Association of Interleukin-1β and Gene Polymorphisms with Liver Pathogenesis in Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Eastern Indian Population

Correlation of IL-10 and IL18 with the development of liver cirrhosis associated with hepatitis B virus infection: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Patients who have been infected with the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) are susceptible to developing liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The objective of this systematic review was to comprehensively scrutinize the existing evidence concerning the association between host genetic polymorphisms and HBV-associated LC.

METHODS

We searched databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for relevant articles published from building databases to 25 October 2023.

RESULT

We detected 104 relevant articles, relating to 84 individuals genes. Nine genes had the strong evidence of correlation, including IL-10, IL-18, IL-1B, TGF- β, TLR3, STAT4, IL-1RN, Tim3, and IFN receptors. A positive correlation was found for 33 genes but this data had not yet been replicated, 11 genes had limited or mixed evidence of a correlation, and 34 genes indicated no correlation. IL-10 and IL-18 had the most evidence of correlation. There was a notable amount of diversity in both the design and method of studies and data quality.

CONCLUSION

IL-10 and IL-18 had the most evidence of correlation. There was a notable amount of diversity in both the design and method of studies and data quality. It is of necessary to take into account the fundamental mechanism behind these associations and discern those that are confounded by the coexistence of other LC/HCC risk factors and response to therapy. These results are expected to guide future studies on the genetic susceptibility of HBV-related LC/HCC.

Involvement of interleukin-1β in high glucose-activated proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with the increased risk of development and the advancement of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). High glucose levels were previously shown for upregulating interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in CCA cells with unclear functions. The present study, thus, aimed to investigate molecular mechanisms linking DM to CCA progression, with IL-1β hypothesized as a communicating cytokine.

METHODS

CCA cells were cultured in media with normal (5.6 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose, resembling euglycemia and hyperglycemia, respectively. Expressions of IL-1β and IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) in CCA tissues from patients with and without DM were examined using immunohistochemistry. Functional analyses of IL-1β were performed using siRNA and recombinant human IL-1R antagonist (rhIL-1RA), in which Western blots investigated the knockdown efficacy. BALB/c Rag-2-/- Jak3-/- (BRJ) mice were implanted with CCA xenografts to investigate hyperglycemia's effects on CCA growth and the anti-tumor effects of IL-1RA.

RESULTS

CCA tumors from patients with hyperglycemia showed significantly higher IL-1β expression than those from non-DM patients, while IL-1β was positively correlated with fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels. CCA cells cultured in high glucose showed increased IL-1β expression, resulting in increased proliferation rates. Suppressing IL-1β signaling by si-IL-1β or rhIL-1RA significantly reduced CCA cell proliferation in vitro. Anakinra, a synthetic IL-1RA, also exerted significant anti-tumor effects in vivo and significantly reversed the effects of hyperglycemia-induced growth in CCA xenografts.

CONCLUSIONS

IL-1β plays a crucial role in CCA progression in a high-glucose environment. Targeting IL-1β might, then, help improve therapeutic outcomes of CCA in patients with DM and hyperglycemia.

Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflamatory cytokine genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to Japanese encephalitis disease in the North Indian population

BACKGROUND

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the major cause of viral encephalitis in many regions of Asia. Cytokines, including pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory are key regulators playing a detrimental role in the host response to JE infection, pathogenesis and disease outcome. Evidently, the host's cytokine response is genetically determined, representing the complexity of interindividual differences regarding immune response to viral infection. The current study assesses the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of classical interleukin IL-1β and IL-10 with JEV susceptibility and disease severity in north Indian population.

METHODS

We performed a case-control study using 85 JE patients and 85 healthy controls. Polymorphisms in the IL-1β (-511 C/T) and IL-10 (-1082 A/G) genes were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. All continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables were expressed in percentage.

RESULTS

The mRNA level of IL-1β and IL-10 were found significantly increased in JE patients. In severe JE patients, IL-1β mRNA level was significantly higher with heterozygous (C/T) and homozygous (C/C) genotype compared to wild (T/T) genotype and mRNA level of IL-10 was higher in heterozygous genotype (A/G) compared to wild genotype (A/A). The C/T and C/C genotypes of IL-1β were significantly associated with higher risk of JE infection (p < 0.05, OR = 7.25 and 4.40) whereas, the A/G genotype of IL-10 was associated with a reduced risk of JEV infection (p < 0.05, OR = 0.30). The C allele of IL-1β was associated with fever and neck stiffness (p < 0.05) and CT genotype was associated with disease severity and worse outcomes in JE patients. Along with this, IL-10 polymorphism was found associated with fever, and AG genotype was found to be associated with worse disease outcomes such as neurological sequelae (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Mutant allele and genotype at IL-1β (-511 C/T) and IL-10 (-1082 A/G) gene polymorphism show increased expression of IL-1β and IL-10 in JE patients which contribute to disease severity as well as adverse outcomes of disease. Overall this is the first report from northern India, which shows the association of IL-1β and IL-10 polymorphisms with JEV infection.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 superfamily members: аssociation with viral hepatitis B and C

The review provides information on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding some interleukins belonging to the interleukin-1 (IL-1) superfamily and on their association with different infectious and non-infectious human diseases. It also briefs on the history of SNP discovery and the progress in the related scientific studies till the present time. It gives an insight into some mechanisms of interaction between infectious agents and the human immune system, involving SNPs in some cytokines of the IL-1 superfamily. The review provides data on relationships of SNPs in genes encoding other factors of the immune system, which are associated with the specific characteristics of natural history of chronic hepatitis B and C. It explores the significance of assessment of the SNP-proportion in proinflammatory cytokines and their antagonists of the IL-1 superfamily among the healthy population as well as the ratio of individual SNPs in specific groups of patients as a monitoring parameter for epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases.

Interleukin IL-1B gene polymorphism in Tunisian patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: Association with replication levels

Approaches based on association studies have proven useful in identifying genetic predictors for many diseases, including susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B. In this study we were interested by the IL-1B genetic variants that have been involved in the immune response and we analyzed their role in the susceptibility to develop chronic hepatitis B in the Tunisian population. IL-1B is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in inflammation of the liver. Polymorphic gene IL-1 (-511, +3954) was analyzed in a total of 476 individuals: 236 patients with chronic hepatitis B from different cities of Tunisia recruited in Pasteur Institute between January 2017 and December 2018 and 240 controls. Genomic DNA was obtained using the standard salting-out method and genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism. For -511C>T polymorphism a significant association was found between patients and controls when comparing the genotypic (P = 0.007; χ²  = 9.74 and odds ratio [OR] = 0.60; confidence interval [CI] = 0.41-0.89) and allelic (P = 0.001; χ²  = 10.60) frequencies. When the viral load was taken into account a highly significant difference was found (P = 9 × 10^-4 ; χ²  = 10.89). For +3954C>T polymorphism a significant association was found between patients and controls when comparing genotypic (P = 0.0058; χ²  = 7.60 and OR = 1.67; CI = 1.14-2.46) and allelic (P = 0.0029; χ²  = 8.81) frequencies. T allele can be used as a strong marker for hepatitis B virus disease for both polymorphisms.

Factors influencing PCV13 specific antibody response in Danish children starting in day care

This study examines different factors influencing the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) specific antibody response in 8–13 months old Danish children starting in day care. We present secondary findings to the ProbiComp study, which included nose swabs, buccal swabs and blood samples from the children before entering day care (baseline) and again after 6 months. Pneumococci isolated from nose swabs were identified by latex agglutination kit and Quellung reaction. Luminex-based assay was used for antibody measurements against specific anti-pneumococcal capsular IgG. Buccal gene expression was analyzed by qPCR. Statistical analyses were performed in R and included Pearson’s Chi-squared test, Welch two sample t-test and linear regression models. The PCV13 antibody response was unaffected by whether the children were carriers or non-carriers of any pneumococcal serotype. Having siblings increased the risk of carrying serotype 21 before day care (p = 0.020), and having siblings increased the PCV13 antibody response at the end of study (p = 0.0135). Hepatitis B-vaccination increased the PCV13 antibody response before day care attendance (p = 0.005). The expression of IL8 and IL1B was higher in children carrying any pneumococcal serotype at baseline compared to non-carriers (p = 0.0125 and p = 0.0268 respectively).

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in IFN-γ Signaling Pathway Associated with Risk of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Chinese Children

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a challenging public health problem in China and worldwide. Mother-to-child transmission is one of the main transmission routes of HBV in highly endemic regions. However, the mechanisms of HBV perinatal transmission in children have not been clearly defined. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IFN-γ signaling pathway and HBV infection or breakthrough infection in children. Two hundred and seventy-four HBV-infected children defined as test positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and 353 controls defined as negative for HBsAg in China were recruited from October 2013 to May 2015. SNPs in IFN-γ signaling pathway including IFNG, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, and IL12B were genotyped. Rs2234711 in IFNGR1 was significantly associated with HBV infection in children (OR = 0.641, 95% CI: 0.450–0.913). In addition, rs2234711 was also significantly associated with HBV breakthrough infection in children born to HBsAg-positive mothers (OR = 0.452, 95% CI: 0.205–0.998). Our study confirmed that genetic variants in IFN-γ signaling pathway have significant associations with HBV infection, especially with HBV breakthrough in children. This study provides insight into HBV infection in children and could be used to help design effective strategies for reducing immunoprophylaxis failure.

IL-18 and IL-1β Gene Polymorphisms: The Plausible Risk Factors for Chronic Hepatitis B

Chronic inflammation is the main risk factor for induction of liver cirrhosis and also hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Although our knowledge is growing regarding molecular mechanisms of immune responses against viruses, the main mechanisms that lead to the progression of chronic inflammation and then CHB are yet to be clarified. IL-18 and IL-1β are the members of the IL-1 family and produced in the cytoplasm of a wide range of immune and nonimmune cells and activated by inflammasome pathways. The cytokines play key roles in the pathologies of CHB. IL-18 and IL-1β productions are altered in CHB patients. It has been hypothesized that the polymorphisms within IL-18 and IL-1β genes may be the main reasons for the induction of chronic inflammation in CHB patients. This review article discusses the related investigations regarding the main correlation between the polymorphisms within IL-18 and IL-1β genes and CHB pathogenesis.

The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the activation of IL-1β in the pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatic inflammation

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Chronic viral hepatitis is a prevalent disease with major health implications. Its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood. IL-1β and the NLRP3 inflammasome involvement has been suggested in recent years, from in vitro data and data from peripheral blood samples. Therefore, we investigated IL-1β and the NLRP3 inflammasome in liver tissues in an effort to clarify their role in the pathophysiology of chronic viral hepatitis.

METHODS

We studied liver biopsies from patients with a new diagnosis of either chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) or patients with chronic hepatitis B in remission (CHB-rem). The biopsies were separated in two parts. The first part was sent to histology to determine the grade of inflammation and fibrosis. From the second part, RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA used in semi-quantitative Real-Time PCR to measure the levels of IL1B, CASP1, NLRP3, ASC and IL1RA. The cell lines used in the in vitro experiments were Huh7.5, LX2 and THP-1 in variety of combinations of monocultures, co-cultures and triple cultures with one of the cell lines infected with the JFH-1 HCV clone. From the cell cultures RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA. For cell lines, we focused in the expression of IL1B and NLRP3.

RESULTS

The expression of IL1B, CASP1 and NLRP3 were found significantly different between our groups (p = 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.038, respectively). CHB patients displayed significantly higher IL1B and CASP1 mRNA levels compared to both CHB-rem and CHC patients. IL1B expression significantly correlates with liver biochemical data in CHB patients (AST: p = 0.006, r = 0.457; ALT p = 0.002, r = 0.497). Finally, mRNA levels of IL1B in CHB patients significantly correlate with the degree of inflammation (p = 0.016) but not the stage of fibrosis (p = 0.362). Interestingly, the relative expression of IL1B in triple culture experiments in vitro was below of 1.5-fold, suggesting no activation of IL1B. Moreover, no activation of NLRP3 was demonstrated in all investigated in vitro conditions.

CONCLUSION

IL-1β might play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatic inflammation from HBV, but not from HCV.

Interleukin-1 gene cluster Haplotype analysis in the chronic outcome prediction of the Hepatitis B virus infection

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is well known as an important cause of the chronic liver disease. The screening of the genotype of certain cytokines might be helpful to predict the clinical outcome of an HBV infection. The present study investigates the relationship between the polymorphism and haplotypes of the Interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene family, including IL-1-alpha (IL-1A), IL-1-beta (IL-1B,) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN), with chronic HBV infection. A total of 297 chronic HBV and 333 matched on sex and age control individuals were genotyped using the standard sequence-specific-polymerase chain reaction primer (SSP-PCR) method. Four different haplotype analysis software packages were applied for data interpretation. The results showed excess genotype A1/A1 and A2/A2 at IL-1RN (40.2%, 39.9%), C/T at IL-1A-889 (55.6%), and C/C at IL-1B-511 (41.1%) in controls while A1/A1 at IL-1RN (59.3%), T/T at IL-1B-31 (46.5%), C/T at IL-1B + 3953 (65%), in chronic HBV infection cases. A total of 148 haplotypes were observed overall (96 in the case group and 89 in the control group). The haplotype combination of genotype A1/A1 at IL1-RN along with a C/T for all three IL-1B polymorphic positions and either C/T or T/T at the IL-1A-899 position may increase the probability of the chronic outcome for the HBV infection.

Variations in IL-1R1 Gene Influence Risk for Hepatitis B Virus Infection of Children in a Han Chinese population

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Host genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, the role of Interleukin1Receptor, Type I (IL-1R1) gene in HBV infection and breakthrough infection in children remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between SNPs in IL-1 family and HBV infection and breakthrough infection in children.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 627 Chinese children (274 HBV infected children and 353 controls) ages 6 months to 12 years were recruited from October 2013 to May 2015.Six SNPs were genotyped in IL-1R1, Interleukin-1beta (IL-1B) and Interleukin-18 (IL-18) genes.

RESULTS

A statistically significant association was found between genotype AA in rs3917267 (IL-1R1) and HBV infection in children (OR, 1.740; 95%CI, 1.091-2.774; p=0.020), which was also found at allele A (OR, 1.316;95%CI, 1.050-1.648; p=0.017). Furthermore, rs3917267 was also significantly associated with breakthrough infection of HBV in children born of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive mothers (OR,3.675; 95%CI, 1.160-11.646; P=0.027).

CONCLUSION

Our study confirmed that genetic variant in IL-1R1(rs3917267) has significant association with HBV infection and HBV breakthrough infection in children, which provides new clues for the study of pathogenesis of chronic HBV infection in children.

Association between interleukin-10 gene promoter polymorphisms and susceptibility to liver cirrhosis

We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between three common SNPs in IL-10 gene (rs1800896, rs1800871 and rs1800872) and the development of liver cirrhosis in a Chinese population. Between January 2013 and December 2014, a total of 318 patients with liver cirrhosis and 318 health control subjects were enrolled into our study. The IL-10 rs1800896, rs1800871 and rs1800872 polymorphisms were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). By multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that individuals with the AA genotype and GA+AA genotype of IL-10 rs1800896 were more likely to have an increased risk of liver cirrhosis when compared with the GG genotype, and the ORs (95% CI) for the AA genotype and GA+AA genotype were 2.04 (1.20-3.50) and 1.41 (1.02-1.96), respectively. We found that the GA+AA genotype of IL-10 rs1800896 had higher risk of liver cirrhosis in individuals with chronic hepatitis B when compared with the GG genotype (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.01-3.59). In conclusion, we found that IL-10 rs1800896 polymorphism was correlated with an increased risk of liver cirrhosis, especially in individuals with chronic hepatitis B.