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Makovi CM, Parker CH, Zhang K. Determination of Amygdalin in Apricot Kernels and Almonds Using LC-MS/MS. J AOAC Int 2023; 106:457-463. [PMID: 36453858 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanogenic glycosides are secondary metabolites in plants. In almonds and apricot kernels, amygdalin is an abundant cyanogenic glycoside. Upon consumption, amygdalin is enzymatically metabolized into hydrogen cyanide. Depending on the number of kernels consumed and the amygdalin concentration, ingestion of amygdalin-containing kernels may result in adverse effects. To better understand the US marketplace, the development and validation of analytical methods to reliably measure amygdalin in apricot kernels and almonds is needed to support the collection of occurrence and consumption data in retail products. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop and validate a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitation of amygdalin in apricot kernels and almonds following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Foods Program Guidelines for the Validation of Chemical Methods, 3rd Edition. METHODS Apricot kernels and almonds were cryogenically homogenized and extracted using methanol containing an internal standard (IS), geniposide, followed by filtration, dilution, and LC-MS/MS analysis. Matrix effects were minimized using dilution. Quantitation was achieved using an external, solvent-based calibration. RESULTS The amygdalin response was linear (r2 > 0.99) over a range of 0.05-50 µg/mL. The recovery of amygdalin spiked at 10-10 000 µg/g in sweet apricot kernels, raw almond, and dry-roasted almond ranged from 90 to 107% with RSDs ≤6%. The method limit of detection and limit of quantitation was 0.8 and 2.5 ng/g, respectively. Amygdalin concentrations in 18 market samples ranged from 2 to 24 000 µg/g. Corresponding estimates of cyanide concentration ranged from 0.2 to 1420 µg/g. CONCLUSIONS Method performance meets the acceptance criteria defined by FDA guidelines and is fit for purpose for the analysis of amygdalin in apricot kernels and almonds. HIGHLIGHTS An LC-MS/MS method is developed for the quantification of amygdalin in apricot kernels and almonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Makovi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Christine H Parker
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Analysis of Amygdalin in Various Matrices Using Electrospray Ionization and Flowing Atmospheric-Pressure Afterglow Mass Spectrometry. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101459. [PMID: 33086630 PMCID: PMC7603377 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amygdalin is a natural cyanogenic compound that plants produce in the fight against insects and herbivores. Excessive amounts of amygdalin by animals and humans can potentially lead to fatal intoxication. However, studies confirm that amygdalin has antitumor properties, including the ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and to induce their apoptosis. The analysis of amygdalin in various matrices is an important analytical problem today. The publication presents the methodology of direct determination of amygdalin in water, sewage, and biological materials using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and a new analytical method using flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow mass spectrometry (FAPA-MS). The methods of analyte pre-concentration using a magnetic, molecularly imprinted polymer (mag-MIP) and the influence of interferents on the recorded spectra were discussed. Analytical parameters in ESI-MS and FAPA-MS methods were established. The linearity range was 4.5 µg L−1–45 mg L−1 in positive mode ESI-MS and FAPA-MS. The limit of detection (LOD) for ESI-MS was 0.101 ± 0.003 µg L−1 and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.303 ± 0.009 µg L−1. In FAPA-MS, the LOD was 0.050 ± 0.002 µg L−1 and the LOQ was 0.150 ± 0.006 µg L−1. The content of amygdalin in various matrices was determined.
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Metabolism of cyanogenic glycosides: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:225-232. [PMID: 30615957 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Potential toxicity of cyanogenic glycosides arises from enzymatic degradation to produce hydrogen cyanide. Information on the metabolism of cyanogenic glycosides is available from in vitro, animal and human studies. In the absence of β-glucosidase enzymes from the source plant material, two processes appear to contribute to the production of cyanide from cyanogenic glycosides; the proportion of the glycoside dose that reaches the large intestine, where most of the bacterial hydrolysis occurs, and the rate of hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycosides to cyanohydrin and cyanide. Some cyanogenic glycosides, such as prunasin, are actively absorbed in the jejunum by utilising the epithelial sodium-dependent monosaccharide transporter (SGLT1). The rate of cyanide production from cyanogenic glycosides due to bacterial β-glycosidase activity depends on; the sugar moiety in the molecule and the stability of the intermediate cyanohydrin following hydrolysis by bacterial β-glucosidase. Cyanogenic glycosides with a gentiobiose sugar, amygdalin, linustatin, and neolinustatin, undergo a two stage hydrolysis, with gentiobiose initially being hydrolysed to glucose to form prunasin, linamarin and lotaustralin, respectively. While the overall impact of these metabolic factors is difficult to predict, the toxicity of cyanogenic glycosides will be less than the toxicity suggested by their theoretical hydrocyanic acid equivalents.
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Nong F, Zhao Z, Luo X, Liu C, Li H, Liu Q, Wen B, Zhou L. Evaluation of the influence of mirabilite on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of the ingredients in Dahuang‐mudan decoction by a validated UPLC/QTOF–MS/MS method. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4423. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Nong
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Pi‐Wei InstituteGuangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Zhongxiang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Xia Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Bin Wen
- Pi‐Wei InstituteGuangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Lian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceGuangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
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Jaswal V, Palanivelu J, C R. Effects of the Gut microbiota on Amygdalin and its use as an anti-cancer therapy: Substantial review on the key components involved in altering dose efficacy and toxicity. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 14:125-132. [PMID: 29872744 PMCID: PMC5986699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is popularly used due to side-effects and failure of approved methods, for diseases like Epilepsy and Cancer. Amygdalin, a cyanogenic diglycoside is commonly administered for cancer with other CAM therapies like vitamins and seeds of fruits like apricots and bitter almonds, due to its ability to hydrolyse to hydrogen cyanide (HCN), benzaldehyde and glucose. Over the years, several cases of cyanide toxicity on ingestion have been documented. In-vitro and in-vivo studies using various doses and modes of administration, like IV administration studies that showed no HCN formation, point to the role played by the gut microbiota for the commonly seen poisoning on consumption. The anaerobic Bacteriodetes phylum found in the gut has a high β-glucosidase activity needed for amygdalin hydrolysis to HCN. However, there are certain conditions under which these HCN levels rise to cause toxicity. Case studies have shown toxicity on ingestion of variable doses of amygdalin and no HCN side-effects on consumption of high doses. This review shows how factors like probiotic and prebiotic consumption, other CAM therapies, obesity, diet, age and the like, that alter gut consortium, are responsible for the varying conditions under which toxicity occurs and can be further studied to set-up conditions for safe oral doses. It also indicates ways to delay or quickly treat cyanide toxicity due to oral administration and, reviews conflicts on amygdalin's anti-cancer abilities, dose levels, mode of administration and pharmacokinetics that have hindered its official acceptance at a therapeutic level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramalingam C
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lactobacillus acidophilus Metabolizes Dietary Plant Glucosides and Externalizes Their Bioactive Phytochemicals. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01421-17. [PMID: 29162708 PMCID: PMC5698550 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01421-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutically active glycosylated phytochemicals are ubiquitous in the human diet. The human gut microbiota (HGM) modulates the bioactivities of these compounds, which consequently affect host physiology and microbiota composition. Despite a significant impact on human health, the key players and the underpinning mechanisms of this interplay remain uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrate the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus on mono- and diglucosyl dietary plant glycosides (PGs) possessing small aromatic aglycones. Transcriptional analysis revealed the upregulation of host interaction genes and identified two loci that encode phosphotransferase system (PTS) transporters and phospho-β-glucosidases, which mediate the uptake and deglucosylation of these compounds, respectively. Inactivating these transport and hydrolysis genes abolished or severely reduced growth on PG, establishing the specificity of the loci to distinct groups of PGs. Following intracellular deglucosylation, the aglycones of PGs are externalized, rendering them available for absorption by the host or for further modification by other microbiota taxa. The PG utilization loci are conserved in L. acidophilus and closely related lactobacilli, in correlation with versatile growth on these compounds. Growth on the tested PG appeared more common among human gut lactobacilli than among counterparts from other ecologic niches. The PGs that supported the growth of L. acidophilus were utilized poorly or not at all by other common HGM strains, underscoring the metabolic specialization of L. acidophilus. These findings highlight the role of human gut L. acidophilus and select lactobacilli in the bioconversion of glycoconjugated phytochemicals, which is likely to have an important impact on the HGM and human host. Thousands of therapeutically active plant-derived compounds are widely present in berries, fruits, nuts, and beverages like tea and wine. The bioactivity and bioavailability of these compounds, which are typically glycosylated, are altered by microbial bioconversions in the human gut. Remarkably, little is known about the bioconversion of PGs by the gut microbial community, despite the significance of this metabolic facet to human health. Our work provides the first molecular insights into the metabolic routes of diet relevant and therapeutically active PGs by Lactobacillus acidophilus and related human gut lactobacilli. This taxonomic group is adept at metabolizing the glucoside moieties of select PG and externalizes their aglycones. The study highlights an important role of lactobacilli in the bioconversion of dietary PG and presents a framework from which to derive molecular insights into their metabolism by members of the human gut microbiota.
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Han L, Qiao O, Wu H, Wu S, Zhang Y, Yao L, He K, Chen W, Peng D. Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis is Feasible for Comprehensive Quality Control of Taohongsiwu. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.488.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zheng L, Fang L, Cong H, Xiang T, Xue M, Yao Z, Wu B, Lin W. Identification of chemical constituents and rat metabolites of Kangxianling granule by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1750-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zheng
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd; Taizhou 225321 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Haini Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group; Shanghai 201318 People's Republic of China
| | - Lianxiang Fang
- Shanghai Haini Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group; Shanghai 201318 People's Republic of China
| | - Haijian Cong
- Shanghai Haini Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group; Shanghai 201318 People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xiang
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd; Taizhou 225321 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xue
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd; Taizhou 225321 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqing Yao
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd; Taizhou 225321 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd; Taizhou 225321 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Haini Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group; Shanghai 201318 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Lin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; Shanghai Institute of Technology; Shanghai 201418 People's Republic of China
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Savic IM, Nikolic VD, Savic-Gajic IM, Nikolic LB, Ibric SR, Gajic DG. Optimization of technological procedure for amygdalin isolation from plum seeds (Pruni domesticae semen). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:276. [PMID: 25972881 PMCID: PMC4411975 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The process of amygdalin extraction from plum seeds was optimized using central composite design (CCD) and multilayer perceptron (MLP). The effect of time, ethanol concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, and temperature on the amygdalin content in the extracts was estimated using both mathematical models. The MLP 4-3-1 with exponential function in hidden layer and linear function in output layer was used for describing the extraction process. MLP model was more superior compared with CCD model due to better prediction ability. According to MLP model, the suggested optimal conditions are: time of 120 min, 100% (v/v) ethanol, solid-to liquid ratio of 1:25 (m/v) and temperature of 34.4°C. The predicted value of amygdalin content in the dried extract (25.42 g per 100 g) at these conditions was experimentally confirmed (25.30 g per 100 g of dried extract). Amygdalin (>90%) was isolated from the complex extraction mixture and structurally characterized by FT-IR, UV, and MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M. Savic
- Faculty of Technology, University of NisLeskovac, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Ivan M. Savic, Faculty of Technology, University of Nis, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | - Dragoljub G. Gajic
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia
- Center of Excellence DEWS, University of L'AquilaL'Aquila, Italy
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Li X, Shi F, Gu P, Liu L, He H, Ding L. A sensitive LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of amygdalin and paeoniflorin in human plasma and its application. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 92:160-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shang E, Zhu Z, Liu L, Tang Y, Duan JA. UPLC-QTOF-MS with chemical profiling approach for rapidly evaluating chemical consistency between traditional and dispensing granule decoctions of Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:143. [PMID: 23176049 PMCID: PMC3537748 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the present study, chemical consistency between traditional and dispensing granule decoctions of Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction was rapidly evaluated by UPLC-QTOF-MS coupled with the MarkerLynx software. Two different kinds of decoctions, namely traditional decoction: water extract of mixed six constituent herbs of Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction, and dispensing granules decoction: mixed water extract of each individual herbs of Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction, were prepared. Results Chemical difference was found between traditional and dispensing granule decoctions, and albiflorin, paeoniflorin, gallic acid, amygdalin, and hydroxysafflor yellow A were identified as the significantly changed components during decocting Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction. All the peaks of mass spectrum from Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction and each herb were extracted and integration by using QuanLynx™. And the optimized data was used for linear regression analysis. The contribution of each herb in Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction, and the optimal compatibility proportion of dispensing granule decoction were derived from the linear regression equation. Conclusions The optimal dosage proportionality of Tao-Hong-Si-Wu dispensing granule decoction was obtained as 2.5:0.2:1:0.5:0.6:0.1 (DG : CX : BS : SD : TR : HH), which guided better clinic application of Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction as dispensing granule decoctions usage, and it also provided some experimental data to reveal the compatibility rule of the relative TCM formulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erxin Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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Structural characterization and identification of major constituents in Jitai tablets by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode-array detection coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Molecules 2012; 17:10470-93. [PMID: 22945027 PMCID: PMC6268525 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study a universally applicable HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS/MS method was developed for carrying out the comprehensive characterization of Jitai tablets (JTT). Based on the ESI-MS(n) fragmentation patterns of the reference standards, a total of 101 components were identified or tentatively characterized by comparing their retention times, UV and MS spectra with those of reference standards or through the matching of empirical information with those of published components in the in-house library. The characteristic fragmentation pattern of alkaloids, phenolic acids, tanshinones, flavonoid glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, ginsenosides, 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones, phthalides and gingerol-related compounds were tentatively elucidated using structurally-relevant product ions. It was observed that neutral losses of C(9)H(10)O(3) and C(9)H(8)O(2) were the characteristic product ions of scopola alkaloids. Neutral fragment mandelonitrile was the characteristic ion of cyanogenic glycosides. To our knowledge, tropylium ion and C(4)H(2)O unit were the characteristic ions of 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone, which resulted from the Retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) cleavage of the C ring. The results indicated that the developed analysis method could be employed as a rapid, effective technique for structural characterization of chemical constituents in TCM. This work is expected to provide comprehensive information for the quality evaluation and pharmacokinetic studies of JTT.
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Zhou C, Qian L, Ma H, Yu X, Zhang Y, Qu W, Zhang X, Xia W. Enhancement of amygdalin activated with β-D-glucosidase on HepG2 cells proliferation and apoptosis. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:516-23. [PMID: 24751072 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis brought by amygdalin and activated with β-D-glucosidase were tested for cytoactivity in HepG2 cells. The MTT viability assay showed that all samples had effects on HepG2 proliferation in dose and time response manners. IC50 of stand-alone amygdalin and activation with β-D-glucosidase on the proliferation of HepG2 cells for 48 h were 458.10 mg/mL and 3.2 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, apoptotic cells were determined by AO/EB (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) fluorescent staining method and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining flow cytometry cell cycle analysis. With increasing of amygdalin concentration and the incubation time, the apoptotic rate was heightened. Compared with the control, there was significant difference (p<0.01). Together, these findings indicate that amygdalin had no strong anti-HepG2 activity; however the ingredients of amygdalin activated with β-D-glucosidase had a higher and efficient anti-HepG2 activity. It was therefore suggested that this combination strategy may be applicable for treating tumors with a higher activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, 88 Huancheng Road (N), Lin'an 311300, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Bio-process and Separation Engineering of Agri-products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Key Laboratory for Physical Processing of Agricultural Products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lichun Qian
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Bio-process and Separation Engineering of Agri-products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Key Laboratory for Physical Processing of Agricultural Products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, 88 Huancheng Road (N), Lin'an 311300, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Bio-process and Separation Engineering of Agri-products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Key Laboratory for Physical Processing of Agricultural Products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Youzuo Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, 88 Huancheng Road (N), Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Wenjuan Qu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Bio-process and Separation Engineering of Agri-products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Key Laboratory for Physical Processing of Agricultural Products, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Xia
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Chen J, Yan X, Kim TJ, Kim SH, Kim KT, Lee YK, Cho CW, Baek JS, Park YK, Kim YH, Lee WJ, Kang JS. Metabolic Pharmacokinetics in Rats: Differences between Pure Amygdalin and Amygdalin in a Decoction of Peach Seeds. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.5.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu L, Duan JA, Tang Y, Guo J, Yang N, Ma H, Shi X. Taoren-Honghua herb pair and its main components promoting blood circulation through influencing on hemorheology, plasma coagulation and platelet aggregation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:381-387. [PMID: 22123200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Persicae Semen (Taoren) and Carthami Flos (Honghua) used in pair which is named as Taoren-Honghua (TH) herb pair has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for promoting blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis for many years in China. AIM OF THE STUDY This paper investigated the effects of TH and its main components amygdalin and hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) on hemorheological disorders of blood stasis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomly divided into seven groups (control group, model group, TH group, amygdalin group, HSYA group, amygdalin+HSYA group, and aspirin group) with eight animals in each, whose gender was equally distributed throughout groups. All treatments were performed by gavage and administered seven times with an interval of 12h. After the fifth administration, the model rats except those in control group with blood stasis were established by being placed in ice-cold water during the interval between two injections of adrenaline hydrochloride (Adr); and blood samples were collected 30min after the last administration on the following day. RESULTS TH could significantly decrease whole blood viscosity (WBV), plasma viscosity (PV) and packed cell volume (PCV). It also significantly prolonged thrombin time (TT) and thromboplastin time (APTT), increased prothrombin time (PT) and lowered fibrinogen content (FIB). HSYA which significantly decreased WBV and PV had no effect on plasma coagulation parameters. Amygdalin could significantly decrease PV, prolong APTT and decrease FIB, showing few effects on WBV. TH and its main components amygdalin and HSYA could significantly reduce platelet aggregation and protect vascular endothelial cells. Based on the above results, amygdalin and HSYA were responsible for the main curative effects of TH and usually had synergetic effects, such as decreasing PV and platelet aggregation percentage. CONCLUSIONS The study may provide scientific information to further understanding of the mechanism(s) of TH and its main components in activating blood circulation to dissipate blood. It may also create valuable insight into the possible effects and utilization of TH and its components as a feasible alternative therapeutic agent for patients with hemorheological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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He M, Liang Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zeng Z, Cao D, Yun Y, Yan J. INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL COMPONENTS VARIATION IN MAXING SHIGAN DECOCTION BY HPLC-DAD. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.639114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- a Research Center of Modernization of Chinese Medicines, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Yizeng Liang
- a Research Center of Modernization of Chinese Medicines, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- a Research Center of Modernization of Chinese Medicines, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Yaping Li
- b Internal Medical Department , Xiangtan Central Hospital , Xiangtan , China
| | - Zhongda Zeng
- a Research Center of Modernization of Chinese Medicines, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Dongsheng Cao
- a Research Center of Modernization of Chinese Medicines, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Yonghuan Yun
- a Research Center of Modernization of Chinese Medicines, Central South University , Changsha , China
| | - Jun Yan
- a Research Center of Modernization of Chinese Medicines, Central South University , Changsha , China
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17
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Jiang W, Jin D, Li Z, Sun Z, Chen M, Wu B, Huang C. Characterization of multiple absorbed constituents in rats after oral administration of Paederia scandens decoction. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:863-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Jiang
- Harbin University of Commerce; Harbin; 150076; People's Republic of China
| | | | - Zhixiong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai; 201203; People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai; 201203; People's Republic of China
| | - Mingcang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai; 201203; People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai; 201203; People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai; 201203; People's Republic of China
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18
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Ye G, Tang YH, Wang GY, Li ZX, Zhu HY, Ma CH, Sun ZL, Huang CG. Characterization of the Multiple Absorbed Constituents in Rats after Oral Administration of Chai-Huang Decoction by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:2917-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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Hu YM, Wang YT, Sze SCW, Tsang KW, Wong HK, Liu Q, Zhong LD, Tong Y. Identification of the major chemical constituents and their metabolites in rat plasma and various organs after oral administration of effective Erxian Decoction (EXD) fraction by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:479-89. [PMID: 19688819 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A simple and specific LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS method has been developed and applied for the primary investigation of the chemical constituents absorbed or metabolized in vivo, after the rat oral administration of Erxian Decoction (EXD), a Chinese medicine prescription for menopausal syndromes. Through the online ESI-MS(n) analysis, a total of 35 compounds have been identified or tentatively characterized from the seven tested samples, and 13 of them were unambiguously identified through a direct comparison of the retention time, UV spectra and MS(n) fragmentation patterns with the authentic ones. The results showed that 21 compounds were detected from rat plasma, 20 compounds were detected from rat kidneys and adrenal glands, 19 compounds were detected from rat ovaries, 12 compounds were found in rat intestines, nine compounds were identified from rat livers and nine compounds were detected from rat brains at certain time points after oral administration of the effective EXD fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Mei Hu
- The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
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20
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Wang SP, Liu L, Wang LL, Jiang P, Zhang JQ, Zhang WD, Liu RH. Screening and analysis of the multiple absorbed bioactive components and metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration of Jitai tablets by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode-array detection coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1641-1652. [PMID: 20486261 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Based on the serum pharmacochemistry technique and high-performance liquid chromatography/diode-array detection (HPLC/DAD) coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS), a method for screening and analysis of the multiple absorbed bioactive components and metabolites of Jitai tablets (JTT) in orally dosed rat plasma was developed. Plasma was treated by methanol precipitation prior to liquid chromatography, and the separation was carried out on a Symmetry C(18) column, with a linear gradient (0.1% formic acid/water/acetonitrile). Mass spectra were acquired in negative and positive ion modes, respectively. As a result, 26 bioactive components originated from JTT and 5 metabolites were tentatively identified in orally dosed rat plasma by comparing their retention times and MS spectra with those of authentic standards and literature data. It is concluded that an effective and reliable analytical method was set up for screening the bioactive components of Chinese herbal medicine, which provided a meaningful basis for further pharmacology and active mechanism research of JTT.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Biological Availability
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/instrumentation
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/analysis
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/metabolism
- Male
- Plasma/chemistry
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Tablets
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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21
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Shim SM, Kwon H. Metabolites of amygdalin under simulated human digestive fluids. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2010; 61:770-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09637481003796314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Chen H, Huang J, Li J. Characterization of metabolites of worenine in rat biological samples using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:236-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Liu EH, Qi LW, Peng YB, Cheng XL, Wu Q, Li P, Li CY. Rapid separation and identification of 54 major constituents in Buyang Huanwu decoction by ultra-fast HPLC system coupled with DAD-TOF/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:828-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Ma CH, Li ZX, Wang LX, Tang YH, Xiao HB, Huang CG. Identification of Major Alkaloids in Rat Urine by HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS/MS Method Following Oral Administration of CortexPhellodendriDecoction. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200800315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Ren L, Bi K, Gong P, Cheng W, Song Z, Fang L, Chen X. Characterization of the in vivo and in vitro metabolic profile of PAC-1 using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 876:47-53. [PMID: 18996064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the metabolic profile of PAC-1, a potential anticancer drug, was investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (LC/MS) techniques. Two different types of mass spectrometers--a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer and an ion trap (IT) mass spectrometer--were employed to acquire structural information on PAC-1 metabolites. A gradient liquid chromatographic system composed of 0.2% formic acid in methanol and 0.2% formic acid in water was used for metabolite separation on an Agilent TC-C(18) column. A total of 16 metabolites were detected. The corresponding product ion spectra were acquired and interpreted, and structures were proposed. Accurate mass measurement using LC-Q-TOF was used to determine the elemental composition of metabolites thereby confirming the proposed structures of these metabolites. Phase I metabolic changes were predominantly observed, including debenzylation, dihydrodiol formation, hydroxylation, and dihydroxylation. The detected phase II metabolites included PAC-1 and hydroxylated PAC-1 glucuronide conjugates. Based on metabolite analysis, several PAC-1 metabolic pathways in rat were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China
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Ma C, Wang L, Tang Y, Fan M, Xiao H, Huang C. Identification of major xanthones and steroidal saponins in rat urine by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry technology following oral administration of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae decoction. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:1066-83. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Ma C, Fan M, Tang Y, Li Z, Sun Z, Ye G, Huang C. Identification of major alkaloids and steroidal saponins in rat serum by HPLC-diode array detection-MS/MS following oral administration of Huangbai-Zhimu herb-pair Extract. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:835-50. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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