b-5p predicts maximal performance in female and male elite kayakers. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1040955. [PMID: 36866085 PMCID: PMC9971444 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1040955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Plasma miR-106b-5p levels have been described as an exercise performance predictor in male amateur runners, although no information is available about female athletes. The aim of this study was to analyze the predictive value on sports performance of plasma miR-106b-5p levels in elite female and male kayakers at the beginning and at the end of a training macrocycle, as well as the potential underlying molecular mechanisms using an in silico approach. Materials and Methods Eight elite male (26.2 ± 3.6 years) and seven elite female (17.4 ± 0.5 years) kayakers from the Spanish national team. Two fasting blood samples were collected, starting point of the season (A) and maximum fitness level (B). Circulating plasma levels of miR-106b-5p were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Maximal 500 m performance was recorded at B. Results and Discussion miR-106b-5p levels had no differences between A and B neither in women nor in men. In men but not in women, miR-106b-5p levels showed a negative significant correlation with performance in B which highlights its predictive value for performance. However, in women, progesterone emerged as a determinant and the ratio miR-106b-5p/progesterone showed a significant negative correlation with performance. In silico analysis reveals potential targets in a number of genes of relevant to exercise. Conclusions miR-106b-5p emerges as a biomarker of athletic performance in men and in women, if the menstrual cycle is considered. This highlights the need to analyze molecular response to exercise in men and women separately, and considering the stage of the menstrual cycle in women as a relevant factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Pinto-Hernandez
- Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain,Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eduardo Iglesias-Gutierrez
- Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain,Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain,Correspondence: Eduardo Iglesias-Gutierrez
| | - Nicolas Terrados
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain,Unidad Regional de Medicina Deportiva, Avilés, Spain
| | - Manuel Fernandez-Sanjurjo
- Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain,Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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4
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Groven RVM, Nauta SP, Gruisen J, Claes BSR, Greven J, van Griensven M, Poeze M, Heeren RMA, Porta Siegel T, Cillero-Pastor B, Blokhuis TJ. Lipid Analysis of Fracture Hematoma With MALDI-MSI: Specific Lipids are Associated to Bone Fracture Healing Over Time. Front Chem 2022; 9:780626. [PMID: 35309042 PMCID: PMC8927282 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.780626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fracture healing is a complex process, involving cell-cell interactions, various cytokines, and growth factors. Although fracture treatment improved over the last decades, a substantial part of all fractures shows delayed or absent healing. The fracture hematoma (fxh) is known to have a relevant role in this process, while the exact mechanisms by which it influences fracture healing are poorly understood. To improve strategies in fracture treatment, regulatory pathways in fracture healing need to be investigated. Lipids are important molecules in cellular signaling, inflammation, and metabolism, as well as key structural components of the cell. Analysis of the lipid spectrum in fxh may therefore reflect important events during the early healing phase. This study aims to develop a protocol for the determination of lipid signals over time, and the identification of lipids that contribute to these signals, with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) in fxh in healthy fracture healing. Methods: Twelve fxh samples (6 porcine; 6 human) were surgically removed, snap frozen, sectioned, washed, and analyzed using MALDI-MSI in positive and negative ion mode at different time points after fracture (porcine: 72 h; human samples: range 1–19 days). A tissue preparation protocol for lipid analysis in fxh has been developed with both porcine and human fxh. Data were analyzed through principal component- and linear discriminant analyses. Results: A protocol for the preparation of fxh sections was developed and optimized. Although hematoma is a heterogeneous tissue, the intra-variability within fxh was smaller than the inter-variability between fxh. Distinctive m/z values were detected that contributed to the separation of three different fxh age groups: early (1–3 days), middle (6–10 days), and late (12–19 days). Identification of the distinctive m/z values provided a panel of specific lipids that showed a time dependent expression within fxh. Conclusion: This study shows that MALDI-MSI is a suitable analytical tool for lipid analysis in fxh and that lipid patterns within fxh are time-dependent. These lipid patterns within fxh may serve as a future diagnostic tool. These findings warrant further research into fxh analysis using MALDI-MSI and its possible clinical implications in fracture treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rald V. M. Groven
- Division of Traumasurgery, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sylvia P. Nauta
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumasurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jane Gruisen
- Division of Traumasurgery, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Britt S. R. Claes
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Johannes Greven
- Department of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Division of Traumasurgery, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tiffany Porta Siegel
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Berta Cillero-Pastor
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Berta Cillero-Pastor,
| | - Taco J. Blokhuis
- Division of Traumasurgery, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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5
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Qiang W, Wei R, Chen Y, Chen D. Clinical Pathological Features and Current Animal Models of Type 3 Macular Neovascularization. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:734860. [PMID: 34512255 PMCID: PMC8427186 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.734860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 3 macular neovascularization (MNV3), or retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP), is a distinct type of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of vision loss in older persons. During the past decade, systematic investigation into the clinical, multimodal imaging, and histopathological features and therapeutic outcomes has provided important new insight into this disease. These studies favor the retinal origin of MNV3 and suggest the involvement of retinal hypoxia, inflammation, von Hippel–Lindau (VHL)–hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, and multiple cell types in the development and progression of MNV3. Several mouse models, including the recently built Rb/p107/Vhl triple knockout mouse model by our group, have induced many of the histological features of MNV3 and provided much insight into the underlying pathological mechanisms. These models have revealed the roles of retinal hypoxia, inflammation, lipid metabolism, VHL/HIF pathway, and retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (Rb)–E2F cell cycle pathway in the development of MNV3. This article will summarize the clinical, multimodal imaging, and pathological features of MNV3 and the diversity of animal models that exist for MNV3, as well as their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiang
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjiang Chen
- The School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Danian Chen
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Layosa MAA, Lage NN, Chew BP, Atienza L, Mertens-Talcott S, Talcott S, Noratto GD. Dark Sweet Cherry ( Prunus avium) Phenolics Enriched in Anthocyanins Induced Apoptosis in MDA-MB-453 Breast Cancer Cells through MAPK-Dependent Signaling and Reduced Invasion via Akt and PLCγ-1 Downregulation. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1985-1997. [PMID: 32924599 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1817514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dark sweet cherries (DSCs) are rich source of phenolics known to exert anticancer and anti-invasive activities. This study elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of DSC phenolics against MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells In Vitro. Cells were treated with DSC phenolics in whole extract (WE), and fractions enriched in anthocyanins (ACN) and proanthocyanidins (PCN) at concentrations that inhibited cell growth by 50%. Results showed that DSC phenolics suppressed Akt and PLCγ-1 activation, and inhibited cell motility and invasion, but only ACN reached significance. The extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways were also activated by DSC phenolics via caspase-8 cleavage and increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, with ACN exhibiting significant activation and stronger PARP-1 cleavage. Furthermore, sustained activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1/2 and p38 was observed wherein ERK1/2 (U0126) and p38 (SB203580) inhibitors confirmed crosstalk ERK1/2-Akt and MAPK intrinsic mitochondrial pathways. In conclusion, DSC phenolics inhibited MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells by targeting cell signaling pathways that induce apoptosis and suppress cell invasion, with ACN showing enhanced chemopreventive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Anne A Layosa
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Institute of Human Nutrition and Food, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Nara N Lage
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Research Center in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Boon P Chew
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Liezl Atienza
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | | | - Stephen Talcott
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Giuliana D Noratto
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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7
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Koponen A, Pan G, Kivelä AM, Ralko A, Taskinen JH, Arora A, Kosonen R, Kari OK, Ndika J, Ikonen E, Cho W, Yan D, Olkkonen VM. ORP2, a cholesterol transporter, regulates angiogenic signaling in endothelial cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:14671-14694. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000202r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Koponen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
| | - Guoping Pan
- Department of Biology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Annukka M. Kivelä
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
| | - Arthur Ralko
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - Juuso H. Taskinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
| | - Amita Arora
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
| | - Riikka Kosonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
| | - Otto K. Kari
- Drug Research Program Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Joseph Ndika
- Human Microbiome Research Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
- Department of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - Daoguang Yan
- Department of Biology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Vesa M. Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchBiomedicum 2U Helsinki Finland
- Department of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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Penas FN, Carta D, Cevey ÁC, Rada MJ, Pieralisi AV, Ferlin MG, Sales ME, Mirkin GA, Goren NB. Pyridinecarboxylic Acid Derivative Stimulates Pro-Angiogenic Mediators by PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Inhibits Reactive Nitrogen and Oxygen Species and NF-κB Activation Through a PPARγ-Dependent Pathway in T. cruzi-Infected Macrophages. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2955. [PMID: 31993046 PMCID: PMC6964702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection and represents an important public health concern in Latin America. Macrophages are one of the main infiltrating leukocytes in response to infection. Parasite persistence could trigger a sustained activation of these cells, contributing to the damage observed in this pathology, particularly in the heart. HP24, a pyridinecarboxylic acid derivative, is a new PPARγ ligand that exerts anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects. The aim of this work was to deepen the study of the mechanisms involved in the pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of HP24 in T. cruzi-infected macrophages, which have not yet been elucidated. We show for the first time that HP24 increases expression of VEGF-A and eNOS through PI3K/AKT/mTOR and PPARγ pathways and that HP24 inhibits iNOS expression and NO release, a pro-inflammatory mediator, through PPARγ-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, this study shows that HP24 modulates H2O2 production in a PPARγ-dependent manner. It is also demonstrated that this new PPARγ ligand inhibits the NF-κB pathway. HP24 inhibits IKK phosphorylation and IκB-α degradation, as well as p65 translocation to the nucleus in a PPARγ-dependent manner. In Chagas disease, both the sustained increment in pro-inflammatory mediators and microvascular abnormalities are crucial aspects for the generation of cardiac damage. Elucidating the mechanism of action of new PPARγ ligands is highly attractive, given the fact that it can be used as an adjuvant therapy, particularly in the case of Chagas disease in which inflammation and tissue remodeling play an important role in the pathophysiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Nicolás Penas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Davide Carta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ágata Carolina Cevey
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Jimena Rada
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Azul Victoria Pieralisi
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Grazia Ferlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - María Elena Sales
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Mirkin
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Beatriz Goren
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Hypoxia and EGF Stimulation Regulate VEGF Expression in Human Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) Cells by Differential Regulation of the PI3K/Rho-GTPase and MAPK Pathways. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111397. [PMID: 31698752 PMCID: PMC6912653 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common and deadly cancers of the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by the presence of hypoxic regions, especially in the core, leading to an increase in vascularity. This increased vascularization is driven by the expression of the major angiogenic inducer VEGF and the indirect angiogenic inducer Epidermal growth factor (EGF), which stimulates VEGF expression. In this study, we examine the regulation of VEGF by both hypoxia and the EGF signaling pathway. We also examine the involvement of pathways downstream from EGF signaling, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway and the Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/RhoA/C (PI3K/RhoA/C) pathway in this regulation. Our results show that VEGF expression and secretion levels increase following either hypoxia or EGF stimulation, with the two stimuli signaling in parallel. We also observed an increase in ERK and protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation, in response to EGF stimulation, with kinetics that correlated with the kinetics of the effect on VEGF. Using pharmacological inhibitors against ERK and PI3K and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against RhoA and RhoC, we found that both the ERK and the PI3K/RhoA/C pathways have to cooperate in order to lead to an increase in VEGF expression, downstream from EGF. In response to hypoxia, however, only ERK was involved in the regulation of VEGF. Hypoxia also led to a surprising decrease in the activation of PI3K and RhoA/C. Finally, the decrease in the activation of these Rho-GTPases was found to be mediated through a hypoxia-driven overexpression of the Rho-GTPase GTPase activating protein (GAP), StarD13. Therefore, while under normoxic conditions, EGF stimulates the activation of both the PI3K and the MAPK pathways and the induction of VEGF, in glioblastoma cells, hypoxic conditions lead to the suppression of the PI3K/RhoA/C pathway and an exclusive switch to the MAPK pathway.
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10
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El Atat O, Fakih A, El-Sibai M. RHOG Activates RAC1 through CDC42 Leading to Tube Formation in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020171. [PMID: 30781697 PMCID: PMC6406863 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer cell malignancy. The role of the RHO family GTPase RHOG in angiogenesis in vascular endothelial cells has recently been elucidated. However, the regulation of RHOG during this process, as well as its cross-talk with other RHO GTPases, have yet to be fully examined. In this study, we found that siRNA-mediated depletion of RHOG strongly inhibits tube formation in vascular endothelial cells (ECV cells), an effect reversed by transfecting dominant active constructs of CDC42 or RAC1 in the RHOG-depleted cells. We also found CDC42 to be upstream from RAC1 in these cells. Inhibiting either Phosphatidyl inositol (3) kinase (PI3K) with Wortmannin or the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular-regulated kinase (MAPK ERK) with U0126 leads to the inhibition of tube formation. While knocking down either RHO, GTPase did not affect p-AKT levels, and p-ERK decreased in response to the knocking down of RHOG, CDC42 or RAC1. Recovering active RHO GTPases in U0126-treated cells also did not reverse the inhibition of tube formation, placing ERK downstream from PI3K-RHOG-CDC42-RAC1 in vascular endothelial cells. Finally, RHOA and the Rho activated protein kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 positively regulated tube formation independently of ERK, while RHOC seemed to inhibit the process. Collectively, our data confirmed the essential role of RHOG in angiogenesis, shedding light on a potential new therapeutic target for cancer malignancy and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oula El Atat
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon.
| | - Amira Fakih
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon.
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon.
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