Simple and rapid liquid chromatography method for determination of moxifloxacin in saliva

Eco-friendly novel deconvoluted synchronous spectrofluorimetric approach for the determination of favipiravir, levodropropizine and moxifloxacin hydrochloride as an effective therapeutic combination for COVID-19; application in laboratory prepared mixtures and spiked human plasma

In this work, a green, fast, and simple synchronous spectrofluorimetric approach has been developed to simultaneously determine favipiravir, levodropropizine, and moxifloxacin hydrochloride as co-administered medications for COVID-19 treatment in pure form and spiked human plasma. The synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy technique to analyze the studied drugs at Δλ = 110 nm enabled the determination of levodropropizine at 360 nm. Then, applying Fourier Self-Deconvolution to each spectra to measure favipiravir and moxifloxacin hydrochloride at peak amplitudes of 431 nm and 479 nm, respectively, without any interference. Favipiravir, levodropropizine, and moxifloxacin hydrochloride could be sensitively determined using the described approach over concentration ranges of 20-300 ng/mL, 10-600 ng/mL, and 50-500 ng/mL, respectively. The method's validation was carried out effectively in accordance with guidelines recommended by the ICH. Finally, the Eco-scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) techniques have been used to evaluate the greenness of the proposed method.

Alternative Methods for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Dose Adjustment of Tuberculosis Treatment in Clinical Settings: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Quantifying exposure to drugs for personalized dose adjustment is of critical importance in patients with tuberculosis who may be at risk of treatment failure or toxicity due to individual variability in pharmacokinetics. Traditionally, serum or plasma samples have been used for drug monitoring, which only poses collection and logistical challenges in high-tuberculosis burden/low-resourced areas. Less invasive and lower cost tests using alternative biomatrices other than serum or plasma may improve the feasibility of therapeutic drug monitoring.

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted to include studies reporting anti-tuberculosis drug concentration measurements in dried blood spots, urine, saliva, and hair. Reports were screened to include study design, population, analytical methods, relevant pharmacokinetic parameters, and risk of bias.

RESULTS

A total of 75 reports encompassing all four biomatrices were included. Dried blood spots reduced the sample volume requirement and cut shipping costs whereas simpler laboratory methods to test the presence of drug in urine can allow point-of-care testing in high-burden settings. Minimal pre-processing requirements with saliva samples may further increase acceptability for laboratory staff. Multi-analyte panels have been tested in hair with the capacity to test a wide range of drugs and some of their metabolites.

CONCLUSIONS

Reported data were mostly from small-scale studies and alternative biomatrices need to be qualified in large and diverse populations for the demonstration of feasibility in operational settings. High-quality interventional studies will improve the uptake of alternative biomatrices in guidelines and accelerate implementation in programmatic tuberculosis treatment.

Potentiometric Determination of Moxifloxacin by Solid-Contact ISEs in Wastewater Effluents

In recent years, the use of ion-selective membranes in the sensing and assessment of environmental contaminants has become a critical goal. Using sodium tetraphenylborate (TPB) and phosphotungstic acid (PTA) as ion-pairing agents, two sensitive and selective sensors were manufactured to evaluate the electrochemical response of moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MOX). The optimal electrochemical behavior was attained by fine-tuning all assay parameters. The manufactured membranes’ performance was optimal in a pH range from 1.0 to 5.0 with a linearity between 1 × 10−6 M and 1 × 10−2 M. The MOX–TPB and MOX–PTA membrane electrodes have Nernstian slopes of 59.2 ± 0.60 mV/decade and 58.4 ± 0.50 mV/decade, respectively. The proposed method was used to determine MOX in its pure form as well as real pharmaceutical wastewater effluents. The fabricated electrodes were effectively applied for the sensitive and selective determination of MOX in actual wastewater effluents without the need for any pre-treatment processes.

A study of the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin by the dynamics of its distribution in the blood plasma and saliva of healthy volunteers: a comparative analysis and possible extrapolation methods

Objectives The pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in plasma and saliva was investigated in this study. Methods The pharmacokinetics of two specialty drugs of moxifloxacin - reference (Ref) and test (Test) preparation - was studied in 18 healthy volunteers after a single oral dose of 400 mg. Results It was found that the concentration of moxifloxacin in saliva 3-24 h after taking the drugs was statistically significantly higher than that in plasma. A high correlation was observed between the concentration of moxifloxacin in plasma and saliva of volunteers after taking of Ref and Test. Some pharmacokinetic parameters, calculated by the concentration of moxifloxacin in saliva and plasma, are statistically different. A technique is proposed for extrapolating the concentration of moxifloxacin in plasma according to its concentration in saliva using the established linear relationship between the moxifloxacin in plasma and saliva of volunteers in time interval of 3-24 h after taking Ref. Based on the obtained extrapolated concentration of moxifloxacin, the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for two studied drugs and did not statistically differ from the parameters calculated according to the data in plasma. Conclusions The developed method of concentration extrapolation allows the use of saliva for pharmacokinetic studies of the tablet preparations of moxifloxacin.

A study of the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin by the dynamics of its distribution in the blood plasma and saliva of healthy volunteers: a comparative analysis and possible extrapolation methods

OBJECTIVES

The pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in plasma and saliva was investigated in this study.

METHODS

The pharmacokinetics of two specialty drugs of moxifloxacin - reference (Ref) and test (Test) preparation - was studied in 18 healthy volunteers after a single oral dose of 400 mg.

RESULTS

It was found that the concentration of moxifloxacin in saliva 3-24 h after taking the drugs was statistically significantly higher than that in plasma. A high correlation was observed between the concentration of moxifloxacin in plasma and saliva of volunteers after taking of Ref and Test. Some pharmacokinetic parameters, calculated by the concentration of moxifloxacin in saliva and plasma, are statistically different. A technique is proposed for extrapolating the concentration of moxifloxacin in plasma according to its concentration in saliva using the established linear relationship between the moxifloxacin in plasma and saliva of volunteers in time interval of 3-24 h after taking Ref. Based on the obtained extrapolated concentration of moxifloxacin, the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for two studied drugs and did not statistically differ from the parameters calculated according to the data in plasma.

CONCLUSIONS

The developed method of concentration extrapolation allows the use of saliva for pharmacokinetic studies of the tablet preparations of moxifloxacin.

Determination of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin in urine and plasma by HPLC-FLD-DAD using pentafluorophenyl core-shell column: Application to drug monitoring

Concentrations of fluoroquinolones, which are used in the treatment of many bacterial infections, should be monitored in biological fluids as they exhibit concentration-dependent bactericidal activity. In this study, a liquid chromatography method for the determination of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin in human urine and plasma was developed for the first time. The efficiency of five different columns for the separation of these fluoroquinolones was compared. Experimental parameters that affect the separation, such as percentage of organic solvent, pH, temperature, gradient shape and detector wavelength, were optimized by a step-by-step approach. Using a pentafluorophenyl core-shell column (100 × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm), the separation of four analytes was accomplished in <7.5 min. The developed method was validated for the determination of analytes in both urine and plasma with respect to sensitivity, specificity, linearity (r ≥ 0.9989), recovery (79.46-102.69%), accuracy, precision and stability (85.79-111.07%). The intra- and inter-day accuracies were within 89.55-111.94% with relative standard deviations of 0.35-8.05%. The feasibility of method was demonstrated by analyzing urine and plasma samples of patients orally receiving levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin or moxifloxacin. The developed method is suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring of these fluoroquinolones and can be applied to pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies.

Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride Electrochemical Detection at Gold Nanoparticles Modified Screen-Printed Electrode

It appeared that either the carbon paste or the screen-printed carbon electrodes that were modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) gave rise to the largest current responses after a rapid screening of various nanomaterials as modifiers of carbon composite electrodes in view of designing an electrochemical sensor for Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride (Moxi). The screen-printed electrode (SPE) support was preferred over the carbon paste one for its ability to be used as disposable single-use sensor enabling the circumvention of the problems of surface fouling encountered in the determination of Moxi. The response of AuNPs modified SPE to Moxi was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) (including the effect of the potential scan rate and the pH of the medium), chronoamperometry, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) after morphological and physico-chemical characterization. DPV was finally applied to Moxi detection in phosphate buffer at pH 7, giving rise to an accessible concentration window ranging between 8 µM and 0.48 mM, and the detection and quantification limits were established to be 11.6 µM and 38.6 µM, correspondingly. In order to estimate the applicability of Moxi identification scheme in actual trials, it was practiced in a human baby urine sample with excellent recoveries between 99.8 % and 101.6 % and RSDs of 1.1-3.4%, without noticeable interference.

A pilot study of the clinical evidence for the methodology for prevention of oral mucositis during cancer chemotherapy by measuring salivary excretion of 5-fluorouracil

Objective to re-examine measures to prevent oral mucositis caused by drugs in head and neck cancer patients during cancer treatment by measuring salivary excretion of 5-fluorouracil. Saliva, blood, and urine were simultaneously collected from oral cancer patients and breast cancer patient at the point in time of before, during, and after the administration of 5-FU, then the 5-FU levels of the samples were quantitatively analysed using LC-MS/MS. In all patients, the 5-FU levels in saliva and serum peaked at 30 min to 3 h after the start of 5-FU treatment, and high levels were maintained throughout the administration of the drug. With regard to urinary 5-FU levels, they remained high from 3 to 120 h after the start of 5-FU treatment. After the completion of 5-FU treatment, even though it not appeared in the patients’ serum and urine promptly, 5-FU was detected in saliva at 12 h after the completion of 5-FU treatment in one oral cancer patient and at 48 h after the completion of 5-FU treatment in the breast cancer patient. It was suggested that the level of hydration after the completion of chemotherapy may be involved in the differences in 5-FU excretion.

Systematic Review of Salivary Versus Blood Concentrations of Antituberculosis Drugs and Their Potential for Salivary Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

BACKGROUND

Therapeutic drug monitoring is useful in the treatment of tuberculosis to assure adequate exposure, minimize antibiotic resistance, and reduce toxicity. Salivary therapeutic drug monitoring could reduce the risks, burden, and costs of blood-based therapeutic drug monitoring. This systematic review compared human pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in saliva and blood to determine if salivary therapeutic drug monitoring could be a promising alternative.

METHODS

On December 2, 2016, PubMed and the Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge were searched for pharmacokinetic studies reporting human salivary and blood concentrations of antituberculosis drugs. Data on study population, study design, analytical method, salivary Cmax, salivary area under the time-concentration curve, plasma/serum Cmax, plasma/serum area under the time-concentration curve, and saliva-plasma or saliva-serum ratio were extracted. All included articles were assessed for risk of bias.

RESULTS

In total, 42 studies were included in this systematic review. For the majority of antituberculosis drugs, including the first-line drugs ethambutol and pyrazinamide, no pharmacokinetic studies in saliva were found. For amikacin, pharmacokinetic studies without saliva-plasma or saliva-serum ratios were found.

CONCLUSIONS

For gatifloxacin and linezolid, salivary therapeutic drug monitoring is likely possible due to a narrow range of saliva-plasma and saliva-serum ratios. For isoniazid, rifampicin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, and clarithromycin, salivary therapeutic drug monitoring might be possible; however, a large variability in saliva-plasma and saliva-serum ratios was observed. Unfortunately, salivary therapeutic drug monitoring is probably not possible for doripenem and amoxicillin/clavulanate, as a result of very low salivary drug concentrations.

Analytical Methods for Determining Third and Fourth Generation Fluoroquinolones: A Review

ABSTRACT

Fluoroquinolones of the third and fourth generation posses wide bactericidal activity. Monitoring concentrations of antibacterial agents provides effective therapy and prevents the increase of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The pharmacodynamic parameters that best describe fluoroquinalone activity are AUC/MIC and Cmax/MIC. Determining the level of this type of drug is essential to reach the effective concentration that inhibits the growth of bacteria. Determining the pharmaceutical formulation confirms the purity of a substance. Many methods have been developed to determine the level of these substances. They involve mainly the following analytical techniques: chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and spectroscopy. The separation techniques were combined with different measuring devices, such as ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence detector (FLD), diode array detector (DAD), and mass spectrometry (MS). The analytical procedures require proper sample pre-conditioning such as protein precipitation, extraction techniques, filtration, or dilution. This paper reviews the reported analytical methods for the determining representatives of the third and fourth generation of fluoroquinolones. Attention was paid to pre-conditioning of the samples and the applied mobile phase. This report might be helpful in the selection of the proper procedure in determining the abovementioned drugs in different matrices.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

A novel sensor based on bifunctional monomer molecularly imprinted film at graphene modified glassy carbon electrode for detecting traces of moxifloxacin

A novel selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for moxifloxacin (MFLX) detection based on bifunctional monomer molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membranes on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with graphene was constructed.

On-line microextraction of moxifloxacin using Fe3O4 nanoparticle-packed in-tube SPME

An in-tube SPME based on the use of a Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles-packed tube has been reported.

Potentiometric determination of moxifloxacin in some pharmaceutical formulation using PVC membrane sensors

BACKGROUND

The construction and electrochemical response characteristics of Poly (vinyl chloride) membrane sensors for moxifloxacin HCl (MOX) are described. The sensing membranes incorporate ion association complexes of moxifloxacin cation and sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB) (sensor 1), phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) (sensor 2) or phosphotungstic acid (PTA) (sensor 3) as electroactive materials.

RESULTS

The sensors display a fast, stable and near-Nernstian response over a relative wide moxifloxacin concentration range (1 × 10(-2) - 4.0 × 10(-6), 1 × 10(-2) - 5.0 × 10(-6), 1 × 10(-2) - 5.0 × 10(-6) M), with detection limits of 3 × 10(-6), 4 × 10(-6) and 4.0 × 10(-6) M for sensor 1, 2 and 3, respectively over a pH range of 6.0 - 9.0. The sensors show good discrimination of moxifloxacin from several inorganic and organic compounds. The direct determination of 400 μg/ml of moxifloxacin show an average recovery of 98.5, 99.1 and 98.6% and a mean relative standard deviation of 1.8, 1.6 and 1.8% for sensors 1, 2 and 3 respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed sensors have been applied for direct determination of moxifloxacin in some pharmaceutical preparations. The results obtained by determination of moxifloxacin in tablets using the proposed sensors are comparable favorably with those obtained using the US Pharmacopeia method. The sensors have been used as indicator electrodes for potentiometric titration of moxifloxacin.

Moxifloxacin hydrochloride

A comprehensive profile of moxifloxacin HCl with 198 references is reported. A full description including nomenclature, formulae, elemental analysis, and appearance is included. Methods of preparation for moxifloxacin HCl, its intermediates, and derivatives are fully described. In addition, the physical properties, analytical methods, stability, uses and applications, and pharmacology of moxifloxacin HCl are also discussed.