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Xue Y, Liang Y, Zhang W, Geng C, Feng D, Huang X, Dong S, Zhang Y, Sun J, Qi F, Lu X. Characterization and Structural Analysis of Emodin- O-Methyltransferase from Aspergillus terreus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5728-5737. [PMID: 35475366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
All O-methylated derivatives of emodin, including physcion, questin, and 1-O-methylemodin, show potential antifungal activities. Notably, emodin and questin are two pivotal intermediates of geodin biosynthesis in Aspergillus terreus. Although most of the geodin biosynthetic steps have been investigated, the key O-methyltransferase (OMT) responsible for the O-methylation of emodin to generate questin has remained unidentified. Herein, through phylogenetic tree analysis and in vitro biochemical assays, the long-sought class II emodin-O-methyltransferase GedA has been functionally characterized. Additionally, the catalytic mechanism and key residues at the catalytic site of GedA were elucidated by enzyme-substrate-methyl donor analogue ternary complex crystal structure determination and site-directed mutagenesis. As we demonstrate, GedA adopts a typical general acid/base (E446/H373)-mediated transmethylation mechanism. In particular, residue D374 is also crucial for efficient catalysis through blocking the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in emodin. This study will facilitate future engineering of GedA for the production of physcion or other site-specific O-methylated anthraquinone derivatives with potential applications as biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xue
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yajing Liang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ce Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Xuenian Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sheng Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Yingfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Feifei Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Marine Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
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Complete genome sequence of lovastatin producer Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 and evaluation of genomic diversity among A. terreus strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1615-1627. [PMID: 33515286 PMCID: PMC7880949 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Abstract In the present study, the complete genome of a filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. This strain is mainly recognized for being a model wild-type lovastatin producer and a parental strain of high-yielding industrial mutants. It is also a microorganism with a rich repertoire of secondary metabolites that has been a subject of numerous bioprocess-related studies. In terms of continuity, the genomic sequence provided in this work is of the highest quality among all the publicly available genomes of A. terreus strains. The comparative analysis revealed considerable diversity with regard to the catalog of biosynthetic gene clusters found in A. terreus. Even though the cluster of lovastatin biosynthesis was found to be well-conserved at the species level, several unique genes putatively associated with metabolic functions were detected in A. terreus ATCC 20542 that were not detected in other investigated genomes. The analysis was conducted also in the context of the primary metabolic pathways (sugar catabolism, biomass degradation potential, organic acid production), where the visible differences in gene copy numbers were detected. However, the species-level genomic diversity of A. terreus was more evident for secondary metabolism than for the well-conserved primary metabolic pathways. The newly sequenced genome of A. terreus ATCC 20542 was found to harbor several unique sequences, which can be regarded as interesting subjects for future experimental efforts on A. terreus metabolism and fungal biosynthetic capabilities. Key points • The high-quality genome of Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 has been assembled and annotated. • Comparative analysis with other sequenced Aspergillus terreus strains has revealed considerable diversity in biosynthetic gene repertoire, especially related to secondary metabolism. • The unique genomic features of A. terreus ATCC 20542 are discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11133-0.
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Barrios-González J, Pérez-Sánchez A, Bibián ME. New knowledge about the biosynthesis of lovastatin and its production by fermentation of Aspergillus terreus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8979-8998. [PMID: 32930839 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin, and its semisynthetic derivative simvastatine, has great medical and economic importance, besides great potential for other uses. In the last years, a deeper and more complex view of secondary metabolism regulation has emerged, with the incorporation of cluster-specific and global transcription factors, and their relation to signaling cascades, as well as the new level of epigenetic regulation. Recently, a new mechanism, which regulates lovastatin biosynthesis, at transcriptional level, has been discovered: reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation; also new unexpected environmental stimuli have been identified, which induce the synthesis of lovastatin, like quorum sensing-type molecules and support stimuli. The present review describes this new panorama and uses this information, together with the knowledge on lovastatin biosynthesis and genomics, as the foundation to analyze literature on optimization of fermentation parameters and medium composition, and also to fully understand new strategies for strain genetic improvement. This new knowledge has been applied to the development of more effective culture media, with the addition of molecules like butyrolactone I, oxylipins, and spermidine, or with addition of ROS-generating molecules to increase internal ROS levels in the cell. It has also been applied to the development of new strategies to generate overproducing strains of Aspergillus terreus, including engineering of the cluster-specific transcription factor (lovE), global transcription factors like the ones implicated in ROS regulation (or even mitochondrial alternative respiration aox gen), or the global regulator LaeA. Moreover, there is potential to apply some of these findings to the development of novel unconventional production systems. KEY POINTS: • New findings in regulation of lovastatin biosynthesis, like ROS regulation. • Induction by unexpected stimuli: autoinducer molecules and support stimuli. • Recent reports on culture medium and process optimization from this stand point. • Applications to molecular genetic strain improvement methods and production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Barrios-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana -Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ailed Pérez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana -Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Esmeralda Bibián
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana -Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Oliveira MCLD, Paulo AJ, Lima CDA, de Lima Filho JL, Souza-Motta CM, Vidal EE, Nascimento TP, Marques DDAV, Porto ALF. Lovastatin producing by wild strain of Aspergillus terreus isolated from Brazil. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:164-172. [PMID: 32795118 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1805624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin is a drug in the statin class which acts as a natural inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl, a coenzyme reductase reported as being a potential therapeutic agent for several diseases: Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis and due to its anti-cancer properties. Aspergillus terreus is known for producing a cholesterol reducing drug. This study sets out to evaluate the production of lovastatin by Brazilian wild strains of A. terreus isolated from a biological sample and natural sources. Carbon and nitrogen sources and the best physicochemical conditions using factorial design were also evaluated. The 37 fungal were grown to produce lovastatin by submerged fermentation. A. terreus URM5579 strain was the best lovastatin producer with a level of 13.96 mg/L. Soluble starch and soybean flour were found to be the most suitable substrates for producing lovastatin (41.23 mg/L) and biomass (6.1 mg/mL). The most favorable production conditions were found in run 16 with 60 g/L soluble starch, 15 g/L soybean flour, pH 7.5, 200 rpm and maintaining the solution at 32 °C for 7 days, which led to producing 100.86 mg/L of lovastatin and 17.68 mg/mL of biomass. Using natural strains and economically viable substrates helps to optimize the production of lovastatin and promote its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Cardoso Lemos de Oliveira
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Anderson José Paulo
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - José Luiz de Lima Filho
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Esteban Espinosa Vidal
- Central Analytical, Northeastern Center of Strategic Technologies (CETENE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Thiago Pajeú Nascimento
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Araújo Viana Marques
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Applied to Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Biological Science Institute, University of Pernambuco-ICB/UPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Figueiredo Porto
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil
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Boruta T, Marczyk A, Rychta K, Przydacz K, Bizukojc M. Confrontation between Penicillium rubens and Aspergillus terreus: Investigating the production of fungal secondary metabolites in submerged co-cultures. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:503-513. [PMID: 32758403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The production of secondary metabolites in the submerged co-cultures of Penicillium rubens Wisconsin 54-1255 and Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 was evaluated. The biosynthetic capabilities of the two strains were compared in a set of diverse liquid media that differed with respect to the initial levels of glucose, lactose and yeast extract, contained carrot juice or vegetable/turkey puree as additional nutrient sources or were supplemented with phenylacetic acid, the side-chain precursor of penicillin G. The main goal of the study was to investigate the interactions between A. terreus and P. rubens that might contribute to the changes of secondary metabolite titers. Briefly, the biosynthesis of octaketide metabolites (+)-geodin and asterric acid was visibly enhanced as a result of replacing the conventional monocultures with the co-culture systems, but solely in the media containing not more than 5 g L-1 of yeast extract. By contrast, no marked enhancement was observed with respect to the biosynthesis of penicillin G, lovastatin, chrysogine, 4a,5-dihydromevinolinic acid and 3α-hydroxy-3,5-dihydromonacolin L acid. It was shown that the relationships between medium composition and product titers were clearly different in monoculture variants than in the corresponding co-cultures. Finally, it was demonstrated that the utilization of penicillin precursors by P. rubens can be blocked under the conditions of co-cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Marczyk
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rychta
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Przydacz
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Bizukojc
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Abd Rahim MH, Lim EJ, Hasan H, Abbas A. The investigation of media components for optimal metabolite production of Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 164:105672. [PMID: 31326443 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the effect of nitrogen, salt and pre-culture conditions on the production of lovastatin in A. terreus ATCC 20542. METHODS Different combinations of nitrogen sources, salts and pre-culture combinations were applied in the fermentation media and lovastatin yield was analysed chromatographically. RESULT The exclusion of MnSO4 ·5H2O, CuSO4·5H2O and FeCl3·6H2O were shown to significantly improve lovastatin production (282%), while KH2PO4, MgSO4·7H2O, and NaCl and ZnSO4·7H2O were indispensable for good lovastatin production. Simple nitrogen source (ammonia) was unfavourable for morphology, growth and lovastatin production. In contrast, yeast extract (complex nitrogen source) produced the highest lovastatin yield (25.52 mg/L), while powdered soybean favoured the production of co-metabolites ((+)-geodin and sulochrin). Intermediate lactose: yeast extract (5:4) ratio produced the optimal lovastatin yield (12.33 mg/L) during pre-culture, while high (5:2) or low (5:6) lactose to yeast extract ratio produced significantly lower lovastatin yield (7.98 mg/L and 9.12 mg/L, respectively). High spore concentration, up to 107 spores/L was shown to be beneficial for lovastatin, but not for co-metabolite production, while higher spore age was shown to be beneficial for all of its metabolites. CONCLUSION The findings from these investigations could be used for future cultivation of A. terreus in the production of desired metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Hafiz Abd Rahim
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
| | - Elicia Jitming Lim
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Hanan Hasan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Ali Abbas
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
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Boruta T, Milczarek I, Bizukojc M. Evaluating the outcomes of submerged co-cultivation: production of lovastatin and other secondary metabolites by Aspergillus terreus in fungal co-cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5593-5605. [PMID: 31098686 PMCID: PMC6597594 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to compare the production of secondary metabolites by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 under the conditions of submerged mono- and co-cultivation. The suggested experimental scheme encompassed a diverse set of co-culture initiation strategies differing mostly with respect to the development stage of tested fungal strains at the moment of their confrontation. Three species of filamentous fungi exhibiting distinct patterns of morphological evolution under submerged conditions, namely Penicillium rubens, Chaetomium globosum, and Mucor racemosus, were selected as the co-cultivation partners of A. terreus. The choice of the co-cultivated species and the approach of co-culture triggering noticeably influenced the levels of lovastatin (mevinolinic acid), (+)-geodin, asterric acid, and butyrolactone I in the broth. Even though the evaluated co-cultures did not lead to the increased titers of lovastatin relative to standard monocultures, the biosynthesis of the remaining three metabolites was either enhanced or inhibited depending on the experimental variant. The production of butyrolactone I turned out to be particularly affected by the presence of C. globosum. Interestingly, in the A. terreus/C. globosum co-cultures, the decrease of lovastatin concentration was recorded. According to the most probable scenario, lovastatin was in this case converted to monacolin J acid, a polyketide molecule that may be applied as a substrate for the synthesis of statin drugs. The study revealed that the spores of two distinct fungal species, namely A. terreus and C. globosum, co-agglomerate under submerged conditions to form pellets. Finally, the biosynthetic performance of co-cultures involving four fungal species was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Iwona Milczarek
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Bizukojc
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
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Hasan H, Abd Rahim MH, Campbell L, Carter D, Abbas A, Montoya A. Improved lovastatin production by inhibiting (+)-geodin biosynthesis in Aspergillus terreus. N Biotechnol 2019; 52:19-24. [PMID: 30995533 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin is widely prescribed to reduce elevated levels of cholesterol and prevent heart-related diseases. Cultivation of Aspergillus terreus (ATCC 20542) with carbohydrates or low-value feedstocks such as glycerol produces lovastatin as a secondary metabolite and (+)-geodin as a by-product. An A. terreus mutant strain was developed (gedCΔ) with a disrupted (+)-geodin biosynthesis pathway. The gedCΔ mutant was created by inserting the antibiotic marker hygromycin B (hyg) within the gedC gene that encodes emodin anthrone polyketide synthase (PKS), a primary gene responsible for initiating (+)-geodin biosynthesis. The effects of emodin anthrone PKS gene disruption on (+)-geodin and lovastatin biosynthesis and the production of the precursors acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA were investigated with cultures based on glycerol alone and in combination with lactose. The gedCΔ strain showed improved lovastatin production, particularly when cultivated on the glycerol-lactose mixture, increasing lovastatin production by 80% (113 mg/L) while simultaneously inhibiting (+)-geodin biosynthesis compared to the wild-type strain. This study thus shows that suppression of the (+)-geodin pathway increases lovastatin yield and demonstrates a practical approach of manipulating carbon flux by modulating enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Hasan
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Australia; Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Malaysia.
| | - Muhamad Hafiz Abd Rahim
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Australia; Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Malaysia
| | - Leona Campbell
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Australia
| | - Dee Carter
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Australia
| | - Ali Abbas
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Australia
| | - Alejandro Montoya
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Australia
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Hu B, Zhang Q, Zhao S, Wang Y, Xu L, Yan S, Yu F. Direct Oxidative Disulfenylation/Cyclization of 2′‐Hydroxyacetophenones with Thiophenols for the Synthesis of 2,2‐Dithio‐Benzofuran‐3(2
H
)‐Ones. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Hu
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaohe Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Siyun Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjiao Yan
- School of Chemical Science and TechnologyYunnan University Kunming 650091 People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
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Hasan H, Abd Rahim MH, Campbell L, Carter D, Abbas A, Montoya A. Overexpression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in Aspergillus terreus to increase lovastatin production. N Biotechnol 2018; 44:64-71. [PMID: 29727712 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the application of homologous recombination techniques in a wild-type Aspergillus terreus (ATCC 20542) strain to increase the flow of precursors towards the lovastatin biosynthesis pathway. A new strain was generated to overexpress acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) by replacing the native ACCase promoter with a strong constitutive PadhA promoter from Aspergillus nidulans. Glycerol and a mixture of lactose and glycerol were used independently as the carbon feedstock to determine the degree of response by the A. terreus strains towards the production of acetyl-CoA, and malonyl-CoA. The new strain increased the levels of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA by 240% and 14%, respectively, compared to the wild-type strain. As a result, lovastatin production was increased by 40% and (+)-geodin was decreased by 31% using the new strain. This study shows for the first time that the metabolism of Aspergillus terreus can be manipulated to attain higher levels of precursors and valuable secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Hasan
- University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Australia; Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hafiz Abd Rahim
- University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Australia; Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Malaysia
| | - Leona Campbell
- University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Australia
| | - Dee Carter
- University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Australia
| | - Ali Abbas
- University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Australia
| | - Alejandro Montoya
- University of Sydney, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Australia.
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Seenivasan A, Gummadi SN, Panda T. Comparison of the elution characteristics of individual forms of lovastatin in both isocratic and gradient modes and HPLC-PDA method development for pure and fermentation-derived lovastatin. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:901-908. [PMID: 28816626 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1365239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The elution characteristics of lovastatin were studied by varying the composition of mobile phase in both isocratic and gradient elution modes to comprehend the role of organic modifier and acidifier on the overall analysis time and retention time of individual forms of lovastatin. Acetonitrile has influenced on the overall analysis time, whereas the acidifier determines the retention time of hydroxy acid form of lovastatin and the retention time gap between the individual forms. A combination of acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (60:40, v/v) in isocratic elution mode eluted both hydroxy acid and lactone forms of lovastatin at 4.5 and 5.4 min, respectively. This appears to be a better approach for the separation of pharmaceutical and clinical lovastatin samples. At isocratic elution mode, a mixture of acetonitrile and either 0.05% TFA or 0.1% H3PO4 of 60:40 (v/v) has eluted both hydroxy acid and lactone forms of lovastatin at 10 ± 0.5 and 17 ± 0.5 min, respectively. This is suitable for the fermentation-derived samples or for the complex mixtures of structural analogs. The fermentation broth (pH not adjusted) extracted with ethyl acetate at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) at 60°C for 30 min was the optimal extraction condition for lovastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayothiraman Seenivasan
- a Department of Biotechnology , National Institute of Technology Raipur , Raipur , Chhattisgarh , India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- b Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology , Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Tapobrata Panda
- c Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, MSB 140A, Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
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12
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Production of lovastatin and itaconic acid by Aspergillus terreus: a comparative perspective. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:34. [PMID: 28102516 PMCID: PMC5247550 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus terreus is a textbook example of an industrially relevant filamentous fungus. It is used for the biotechnological production of two valuable metabolites, namely itaconic acid and lovastatin. Itaconic acid serves as a precursor in polymer industry, whereas lovastatin found its place in the pharmaceutical market as a cholesterol-lowering statin drug and a precursor for semisynthetic statins. Interestingly, their biosynthetic gene clusters were shown to reside in the common genetic neighborhood. Despite the genomic proximity of the underlying biosynthetic genes, the production of lovastatin and itaconic acid was shown to be favored by different factors, especially with respect to pH values of the broth. While there are several reviews on various aspects of lovastatin and itaconic acid production, the survey on growth conditions, biochemistry and morphology related to the formation of these two metabolites has never been presented in the comparative manner. The aim of the current review is to outline the correlations and contrasts with respect to process-related and biochemical discoveries regarding itaconic acid and lovastatin production by A. terreus.
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Yin Y, Cai M, Zhou X, Li Z, Zhang Y. Polyketides in Aspergillus terreus: biosynthesis pathway discovery and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7787-98. [PMID: 27455860 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of biosynthesis gene clusters, production improving methods, and bioactivity mechanisms is very important for the development of filamentous fungi metabolites. Metabolic engineering and heterologous expression methods can be applied to improve desired metabolite production, when their biosynthesis pathways have been revealed. And, stable supplement is a necessary basis of bioactivity mechanism discovery and following clinical trial. Aspergillus terreus is an outstanding producer of many bioactive agents, and a large part of them are polyketides. In this review, we took polyketides from A. terreus as examples, focusing on 13 polyketide synthase (PKS) genes in A. terreus NIH 2624 genome. The biosynthesis pathways of nine PKS genes have been reported, and their downstream metabolites are lovastatin, terreic acid, terrein, geodin, terretonin, citreoviridin, and asperfuranone, respectively. Among them, lovastatin is a well-known hypolipidemic agent. Terreic acid, terrein, citreoviridin, and asperfuranone show good bioactivities, especially anticancer activities. On the other hand, geodin and terretonin are mycotoxins. So, biosynthesis gene cluster information is important for the production or elimination of them. We also predicted three possible gene clusters that contain four PKS genes by homologous gene alignment with other Aspergillus strains. We think that this is an effective way to mine secondary metabolic gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Menghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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14
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Boruta T, Bizukojc M. Induction of secondary metabolism of Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 in the batch bioreactor cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3009-22. [PMID: 26603760 PMCID: PMC4786612 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation of Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 in a stirred tank bioreactor was performed to induce the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and provide the bioprocess-related insights into the metabolic capabilities of the investigated strain. The activation of biosynthetic routes was attempted by the diversification of process conditions and growth media. Several strategies were tested, including the addition of rapeseed oil or inulin, changing the concentration of nitrogen source, reduction of chlorine supply, cultivation under saline conditions, and using various aeration schemes. Fifteen secondary metabolites were identified in the course of the study by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, namely mevinolinic acid, 4a,5-dihydromevinolinic acid, 3α-hydroxy-3,5-dihydromonacolin L acid, terrein, aspulvinone E, dihydroisoflavipucine, (+)-geodin, (+)-bisdechlorogeodin, (+)-erdin, asterric acid, butyrolactone I, desmethylsulochrin, questin, sulochrin, and demethylasterric acid. The study also presents the collection of mass spectra that can serve as a resource for future experiments. The growth in a salt-rich environment turned out to be strongly inhibitory for secondary metabolism and the formation of dense and compact pellets was observed. Generally, the addition of inulin, reducing the oxygen supply, and increasing the content of nitrogen source did not enhance the production of examined molecules. The most successful strategy involved the addition of rapeseed oil to the chlorine-deficient medium. Under these conditions, the highest levels of butyrolactone I, asterric acid, and mevinolinic acid were achieved and the presence of desmethylsulochrin and (+)-bisdechlorogeodin was detected in the broth. The constant and relatively high aeration rate in the idiophase was shown to be beneficial for terrein and (+)-geodin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Boruta
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Bizukojc
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
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15
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Bizukojc M, Ledakowicz S. Bioprocess Engineering Aspects of the Cultivation of a Lovastatin Producer Aspergillus terreus. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 149:133-70. [PMID: 25633258 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to review bioprocess engineering aspects of lovastatin (antihypercholesterolemia drug) production by Aspergillus terreus in the submerged culture in the bioreactors of various scale presented in the scientific literature since the nineties of the twentieth century. The key factor influencing the cultivation of any filamentous species is fungal morphology and that is why this aspect was treated as the starting point for further considerations. Fungal morphology is known to have an impact on the following issues connected with the cultivation of A. terreus reviewed in this article. These are broth viscosity in conjunction with non-Newtonian behaviour of the cultivation broths, and multistage oxygen transfer processes: from gas phase (air) to liquid phase (broth) and diffusion in the fungal agglomerates. The latest achievements concerning the controlling A. terreus morphology during lovastatin biosynthesis with the use of morphological engineering techniques were also reviewed. Last but not least, some attention was paid to the type of a bioreactor, its operational mode and kinetic modelling of lovastatin production by A. terreus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bizukojc
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland,
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16
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Lovastatin production: From molecular basis to industrial process optimization. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:648-65. [PMID: 25868803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin, composed of secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi, is the most frequently used drug for hypercholesterolemia treatment due to the fact that lovastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Moreover, recent studies have shown several important applications for lovastatin including antimicrobial agents and treatments for cancers and bone diseases. Studies regarding the lovastatin biosynthetic pathway have also demonstrated that lovastatin is synthesized from two-chain reactions using acetate and malonyl-CoA as a substrate. It is also known that there are two key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway called polyketide synthases (PKS). Those are characterized as multifunctional enzymes and are encoded by specific genes organized in clusters on the fungal genome. Since it is a secondary metabolite, cultivation process optimization for lovastatin biosynthesis has included nitrogen limitation and non-fermentable carbon sources such as lactose and glycerol. Additionally, the influences of temperature, pH, agitation/aeration, and particle and inoculum size on lovastatin production have been also described. Although many reviews have been published covering different aspects of lovastatin production, this review brings, for the first time, complete information about the genetic basis for lovastatin production, detection and quantification, strain screening and cultivation process optimization. Moreover, this review covers all the information available from patent databases covering each protected aspect during lovastatin bio-production.
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Abd Rahim MH, Hasan H, Montoya A, Abbas A. Lovastatin and (+)-geodin production by Aspergillus terreusfrom crude glycerol. Eng Life Sci 2015; 15:220-228. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Hafiz Abd Rahim
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
- Department of Food Science; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Hanan Hasan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
- Department of Food Science; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Alejandro Montoya
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Ali Abbas
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
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Bizukojc M, Gonciarz J. Influence of oxygen on lovastatin biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 quantitatively studied on the level of individual pellets. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:1251-66. [PMID: 25627471 PMCID: PMC4464389 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite oxygen is believed to be the most important environmental factor for any aerobic microbial process, the quantitative studies of its influence on growth and metabolite formation on the level of individual pellets formed by filamentous fungi were seldom performed. Never was it made for lovastatin producer Aspergillus terreus ATCC20542. Thus, this work is a quantitative study of oxygen transfer into A. terreus pellets during lovastatin biosynthesis in the shake flask culture. The basic measurement tool was an oxygen microprobe allowing for obtaining oxygen concentration profiles in the pellets. The pellets of various sizes from 1,600 to 6,400 μm exerting different oxygen transfer conditions were studied. Also various initial concentrations of carbon source were applied to change the conditions of biological reaction running in the pellets. Effective diffusivities in A. terreus pellets ranged from 643 to 1,342 μm s−1 dependent on their size and structure. It occurred that only the smallest pellets of diameter equal to about 1,400 μm were fully penetrated by oxygen. What is more, apart from the size of pellets, the appropriate lactose concentration was required to effectively produce lovastatin. Its value was correlated with oxygen concentration on the surface of the pellet and could not be either too high, as the aforementioned oxygen level tended then to zero, or too low, as despite high oxygen concentration no biological reaction ran in the pellet and no lovastatin was formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bizukojc
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924, Lodz, Poland,
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19
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Palonen EK, Neffling MR, Raina S, Brandt A, Keshavarz T, Meriluoto J, Soini J. Butyrolactone I Quantification from Lovastatin Producing Aspergillus terreus Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Evidence of Signalling Functions. Microorganisms 2014; 2:111-27. [PMID: 27682234 PMCID: PMC5029482 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms2020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus terreus is an industrially important filamentous fungus producing a wide spectrum of secondary metabolites, including lovastatin and itaconic acid. It also produces butyrolactone I which has shown potential as an antitumour agent. Additionally, butyrolactone I has been implicated to have a regulating role in the secondary metabolism and morphology of A. terreus. In this study, a quantitative time-course liquid chromatography—electrospray ionisation—tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) analysis of butyrolactone I is reported for the first time in nine-day long submerged cultures of A. terreus. Butyrolactone I was fragmented in the mass analysis producing a reproducible fragmentation pattern of four main daughter ions (m/z 307, 331, 363 and 393) in all the samples tested. Supplementing the cultures with 100 nM butyrolactone I caused a statistically significant increase (up to two-fold) in its production, regardless of the growth stage but was constitutive when butyrolactone I was added at high cell density during the stationary phase. Furthermore, the extracellular butyrolactone I concentration peaked at 48 h post inoculation, showing a similar profile as has been reported for bacterial quorum sensing molecules. Taken together, the results support the idea of butyrolactone I as a quorum sensing molecule in A. terreus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina K Palonen
- Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, Åbo FI-20520, Finland.
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, Åbo FI-20520, Finland.
| | - Milla-Riina Neffling
- Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, Åbo FI-20520, Finland.
| | - Sheetal Raina
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - Annika Brandt
- Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, Åbo FI-20520, Finland.
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, Åbo FI-20520, Finland.
| | - Tajalli Keshavarz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, Åbo FI-20520, Finland.
| | - Juhani Soini
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, Åbo FI-20520, Finland.
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Business, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Lemminkäinengatan 30, Åbo FI-20520, Finland.
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Gonciarz J, Bizukojc M. Adding talc microparticles toAspergillus terreusATCC 20542 preculture decreases fungal pellet size and improves lovastatin production. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201300055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gonciarz
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering; Lodz University of Technology; Lodz Poland
| | - Marcin Bizukojc
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering; Lodz University of Technology; Lodz Poland
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Bizukojc M, Pawlak M, Boruta T, Gonciarz J. Effect of pH on biosynthesis of lovastatin and other secondary metabolites by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:253-61. [PMID: 22995742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the initial pH value of the cultivation medium on lovastatin (mevinolinic acid) biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus ATCC20542 was studied. It was found that if the pH value of the broth is acidic, the direct chromatographic assay of mevinolinic acid leads to the underestimated values. Thus, the equilibrium curve was determined for the transformation of β-hydroxy acid form of lovastatin (mevinolinic acid) into lovastatin lactone. The calculation of the equilibrium constant shows that when the pH value of the solution is 4.98, concentrations of both forms of lovastatin are equal to each other. This finding was next used to study mevinolinic acid formation at the various initial pH values of the medium. It occurs that even at pH lower than 5.5 mevinolinic acid is still, although inefficiently, produced and its presence remains unnoticed, unless the samples of the broth are alkalised prior to the assay. Mevinolinic acid is efficiently produced at the initial pH value of the medium equal to 7.5 and 8.5 and it correlates with the rapid utilisation of lactose by A. terreus. Additionally, other secondary metabolites were sought at the various initial pH values of the medium with the use of mass spectrometry. (+)-Geodin is only formed at pH 6.5, while monacolin L is found at the highest amount at pH 7.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bizukojc
- Technical University of Lodz, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, ul. Wolczanska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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Bizukojc M, Pecyna M. Lovastatin and (+)-geodin formation by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 in a batch culture with the simultaneous use of lactose and glycerol as carbon sources. Eng Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Pecyna M, Bizukojc M. Lovastatin biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus with the simultaneous use of lactose and glycerol in a discontinuous fed-batch culture. J Biotechnol 2011; 151:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cabral M, Delgado O, Sampietro D, Catalan C, Figueroa L, Farina J. Antifungal Activity and the Potential Correlation with Statin-Producing Ability: An Optimized Screening Applied to Filamentous Fungi from Las Yungas Subtropical Rainforest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2010.833.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bizukojc M, Ledakowicz S. The morphological and physiological evolution of Aspergillus terreus mycelium in the submerged culture and its relation to the formation of secondary metabolites. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bizukojc M, Ledakowicz S. Physiological, morphological and kinetic aspects of lovastatin biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:647-64. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Bizukojc M, Ledakowicz S. Biosynthesis of lovastatin and (+)-geodin by Aspergillus terreus in batch and fed-batch culture in the stirred tank bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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