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Funes DSH, Bonilla K, Baudelet M, Bridge C. Morphological and chemical profiling for forensic hair examination: A review of quantitative methods. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 346:111622. [PMID: 37001429 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the past two decades, there have been many studies for quantitative analysis on human hair samples. Microscopical and chemical analysis techniques have been used to analyze various aspects of hair regarding biological, chemical, anthropological, cosmetic, and forensic applications. Studies have attempted to develop quantification methods to increase the evidentiary value of hair in forensic casework. The literature reviewed in this paper provides some of the current techniques used for forensic examinations and quantitative methods. Although microscopical analysis has been scrutinized in the past, using chemical and microscopical techniques can provide a myriad of information. The extraction of DNA from hair provides high-value evidence; however, it may not be readily available and may yield inconclusive results. Hair analysis can be used for many forensic applications such as comparison, toxicology, and exposure analysis. In this article, we will review published research material regarding chemical and microscopical techniques for human hair analysis. Aspects considered for this review were the sample size requirement for analysis and the destructive nature of the instrumental method. This review will focus on both macro and micro quantitative methods for human hair analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S H Funes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Mathieu Baudelet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; CREOL - The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Candice Bridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA; National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
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Azari Z, Pourbasheer E, Bahar S, Abdolmohammad‐Zadeh H, Ganjali MR. Preconcentration of Four Benzodiazepines Using a Magnetic Adsorbent Based on Fe
3
O
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/Octanoic Acid Nanocomposite, and Their Quantification by HPLC‐UV. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Azari
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University 35 Km Tabriz-Marageh Road, P.O. Box 53714–161 Tabriz 5375171379 Iran
| | - Eslam Pourbasheer
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179 Ardabil Iran
| | - Shahriyar Bahar
- Department of Chemistry Alzahra University P.O. Box 19938939973 Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Abdolmohammad‐Zadeh
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University 35 Km Tabriz-Marageh Road, P.O. Box 53714–161 Tabriz 5375171379 Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Tehran Tehran Iran
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB) Tehran Iran
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Davies C, Gautam L, Grela A, Morrissey J. Variability associated with interpreting drugs within forensic hair analysis: A three-stage interpretation. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:868-888. [PMID: 32126591 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis is capable of determining both an individual's long-term drug history and a single exposure to a drug, which can be particularly important for corroborating incidents of drug-facilitated crimes. As a source of forensic evidence that may be used in a court of law, it must be credible, impartial and reliable, yet the pathways of drug and metabolite entry into hair are still uncertain. Many variables may influence drug analysis results, most of which are outside of the control of an analyst. An individual's pharmacokinetic and metabolic responses, hair growth rates, drug incorporation routes, axial migration, ethnicity, age and gender, for example, all display interpersonal variability. At present there is little standardization of the analytical processes involved with hair analysis. Both false positives and negative results for drugs are frequently encountered, regardless of whether a person has consumed a drug or not. In this regard, we have categorized these variables and proposed a three-stage analytical approach to facilitate forensic toxicologists, hair analysis experts, judiciaries and service users in the analytical and interpretation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Davies
- Forensic and Investigative Studies, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lata Gautam
- Forensic and Investigative Studies, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agatha Grela
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, Brentford, London, UK
| | - Joanne Morrissey
- Forensic and Investigative Studies, School of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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Ferreira C, Paulino C, Quintas A. Extraction Procedures for Hair Forensic Toxicological Analysis: A Mini-Review. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2367-2381. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreira
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cathy Paulino
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
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Rosado T, Barroso M, Vieira DN, Gallardo E. Determination of Selected Opiates in Hair Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent: A New Approach for Sample Clean-up. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:465-476. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this article the development and validation of an analytical method using microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) to determine tramadol (TRM), codeine (COD), morphine (MOR), 6-acetylcodeine (6-AC), 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and fentanyl (FNT) in hair samples by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS-MS) is presented. The MEPS used a mixed mode sorbent, and the steps for sample cleanup were conditioning (three cycles of 250 μL of methanol and three cycles of 250 μL formic acid 2%); sample load (15 cycles of 150 μL); wash (150 μL of 3.36% formic acid); and elution (eight cycles of 100 μL of ammonium hydroxide 2.36% (in methanol)). Linearity was obtained from the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) up to 5 ng/mg, with all target compounds revealing determination coefficients >0.99. The LLOQs achieved were 0.01 ng/mg for TRM, COD and 6-AC, and 0.025 ng/mg for MOR, 6-MAM and FNT. The recoveries ranged from 74 to 90% (TRM), 51 to 59% (COD), 22 to 36% (MOR), 69 to 99% (6-AC), 53 to 61% (6-MAM) and 75 to 86% (FNT). Precision and accuracy revealed coefficients of variation typically below 15% and relative errors within a ±15% interval, respectively. This new approach has proven to be an excellent alternative to classic procedures, reducing the volumes of organic solvents required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses—Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Duarte Nuno Vieira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
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Khajuria H, Nayak BP, Badiye A. Toxicological hair analysis: Pre-analytical, analytical and interpretive aspects. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2018; 58:137-146. [PMID: 29683043 DOI: 10.1177/0025802418768305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims Hair analysis for drug detection is one of the widely accepted imperative techniques in the field of forensic toxicology. The current study was designed to investigate the efficacy of chromatography for detection of drugs of abuse in hair. Method A comprehensive review of articles from last two decades on hair analyses via PubMed and similar resources was performed. Issues concerning collection, decontamination and analytical techniques are summarised. Physiochemical nature of hair, mechanism of drug incorporation and its stability in hair are briefly discussed. Furthermore, various factors affecting results and interpretation are elucidated. Result A hair sample is chosen over traditional biological samples such blood, urine, saliva or tissues due to its inimitable ability to provide a longer time frame for drug detection. Its collection is almost non-invasive, less cumbersome and does not involve any specialised training/expertise. Recent advances in analytical technology have resulted in better sensitivity, reproducibility and accuracy, thus providing a new arena of scientific understanding and test interpretation. Conclusion Though recent studies have yielded many insights into drug binding and drug incorporation in hair, the major challenge in hair analysis lies in the interpretation of results, which may be affected by external contamination and thus lead to false-positives. Therefore, there is a need for more sensitive and selective analysis methods to be developed in order to minimise factors that induce the effect of melanin, age and so on, and this would certainly provide a new dimension to hair analysis and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashish Badiye
- 2 Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, India
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Meier U, Briellmann T, Scheurer E, Dussy F. Sample preparation method for the combined extraction of ethyl glucuronide and drugs of abuse in hair. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:701-710. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Meier
- Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas Briellmann
- Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Eva Scheurer
- Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Franz Dussy
- Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
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Narang J, Singhal C, Mathur A, Khanuja M, Varshney A, Garg K, Dahiya T, Pundir C. Lab on paper chip integrated with Si@GNRs for electroanalysis of diazepam. Anal Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Mirsafavi RY, Lai K, Kline ND, Fountain AW, Meinhart CD, Moskovits M. Detection of Papaverine for the Possible Identification of Illicit Opium Cultivation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1684-1688. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rustin Y. Mirsafavi
- Department
of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kristine Lai
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Neal D. Kline
- Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, Edgewood, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Augustus W. Fountain
- Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, Edgewood, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Carl D. Meinhart
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Martin Moskovits
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Orfanidis A, Mastrogianni O, Koukou A, Psarros G, Gika H, Theodoridis G, Raikos N. A GC-MS method for the detection and quantitation of ten major drugs of abuse in human hair samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1047:141-150. [PMID: 27884570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive analytical method has been developed in order to identify and quantify major drugs of abuse (DOA), namely morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, cocaine, ecgonine methyl ester, benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine and methylenedioxyamphetamine in human hair. Samples of hair were extracted with methanol under ultrasonication at 50°C after a three step rinsing process to remove external contamination and dirt hair. Derivatization with BSTFA was selected in order to increase detection sensitivity of GC/MS analysis. Optimization of derivatization parameters was based on experiments for the selection of derivatization time, temperature and volume of derivatising agent. Validation of the method included evaluation of linearity which ranged from 2 to 350ng/mg of hair mean concentration for all DOA, evaluation of sensitivity, accuracy, precision and repeatability. Limits of detection ranged from 0.05 to 0.46ng/mg of hair. The developed method was applied for the analysis of hair samples obtained from three human subjects and were found positive in cocaine, and opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orfanidis
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Medical School, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - O Mastrogianni
- Laboratory of Forensic Service of Ministry of Justice of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Koukou
- School of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - G Psarros
- School of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - H Gika
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Medical School, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - G Theodoridis
- School of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - N Raikos
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Medical School, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
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Baciu T, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Findings in the hair of drug abusers using pressurized liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction coupled in-line with capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:420-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Preparation of a Broadly Specific Monoclonal Antibody-Based Indirect Competitive ELISA for the Detection of Benzodiazepines in Edible Animal Tissues and Feed. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Wei X, Tian T, Jia S, Zhu Z, Ma Y, Sun J, Lin Z, Yang CJ. Microfluidic Distance Readout Sweet Hydrogel Integrated Paper-Based Analytical Device (μDiSH-PAD) for Visual Quantitative Point-of-Care Testing. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2345-52. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory
of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Tian Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shasha Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory
of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory
of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Chaoyong James Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Suwannachom N, Thananchai T, Junkuy A, O’Brien TE, Sribanditmongkol P. Duration of detection of methamphetamine in hair after abstinence. Forensic Sci Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Maternal and neonatal hair and breast milk in the assessment of perinatal exposure to drugs of abuse. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1273-97. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to one or more drugs of abuse can affect the neonate temporarily or permanently. In addition to meconium, the evaluation of perinatal exposure to drugs of abuse has been achieved by testing biological matrices coming from the newborn (neonatal hair) and from the pregnant or nursing mother (maternal hair and breast milk). These matrices have the advantage of noninvasive collection and account for a sizable time window of active and passive exposure. Sensitive and specific analytical methods are required to determine minute amounts of drugs of abuse and metabolites in these matrices. The present manuscript reviews the newest analytical methods developed to detect drugs of abuse as well as ethanol biomarkers in maternal and neonatal hair and breast milk.
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Determination of cocaine in abuser hairs by CE: monitoring compliance to a detoxification program. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:437-47. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Segmental hair analysis was performed to verify the cocaine withdrawal and compliance to the therapy of four cocaine abusers that were following a drug detoxification program. Results/methodology: Cocaine and its major metabolite, benzoylecgonine, were preconcentrated and determined by in-line SPE and CE with prior isolation of the analytes from the hair matrix by an overnight acidic incubation procedure. The LODs obtained for hair samples were 0.02 ng/mg for cocaine and 0.1 ng/mg for benzoylecgonine. Conclusion: Our results showed that the established method, in conjunction with a segmental hair analysis, is suitable for determining drug abuse histories, being very useful in forensic toxicological laboratories as well as in rehabilitation and addiction treatment programs.
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[PMIM]Br@TiO2 nanocomposite reinforced hollow fiber solid/liquid phase microextraction: An effective extraction technique for measurement of benzodiazepines in hair, urine and wastewater samples combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 980:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Vogliardi S, Tucci M, Stocchero G, Ferrara SD, Favretto D. Sample preparation methods for determination of drugs of abuse in hair samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 857:1-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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The role of alkylsilyl derivatization techniques in the analysis of illicit drugs by gas chromatography. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Guo L, Lin Z, Huang Z, Liang H, Jiang Y, Ye Y, Wu Z, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Rao Y. Simple and rapid analysis of four amphetamines in human whole blood and urine using liquid–liquid extraction without evaporation/derivatization and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-014-0257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Baciu T, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Recent trends in analytical methods and separation techniques for drugs of abuse in hair. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 856:1-26. [PMID: 25542354 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hair analysis of drugs of abuse has been a subject of growing interest from a clinical, social and forensic perspective for years because of the broad time detection window after intake in comparison to urine and blood analysis. Over the last few years, hair analysis has gained increasing attention and recognition for the retrospective investigation of drug abuse in a wide variety of contexts, shown by the large number of applications developed. This review aims to provide an overview of the state of the art and the latest trends used in the literature from 2005 to the present in the analysis of drugs of abuse in hair, with a special focus on separation analytical techniques and their hyphenation with mass spectrometry detection. The most recently introduced sample preparation techniques are also addressed in this paper. The main strengths and weaknesses of all of these approaches are critically discussed by means of relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Baciu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - F Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - C Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - M Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Abstract
Alternative matrices are steadily gaining recognition as biological samples for toxicological analyses. Hair presents many advantages over traditional matrices, such as urine and blood, since it provides retrospective information regarding drug exposure, can distinguish between chronic and acute or recent drug use by segmental analysis, is easy to obtain, and has considerable stability for long periods of time. For this reason, it has been employed in a wide variety of contexts, namely to evaluate workplace drug exposure, drug-facilitated sexual assault, pre-natal drug exposure, anti-doping control, pharmacological monitoring and alcohol abuse. In this article, issues concerning hair structure, collection, storage and analysis are reviewed. The mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair are briefly discussed. Analytical techniques for simultaneous drug quantification in hair are addressed. Finally, representative examples of drug quantification using hair are summarized, emphasizing its potentialities and limitations as an alternative biological matrix for toxicological analyses.
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Validation of a method for the targeted analysis of 96 drugs in hair by UPLC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:295-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Rezaei F, Yamini Y, Moradi M, Daraei B. Supramolecular solvent-based hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction of benzodiazepines. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 804:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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A screening method for 30 drugs in hair using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:288-95. [PMID: 23666579 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3182884528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to develop and to validate a qualitative screening method that met the new Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) guideline criteria for thresholds. METHODS Extraction of 20 mg hair was performed by a previously validated procedure using overnight incubation in a mixture of methanol:acetonitrile:formiate buffer pH 3 (10:10:80). Analysis was performed on an Agilent 6540 quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer in combination with an Agilent 1290 Infinity ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography system. Separation was achieved with a 12-minute linear gradient chromatography on a high-strength silica T3 column at acidic conditions. An in-house database containing 30 compounds from the groups amphetamines, opiates, opioids, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and other sedatives including 6 deuterated internal standards was built by analyzing solutions from certified standards. Data were extracted using mass accuracy of ± 10 ppm, retention time deviation of ± 0.15 minutes, and area of ≥ 30,000 counts. Identification was based on scoring of retention time, accurate mass measurement, and isotopic pattern. Validation included selectivity, repeatability of analyte area, and the scoring parameters at the proposed thresholds and a method comparison with the present liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry method using 50 authentic hair samples. A daily cutoff calibrator was used to identify positive samples. RESULTS All cutoffs could be met with imprecisions of less than 5% for most parameters and analytes. Hair from drug-free subjects did not produce any positive results and the method comparison agreed in more than 90% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the developed method meets the criteria of the new SoHT guidelines for screening cutoffs. Even though no thresholds have been suggested for benzodiazepines, we conclude that thresholds between 0.05 and 0.1 ng/mg should be sufficient to determine regular use of these substances.
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Development and validation of a single LC-MS/MS assay following SPE for simultaneous hair analysis of amphetamines, opiates, cocaine and metabolites. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 234:132-8. [PMID: 24378313 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The two major challenges in hair analysis are the limited amount of samples usually available and the low targeted concentrations. To overcome these limitations, a liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-ESI-MS/MS) allowing the simultaneous analysis of 17 amphetamines (amphetamine, BDB, m-CPP, dexfenfluramine, DOB, DOM, ephedrine, MBDB, MDA, MDEA, MDMA, methamphetamine, methylphenidate, 4-MTA, norephedrine, norfenfluramine and PMA), 5 opiates (morphine, codeine, heroin, ethylmorphine, and 6AM), cocaine and 5 metabolites [ecgonine methyl ester (EME), benzoylecgonine (BZE), anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AME), cocaethylene, and norcocaine] has been developed. The validation procedure included linearity, intra-day and inter-day variability and accuracy for 5 days (5 replicates at 3 concentration levels). Proficiency studies were used to check the accuracy of the method. As a result, all amphetamines, opiates and cocaine derivatives were satisfactory identified by 2 MRM transitions in 15 min. Calibration curves were performed by a quadratic 1/X weighted regression. The calibration model fits from 0.05 to 10 ng/mg. The limits of detection (LODs) range between 0.005 and 0.030 ng/mg. Precision has been checked by intra-day and inter-day RSD, and associated relative bias, which were lower than 25% for the limits of quantifications (LOQs) and lower than 20% for the other levels tested. This method was routinely applied to hair samples: two positive results of adult drug addicts are presented.
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Vincenti M, Salomone A, Gerace E, Pirro V. Application of mass spectrometry to hair analysis for forensic toxicological investigations. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:312-32. [PMID: 23165962 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The increasing role of hair analysis in forensic toxicological investigations principally owes to recent improvements of mass spectrometric instrumentation. Research achievements during the last 6 years in this distinctive application area of analytical toxicology are reviewed. The earlier state of the art of hair analysis was comprehensively covered by a dedicated book (Kintz, 2007a. Analytical and practical aspects of drug testing in hair. Boca Raton: CRC Press and Taylor & Francis, 382 p) that represents key reference of the present overview. Whereas the traditional organization of analytical methods in forensic toxicology divided target substances into quite homogeneous groups of drugs, with similar structures and chemical properties, the current approach often takes advantage of the rapid expansion of multiclass and multiresidue analytical procedures; the latter is made possible by the fast operation and extreme sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers. This change in the strategy of toxicological analysis is reflected in the presentation of the recent literature material, which is mostly based on a fit-for-purpose logic. Thus, general screening of unknown substances is applied in diverse forensic contexts than drugs of abuse testing, and different instrumentation (triple quadrupoles, time-of-flight analyzers, linear and orbital traps) is utilized to optimally cope with the scope. Other key issues of modern toxicology, such as cost reduction and high sample throughput, are discussed with reference to procedural and instrumental alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia A. Bertinaria, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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28
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Yan L, Zhu Z, Zou Y, Huang Y, Liu D, Jia S, Xu D, Wu M, Zhou Y, Zhou S, Yang CJ. Target-responsive "sweet" hydrogel with glucometer readout for portable and quantitative detection of non-glucose targets. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3748-51. [PMID: 23339662 DOI: 10.1021/ja3114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Portable devices with the advantages of rapid, on-site, user-friendly, and cost-effective assessment are widely applied in daily life. However, only a limited number of quantitative portable devices are commercially available, among which the personal glucose meter (PGM) is the most successful example and has been the most widely used. However, PGMs can detect only blood glucose as the unique target. Here we describe a novel design that combines a glucoamylase-trapped aptamer-cross-linked hydrogel with a PGM for portable and quantitative detection of non-glucose targets. Upon target introduction, the hydrogel collapses to release glucoamylase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of amylose to produce a large amount of glucose for quantitative readout by the PGM. With the advantages of low cost, rapidity, portability, and ease of use, the method reported here has the potential to be used by the public for portable and quantitative detection of a wide range of non-glucose targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Aleksa K, Walasek P, Fulga N, Kapur B, Gareri J, Koren G. Simultaneous detection of seventeen drugs of abuse and metabolites in hair using solid phase micro extraction (SPME) with GC/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 218:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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30
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Lendoiro E, Quintela Ó, de Castro A, Cruz A, López-Rivadulla M, Concheiro M. Target screening and confirmation of 35 licit and illicit drugs and metabolites in hair by LC–MSMS. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 217:207-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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31
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Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of drugs of abuse in biological specimens of forensic interest. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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A comparative study on the concentrations of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in head and pubic hair. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 212:238-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Abstract
This paper provides a review of novel strategies for sample preparation in forensic toxicology. The review initially outlines the principle of each technique, followed by sections addressing each class of abused drugs separately. The novel strategies currently reviewed focus on the preparation of various biological samples for the subsequent determination of opiates, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics and cannabinoids. According to our experience, these analytes are the most frequently responsible for intoxications in Greece. The applications of techniques such as disposable pipette extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, matrix solid-phase dispersion, solid-phase microextraction, polymer monolith microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction and others, which are rapidly gaining acceptance in the field of toxicology, are currently reviewed.
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34
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Abstract
An increasing number of toxicology laboratories are choosing to expand the services they offer to include hair testing in response to customer demands. Hair provides the toxicologist with many advantages over conventional matrices in that it is easy to collect, is a robust and stable matrix that does not require refrigeration, and most importantly, provides a historical profile of an individual's exposure to drugs or analytes of interest. The establishment of hair as a complementary technique in forensic toxicology is a direct result of the success of the matrix in medicolegal cases and the wide range of applications. However, before introducing hair testing, laboratories must consider what additional requirements they will need that extend beyond simply adapting methodologies already validated for blood or urine. Hair presents many challenges with respect to the lack of available quality control materials, extensive sample handling protocols and low drug concentrations requiring greater instrument sensitivity. Unfortunately, a common pitfall involves over-interpretation of the findings and must be avoided.
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35
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Analysis of hair after contamination with blood containing 6-acetylmorphine and blood containing morphine. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 210:129-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Barroso M, Gallardo E, Vieira DN, Queiroz JA, López-Rivadulla M. Bioanalytical procedures and recent developments in the determination of opiates/opioids in human biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1665-90. [PMID: 21442365 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use and abuse of illegal drugs affects all modern societies, and therefore the assessment of drug exposure is an important task that needs to be accomplished. For this reason, the reliable determination of these drugs and their metabolites in biological specimens is an issue of utmost relevance for both clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories in their fields of expertise, including in utero drug exposure, driving under the influence of drugs and drug use in workplace scenarios. Most of the confirmatory analyses for abused drugs in biological samples are performed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric methods, but use of the more recent and sensitive liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry technology is increasing dramatically. This article reviews recently published articles that describe procedures for the detection of opiates in the most commonly used human biological matrices, blood and urine, and also in unconventional ones, e.g. oral fluid, hair, and meconium. Special attention will be paid to sample preparation and chromatographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barroso
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal-Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal.
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37
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Han E, Paulus MP, Wittmann M, Chung H, Song JM. Hair analysis and self-report of methamphetamine use by methamphetamine dependent individuals. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:541-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Simultaneous LC-HRMS determination of 28 benzodiazepines and metabolites in hair. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:51-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Thebaine in hair as a marker for chronic use of illegal opium poppy substances. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 204:115-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Lee S, Han E, Kim E, Choi H, Chung H, Oh SM, Yun YM, Jwa SH, Chung KH. Simultaneous quantification of opiates and effect of pigmentation on its deposition in hair. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1805-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Development and validation of a gas chromatography/ion trap-mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of cocaine and its metabolites benzoylecgonine and norcocaine: Application to the study of cocaine metabolism in human primary cultured renal cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:3083-8. [PMID: 20965795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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42
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Cheong JC, Suh SI, Ko BJ, Kim JY, In MK, Cheong WJ. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method for the screening and quantification of illicit drugs and their metabolites in human urine using solid-phase extraction and trimethylsilyl derivatization. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1767-78. [PMID: 20512807 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid GC-MS method has been developed for the screening and quantification of many illicit drugs and their metabolites in human urine by using automatic SPE and trimethylsilylation. Sixty illicit drugs, including parent drugs and their metabolites that are possibly abused in Korea, can be monitored by this method. Among them, 24 popularly abused illicit drugs were selected for quantification. Very delicate optimizations were carried out in SPE, trimethylsilylation derivatization, and GC/MS to enable such remarkable achievements. Trimethylsilylated analytes were well separated within 21 min by GC-MS. In the validation results, the LOD of all the analytes were in the range of 2-75 ng/mL. The LOQ of the quantified analytes were in the range of 5-98 ng/mL. The linearity (r(2)) of the quantified analytes ranged 0.990-1.000 in each concentration range between 10 and 1000 ng/mL. The mean recoveries ranged from 62 to 126% at three different concentrations of each analyte. The inter-day and inter-person accuracies were within -13.3 approximately 14.9%, and -10.1 approximately 13.0%, respectively, and the inter-day and inter-person precisions were less than 12.9%. The method was reliable and efficient for the screening and quantification of abused illicit drugs in routine urine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Chul Cheong
- Drug Analysis Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Banporo, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea
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43
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Oggier DM, Weisbrod CJ, Stoller AM, Zenker AK, Fent K. Effects of diazepam on gene expression and link to physiological effects in different life stages in zebrafish Danio rerio. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:7685-91. [PMID: 20804179 DOI: 10.1021/es100980r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We applied zebrafish whole genome microarrays to identify molecular effects of diazepam, a neuropharmaceutical encountered in wastewater-contaminated environments, and to elucidate its neurotoxic mode of action. Behavioral studies were performed to analyze for correlations between altered gene expression with effects on the organism level. Male zebrafish and zebrafish eleuthero-embryos were exposed for 14 d or up to 3 d after hatching, respectively, to nominal levels of 273 ng/L and 273 μg/L (determined water concentrations in the adult experiment 235 ng/L and 291 μg/L). Among the 51 and 103 altered transcripts at both concentrations, respectively, the expression of genes involved in the circadian rhythm in adult zebrafish and eleuthero-embryos were of particular significance, as revealed both by microarrays and quantitative PCR. The swimming behavior of eleuthero-embryos was significantly altered at 273 μg/L. The study leads to the conclusion that diazepam-induced alterations of genes involved in circadian rhythm are paralleled by effects in neurobehavior at high, but not at low diazepam concentrations that may occur in polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Oggier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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44
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Determination of different recreational drugs in hair by HS-SPME and GC/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2987-95. [PMID: 20582406 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple procedure combining headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to detect and quantify amphetamines, ketamine, methadone, cocaine, cocaethylene and Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in hair is described. This procedure allows, in a single sample, even scant, analysis of drugs requiring different analytical conditions. A hair sample (10 mg) is washed and subjected to acidic hydrolysis. Then the HS-SPME is carried out (10 min at 90 degrees C) for amphetamines, ketamine, methadone, cocaine and cocaethylene. For derivatization of analytes, the fibre is introduced into the headspace of another closed vial containing acetic anhydride. After a chromatographic run, an alkaline hydrolysis for THC analysis is carried out in the same vial containing the hair sample previously used. For adsorption, the solid-phase microextraction needle is inserted into the headspace of the vial and the fibre is exposed for 30 min at 150 degrees C. For derivatization of analytes, the fibre is introduced into the headspace of another closed vial containing N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. The GC/MS parameters were the same for both chromatographic runs. The linearity was proved to be between 0.01 and 10.00 ng/mg. The repeatability (intra- and interday precision) was below 10% as the coefficient of variation for all compounds. The accuracy, as the relative recovery, was 96.2-103.5% (spiked samples) and 88.6-101.7% (quality control sample). The limit of detection ranged from 0.01 to 0.12 ng/mg, and the limit of quantification ranged from 0.02 to 0.37 ng/mg. Application of the procedure to real hair samples is described. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed procedure combining HS-SPME and GC/MS is the first one be to successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of most of the common recreational drugs, including THC, in a single hair sample.
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45
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López P, Martello S, Bermejo AM, De Vincenzi E, Tabernero MJ, Chiarotti M. Validation of ELISA screening and LC–MS/MS confirmation methods for cocaine in hair after simple extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1539-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Analytical methods for abused drugs in hair and their applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1039-67. [PMID: 20232061 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hair has been focused on for its usability as an alternative biological specimen to blood and urine for determining drugs of abuse in fields such as forensic and toxicological sciences because hair can be used to elucidate the long intake history of abused drugs compared with blood and urine. Hair analysis consists of several pretreatment steps, such as washing out contaminates from hair, extraction of target compounds from hair, and cleanup for instrumental analysis. Each step includes characteristic and independent features for the class of drugs, e.g., stimulants, narcotics, cannabis, and other medicaments. In this review, recently developed methods to determine drugs of abuse are summarized, and the pretreatment steps as well as the sensitivity and applicability are critically discussed.
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47
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Simultaneous quantitation of morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, 6-acetylcodeine and tramadol in hair using mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:3059-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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48
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Paterson S, Lee S, Cordero R. Analysis of hair after contamination with blood containing cocaine and blood containing benzoylecgonine. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 194:94-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Meng P, Margot P. Constituent profiling of ecstasy seizures by GC-MS after joint derivatization with MSTFA and MBTFA. Forensic Toxicol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-009-0080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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50
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Shen M, Xiang P, Yan H, Shen B, Wang M. Analysis of anabolic steroids in hair: time courses in guinea pigs. Steroids 2009; 74:773-8. [PMID: 19397917 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive, specific, and reproducible methods for the quantitative determination of eight anabolic steroids in guinea pig hair have been developed using LC/MS/MS and GC/MS/MS. Methyltestosterone, stanozolol, methandienone, nandrolone, trenbolone, boldenone, methenolone and DHEA were administered intraperitoneally in guinea pigs. After the first injection, black hair segments were collected on shaved areas of skin. The analysis of these segments revealed the distribution of anabolic steroids in the guinea pig hair. The major components in hair are the parent anabolic steroids. The time courses of the concentrations of the steroids in hair (except methenolone, which does not deposit in hair) demonstrated that the peak concentrations were reached on days 2-4, except stanozolol, which peaked on day 10 after administration. The concentrations in hair appeared to be related to the physicochemical properties of the drug compound and to the dosage. These studies on the distribution of drugs in the hair shaft and on the time course of their concentration changes provide information relevant to the optimal time and method of collecting hair samples. Such studies also provide basic data that will be useful in the application of hair analysis in the control of doping and in the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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