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Kabi L E, Zor TA, Göktaş EF, Güneş E, Yatanaslan L, Tektaş MH, İnceman B, Tufan M. Detection of sildenafil and its 9 metabolites in a post-race horse urine sample: A case report. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 249:116343. [PMID: 39053097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The use of prohibited substances in horse racing is a major concern that jeopardizes both the fairness of competitions and the health of horses. This problem can stem from the use of licensed drugs for animal health, as well as unlicensed substances. Horse doping laboratories monitor the potential use of these substances in racehorses within the framework of regulations set by the International Federation of Horse Racing Authority. In this context, sildenafil and its major metabolite n-desmethyl sildenafil were detected in a post-race horse urine sample sent to the Pendik Veterinary Control Institute Doping Control Laboratory through a screening analysis performed with Liquid Chromatography Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. These results were confirmed by Q Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry and follow-up analyses were performed. As a result of these analyses; simultaneous detection of 9 metabolites in horse urine was reported, two of them for the first time. In addition, the pioneer and comprehensive data resulting from this study provide preliminary data for future studies and anti-doping analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Kabi L
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul 34890, Turkiye.
| | - Tuba Asena Zor
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul 34890, Turkiye
| | - Eylem Funda Göktaş
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul 34890, Turkiye
| | - Ertuğrul Güneş
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul 34890, Turkiye
| | - Levent Yatanaslan
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul 34890, Turkiye
| | - Muhammet Hakan Tektaş
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul 34890, Turkiye
| | - Bahadır İnceman
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul 34890, Turkiye
| | - Murat Tufan
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul 34890, Turkiye
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Hajrulai-Musliu Z, Uzunov R, Jovanov S, Musliu D, Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj E, Stojanovska-Dimzoska B, Angeleska A, Stojkovski V, Sasanya JJ. Multi-class/residue method for determination of veterinary drug residues, mycotoxins and pesticide in urine using LC-MS/MS technique. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:156. [PMID: 37710254 PMCID: PMC10500785 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterinary drugs are widely used in animals to prevent diseases and are a complex set of drugs with very different chemical properties. Multiclass and multi-residue methods for simultaneous detection of residues from veterinary drugs and contaminants in urine are very rare or non-existent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive and reliable quantitative LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of a wide range of veterinary drug and pesticide residues and mycotoxins in bovine urine. This involved 42 veterinary drug residues (4 thyreostats, 6 anabolic hormones, 2 lactones, 10 beta agonists, 15 antibiotics, 5 sulphonamides), 28 pesticides and 2 mycotoxins. Stable isotopically labelled internal standards were used to facilitate effective quantification of the analytes. Analysis was performed in both positive and negative ionization modes with multiple reaction monitoring transitions over a period of 12 min. RESULTS The parameters validated included linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), detection capability (CCβ), decision limit (CCα), stability, accuracy and precision. The process followed guidelines of the regulation 2021/808/EC. The calibration curves were linear with coefficient of correlation (R2) from 0.991 to 0.999. The LODs were from 0.01 to 2.71 µg/L, while the LOQs were from 0.05 to 7.52 µg/L. The CCα and CCβ were in range 0.05-12.11 µg/L and 0.08-15.16 µg/L. In addition, the average recoveries of the spiked urine samples were from 71.0 to 117.0% and coefficient of variation (CV) < 21.38% (intraday and interday). CONCLUSION A new isotopic LC-MS/MS method has been developed, validated and applied for identification and quantification of 72 residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides and other contaminants such as mycotoxins in bovine urine. The most appropriated sample preparation procedures involved sodium acetate buffer, enzymatic hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase and cleanup solid phase extraction with OASIS SPE cartridges. The parameters were satisfactorily validated fulfilling requirements under Regulation 2021/808/EC. Consequently, the method could be used in routine analysis of bovine urine samples for simultaneous detection of veterinary drug and pesticide residues as well as contaminants such as mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia.
| | - Risto Uzunov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Stefan Jovanov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Dea Musliu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Ss. Cyril and Methodius" University in Skopje, Majka Tereza 47, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Biljana Stojanovska-Dimzoska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Aleksandra Angeleska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Velimir Stojkovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, "Ss. Cyril, Methodius" University in Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5/7, Skopje, 1000, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - James Jacob Sasanya
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P. O. Box 100, Vienna, A-1400, Austria
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3
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Leung DKK, Wong ASY, Zhou QL, Wan TSM, Ho ENM. Application of a non-target variable data independent workflow (vDIA) for the screening of prohibited substances in doping control testing. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:1008-1033. [PMID: 32568425 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A non-target variable Data Independent Acquisition (vDIA) workflow based on accurate mass measurements using a Q Exactive OrbiTrap is presented for the first time for equine doping control testing. The vDIA workflow uses a combination of MS1 events (1 to 2) and multiple vDIA events to cover the analytes of interest. The workflow basically captures a digital image of a sample allowing all relevant MS1 and MS2 data to be recorded. In theory, the workflow can accommodate an unlimited number of analytes as long as they are amenable to the sample extraction protocol and fall within the mass limits of the workflow. Additional targets fulfilling the above requirements can be added without changing any settings. The performance of the vDIA workflow was illustrated by applying it to two screening methods in horse urine, with one workflow covering 331 basic drugs and the other covering 45 quaternary ammonium drugs (QADs). Both screening methods have good detection sensitivity with 84% of the basic drugs having Limits of Detection (LoDs) of ≤ 1 ng/mL and 84% of the QADs having LoDs of ≤ 0.4 ng/mL. Other method characteristics including retention reproducibility, method precision and false hit rate will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K K Leung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - April S Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Q L Zhou
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
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5
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Simultaneous Analysis of Drugs in Forensic Cases by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03814-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Szarka S, Prokai L. Chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization with Fourier transform mass spectrometric detection to screen for local anesthetics intended to mask limb sore in walking horses. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:533-537. [PMID: 25800188 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-throughput chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization method coupled with Fourier transform mass spectrometry to screen for local anesthetics in samples collected by swabbing. These drugs have been used to mask pain on the limbs of walking horses after forbidden practices of soring or physical abuse. Optimized for lidocaine, the method afforded sub-ppm mass accuracy for nine local anesthetics included in the study. From doped cotton swabs, two third and all of the analytes were detected after adding 10 ng and 100 ng of each drug, respectively. Benzocaine and/or lidocaine were found on positive swab samples collected during walking horse competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Szarka
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
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7
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A generic screening methodology for horse doping control by LC–TOF-MS, GC–HRMS and GC–MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 941:69-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Ho ENM, Kwok WH, Wong ASY, Wan TSM. High resolution accurate mass screening of prohibited substances in equine plasma using liquid chromatography - Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:509-28. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmie N. M. Ho
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - W. H. Kwok
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - April S. Y. Wong
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
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9
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León N, Roca M, Igualada C, Martins CPB, Pastor A, Yusá V. Wide-range screening of banned veterinary drugs in urine by ultra high liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1258:55-65. [PMID: 22939377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) methodology is proposed for the multi-class multi-residue screening of banned and unauthorized veterinary drugs in bovine urine, using an Orbitrap Exactive™ analyzer working at a resolving power of 50,000 FWHM in full scan, both in positive and negative mode. The method currently covers 87 analytes belonging to different families such as steroid hormones, β-agonists, resorcylic acid lactones (RAL), stilbens, tranquillizers, nitroimidazoles, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, amphenicoles, thyreostatics and other substances such as dapsone. A database including the elemental composition, the polarity of acquisition, retention time and expected adducts was built for the targeted analysis, and a high mass accuracy (<5 ppm) was set as one of the identification criteria. After comparing different sample preparation procedures, QuEChERS was selected as the most appropriate methodology. An efficient separation of analytes was achieved using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with a column packed with sub-2 μm particles. The performance of the method has been evaluated in accordance with the EU guidelines for the validation of screening methods for the analysis of veterinary drugs residues. The screening target concentrations were established between 0.2 μg/l and 20 μg/l, demonstrating the usefulness of UHPLC-HRMS as an ideal tool for compliance monitoring in regulatory laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria León
- Center for Public Health Research (CSISP), Avda de Cataluña 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
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10
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Fidani M, Pompa G, Mungiguerra F, Casati A, Fracchiolla ML, Arioli F. Investigation of the presence of endogenous prednisolone in equine urine by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:879-886. [PMID: 22396023 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE After the detection of low concentrations of prednisolone in racehorse urine samples collected at Italian racetracks, a study was initiated to investigate the accuracy of the analytical protocol used and the possible endogenous origin of detected prednisolone. METHODS Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS(2) acquisition with a triple quadrupole (n = 780) and full scan MS(2) and MS(3) (n = 180) acquisition with a linear ion trap were checked. As a further confirmation, ten urine samples were analysed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). RESULTS The study showed the difficulty of identifying prednisolone, probably due to interfering compounds with the same molecular weight (360 Da) present in the matrix. The characteristic transitions for prednisolone were identified, both in MS(2) and MS(3), as the ions 187 and 280; the ion 295 was also used for identification. The concentrations detected with the triple quadrupole and the linear ion trap were not statistically different. The exact mass of prednisolone formiate (the adduct acting as a molecular ion) was identified by HRMS. CONCLUSIONS The very high frequency of prednisolone detection in the samples (78.5%), the low concentration of this steroid and, importantly, the narrow range of the 95% confidence limits (0.97-1.05 in MS(2) mode and 0.88-1.04 in MS(3) mode), could represent evidence that its presence is endogenous. In the light of these results, this hypothesis seems the most probable, even if further studies are required to confirm it. Furthermore, a microbiological origin (i.e. fermentation of cortisol after sample collection) could not be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fidani
- U.N.I.R.E. Lab. S.r.l., Via Gramsci 70, 20019, Settimo Milanese (MI), Italy
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11
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Toribio-Delgado AF, Maynar-Marino M, Caballero-Loscos MJ, Robles-Gil MC, Olcina-Camacho GJ, Maynar-Marino JI. Qualification and Quantification of Seventeen Natural Steroids in Plasma by GC-Q-MS and GC-IT-MS/MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:349-57. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination of total budesonide levels in dog plasma after inhalation exposure. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1209-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Markovic BD, Vladimirov SM, Cudina OA, Savic VM, Karljikovic-Rajic KD. HPLC EVALUATION OF SOLVOLYSIS OF A NOVEL ESTER FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE 21-(2′-PHENOXYPROPIONATE) IN COMPARISON WITH FLUOCINONIDE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.587223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bojan D. Markovic
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sote M. Vladimirov
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivera A. Cudina
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir M. Savic
- b Department of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
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Moulard Y, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Boyer S, Garcia P, Popot MA, Bonnaire Y. Use of benchtop exactive high resolution and high mass accuracy orbitrap mass spectrometer for screening in horse doping control. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 700:126-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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A broad-spectrum equine urine screening method for free and enzyme-hydrolysed conjugated drugs with ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 697:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Hassell KM, LeBlanc Y, McLuckey SA. Charge inversion via concurrent cation and anion transfer: application to corticosteroids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:476-482. [PMID: 21259355 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel charge inversion process that involves the removal of an excess cation from an analyte ion and the transfer of an anion to the neutral analyte in a single ion/ion encounter is described. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) half-generation dendrimer anions that contain small anions, such as the chloride ion, were used as charge inversion reagents. Several competing processes can occur that include removal of the cation to neutralize the analyte, the removal of the excess cation and an additional proton to yield the deprotonated molecule, or removal of the excess cation and transfer of a small anion to the analyte. For the latter process to dominate, several requirements for both the reagent anion and the analyte cation must be met. The reagent anion must form multiply charged anions and must be able to incorporate one or more small anions for transfer. The analyte must have no strongly acidic sites as well as a relatively high affinity for small anion attachment. The PAMAM dendrimer anions must meet the conditions for the reagent anions and the cations of the corticosteroids meet the conditions for the analyte. The estrogenic steroid estrone, on the other hand, does not meet the requirements and, as a result, is largely neutralized when reacted with the reagent anions. This reaction, therefore, is highly selective and might serve as a useful reaction for the screening of appropriate analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Hassell
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA
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17
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Tölgyesi Á, Sharma VK, Kovacsics L, Fekete J. Quantification of corticosteroids in bovine urine using selective solid phase extraction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1471-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Options for veterinary drug analysis using mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8016-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Gao L, Chiou WJ, Camp HS, Burns DJ, Cheng X. Quantitative measurements of corticosteroids in ex vivo samples using on-line SPE-LC/MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 877:303-10. [PMID: 19119084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal elevation of 11beta-HSD1 activities in tissues, such as fat and brain, may contribute to the development of the abdominal obesity and Alzheimer disease, and the inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 might be beneficial to the management of these diseases. To assess the effects of pharmacologic inhibitors of 11beta-HSD1, we developed a fast LC/MS/MS method to quantify corticosteroids in minced tissue samples in the presence of 11beta-HSD substrates. The novel on-line SPE-LC/MS/MS method was developed with dual binary gradient and a throughput of 4.5 min/sample. A total of six corticosteroids (cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, dehydrocorticosterone, dexamethasone, and dehydrodexamethasone) were studied. The lower limit of quantitation from 0.40 to 11.4 fmol and 4.5 orders magnitude of dynamic range were obtained for these six compounds. Three novel enzymatic bi-products, all isomers of cortisol, were observed in the liver or fat samples. Two of them were identified by matching the HPLC retention times and MS/MS spectra with authentic compounds. The potential interferences of these isomers and their removal are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gao
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA.
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20
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Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Irbesartan in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Products. Pharm Chem J 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-008-0144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yuan Y, Xu C, Peng C, Jin Z, Chen W, Liu L. Analytical Methods for the Detection of Corticosteroids-Residues in Animal-Derived Foodstuffs. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340802378213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Vonaparti A, Lyris E, Panderi I, Koupparis M, Georgakopoulos C. Direct injection LC/ESI-MS horse urine analysis for the quantification and identification of threshold substances for doping control. I. Determination of hydrocortisone. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1255-1264. [PMID: 18407581 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two simple and rapid LC/MS methods with direct injection analysis were developed and validated for the quantification and identification of hydrocortisone in equine urine using the same sample preparation but different mass spectrometric systems: ion trap mass spectrometry (IT-MS) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). The main advantage of the proposed methodology is the minimal sample preparation procedure, as particle-free diluted urine samples were directly injected into both LC/MS systems. Desonide was used as internal standard (IS). The linear range was 0.25-2.5 microg ml(-1) for both methods. Matrix effects were evaluated by preparing and analyzing calibration curves in water solutions and different horse urine samples. A great variation of the signal both for hydrocortisone and the internal standard was observed in different matrices. To overcome matrix effects, the unavailability of blank matrix and the excessive cost of the isotopically labeled internal standard, standard additions calibration method was applied. This work is an exploration of the performance of the standard additions approach in a method where neither nonisotopic internal standards nor extensive sample preparation is utilized and no blank matrix is available. The relative standard deviations of intra and interday analysis of hydrocortisone in horse urine were lower than 10.2 and 5.4%, respectively, for the LC/IT-MS method and lower than 8.4 and 4.4%, respectively, for the LC/TOF-MS method. Accuracy (bias percentage) was less than 9.7% for both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vonaparti
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens Spiros Louis, 37 Kifissias Ave., 151 23 Maroussi, Greece
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Optimization of solid phase extraction clean up and validation of quantitative determination of corticosteroids in urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 617:216-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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El-Gindy A, Sallam S, Abdel-Salam RA. HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of atenolol and chlorthalidone in human breast milk. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:677-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gonzalo-Lumbreras R, Muñiz-Valencia R, Santos-Montes A, Izquierdo-Hornillos R. Liquid chromatographic method development for steroids determination (corticoids and anabolics). J Chromatogr A 2007; 1156:321-30. [PMID: 17451720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A LC isocratic separation study of a complex mixture containing 18 steroids (corticoids and anabolics), used potentially as growth promoters, was carried out. For this purpose, using a Hypersil ODS column at controlled temperature, mobile phases (from binary to quaternary) prepared from water and MeOH, ACN or THF as organic modifiers and UV detection at 245 nm, were employed (dehydroepiandrosterone was detected at 200 nm). The optimum separation was achieved using water/acetonitrile (65:35, v/v) as mobile phase at 30 degrees C, allowing the separation of 16 out of 18 steroids in about 30 min. The retention scale using optimized binary mobile phases was related with steroids hydrophobicity and structure, allowing a classification into three groups for these compounds. To improve the separation several alkyl-silica packings were tested: Type A (Lichrospher C8) and Type B (Luna C18, Kromasil C18, Purospher C18 and Synergy C12). Taking into account resolution, number of separated compounds and run time analysis the Hypersil column was selected as the best choice for further applications. Calibration graphs were obtained using fluorocortisone, fluoxymesterone or methylprednisolone as internal standard. The optimized separation was applied to the analysis of piglet feed samples spiked with steroids. The sample preparation process included solvent extraction using diethyleter and solid phase extraction using silica cartridges. The recoveries were in the range 70-92%. Decision limits and detection capability were in the range 34-198 and 41-249 microg/kg, respectively. Repeatability was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gonzalo-Lumbreras
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Rapid multi-residue method for the quantitative determination and confirmation of glucocorticosteroids in bovine milk using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 588:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ho ENM, Leung DKK, Wan TSM, Yu NH. Comprehensive screening of anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, and acidic drugs in horse urine by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1120:38-53. [PMID: 16631183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports two highly efficient liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods for the screening of anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, and acidic drugs for the purpose of doping control in equine sports. Sample extraction was performed using a mixed-mode C8-SCX solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The first eluted fraction (acidic/neutral fraction) was base-washed and the resulting organic extract was used for the screening of anabolic steroids and corticosteroids by LC-MS using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in the positive electrospray ionisation (ESI) mode. The remaining aqueous extract was re-adjusted to pH 6 and acidic drugs were recovered by liquid/liquid extraction. Detection was again achieved using LC-MRM but in the negative ESI mode. A total of 40 anabolic steroids and corticosteroids, and over 50 acidic drugs, including some cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, oxicams, anti-diabetics, sedatives, diuretics and Delta(9)-tetrahydro-11-norcannabinol-9-carboxylic acid, could be covered by the two LC-MS methods. Both methods utilized a high efficiency reversed-phase column (3.3 cm L x 2.1 mm I.D. with 3 microm particles) coupled with a fast-scanning triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer to achieve fast turnaround times. The overall turnaround times for both methods were 10 min, inclusive of post-run and equilibration times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, PR China.
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