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Nie M, Zhang T, Wang X, Zhao X, Luo C, Wang L, Zou X. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap mass spectrometry for screening of common new psychoactive substances and other drugs in biological samples. J Forensic Sci 2024. [PMID: 39187963 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The complexity of the drug market and the constant updating of drugs have been challenging issues for drug regulatory authorities. With the emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the nonmedical use of prescription drugs, forensic and toxicology laboratories have had to adopt new drug screening methods and advanced instrumentation. Using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry, we developed a screening method for common NPS and other drugs. Two milliliters of mixed solvent of n-hexane and ethyl acetate (1:1, v:v) were added to 500 μL of blood or urine sample for liquid-liquid extraction, and methanol extraction was used for hair samples. The developed method was applied to 3897 samples (including 332 blood samples, 885 urine samples, and 2680 hair samples) taken from drug addicts in a province of China during 2019-2021. For urine and blood samples, the limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 1.68 pg/mL to 10.7 ng/mL. For hair samples, the LODs ranged from 3.30 × 10-5 to 4.21 × 10-3 ng/mg. The matrix effects of urine, blood, and hair samples were in the range of 47.6%-121%, 39.8%-139%, and 6.35%-118%, respectively. And the intra-day precision was 3.5%-6.0% and the inter-day precision was 4.18%-9.90%. Analysis of the actual samples showed an overall positive detection rate of 58.9%, with 5.32% of the samples indicating the use of multiple drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Nie
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianai Zhang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Chengdu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunying Luo
- Chengdu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Wang
- Chengdu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zou
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Science, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Ding Cheng Forensic Service, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Li Y, Lian R, Sheng Z, Mao J, Mao C, Liang C, Zhang P, Ni C, Wang R, Zhang Y. Automatic MDSPE Combined with DART-HRMS for the Rapid Quantitation of 21 Synthetic Cathinones in Urine. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:40-49. [PMID: 38109269 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
A new, rapid, and automated method for the quantitation of 21 synthetic cathinones in urine was established using magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction (MDSPE) in combination with direct analysis in real time-high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS). Sample preparation and quantitation were verified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Methcathinone-D3, α-PVP-D8, and proadifen (SKF525A) were used as internal standards. Magnetic HLB extractant and NaH2PO4/NaOH buffer (0.2 M, pH 7) were used in automatic MDSPE. All 21 synthetic cathinones could be detected and analyzed by DART-HRMS in under 1 min. It was proven that the linearities of 21 synthetic cathinones were suitable (R2 > 0.99) in the concentration ranges of 0.5-100 ng/mL or 1-100 ng/mL. The precision and accuracy values were all within ±15%, and the samples were stable under various conditions. The average time of each sample from preprocessing to completion of detection was approximately 2 min, allowing for rapid sample analysis. The relative error (RE) of the concentrations obtained by DART-HRMS and LC-MS/MS were within ±13.61%, and the linear coefficient (R) was 0.9964. The results of DART-HRMS and LC-MS/MS provided equivalent values at the 95% confidence level. In summary, a simple, fast, and convenient quantitation method via DART-HRMS was established. This application can be utilized to reduce backlogs and promote rapid case processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Li
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Ru Lian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Zhenhai Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Jinting Mao
- Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200010, China
| | - Chen Mao
- Huangpu Branch of Shanghai Public Security Bureau, Shanghai 200010, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Shaanxi Coal Hi-tech Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201613, China
| | - Chunfang Ni
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
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Nahar L, Gavril GL, Sarker SD. Application of gas chromatography in the analysis of phytocannabinoids: An update (2020-2023). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2023; 34:903-924. [PMID: 37963411 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabinoids are a group of compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors. They possess pharmacological properties like that of the plant Cannabis sativa. Gas chromatography (GC) is one of the popular chromatographic techniques that has been routinely used in the analysis of cannabinoids in different matrices. OBJECTIVE The article aims to review the literature on the application of GC-based analytical methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published during the period from January 2020 to August 2023. METHODOLOGY A thorough literature search was conducted using different databases, like Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials including published books. The keywords used, in various combinations, with cannabinoids being present in all combinations, in the search were cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, analysis, GC, quantitative, qualitative, and quality control. From the search results, only the publications that incorporate the GC analysis of phytocannabinoids were reviewed, and papers on synthetic cannabinoids were excluded. RESULTS Since the publication of the review article on GC analysis of phytocannabinoids in early 2020, several GC-based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids have appeared in the literature. While simple 1D GC-mass spectrometry (MS) and GC-flame ionisation detector (FID) methods are still quite common in phytocannabinoids analysis, 2D GC-MS and GC-MS/MS are increasingly becoming popular, as these techniques offer more useful data for identification and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. The use of automation in sample preparation and the utilisation of mathematical and computational models for optimisation of different protocols have become a norm in phytocannabinoids analysis. Pre-analyses have been found to incorporate different derivatisation techniques and environmentally friendly extraction protocols. CONCLUSIONS GC-based analysis of phytocannabinoids, especially using GC-MS, remains one of the most preferred methods for the analysis of these compounds. New derivatisation methods, ionisation techniques, mathematical models, and computational approaches for method optimisation have been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfun Nahar
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Georgiana-Luminita Gavril
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Manetti F, David MC, Gariglio S, Consalvo F, Padovano M, Scopetti M, Grande A, Santurro A. Atypical Fentanyl Transdermal Patch Consumption and Fatalities: Case Report and Literature Review. TOXICS 2022; 11:toxics11010046. [PMID: 36668772 PMCID: PMC9863810 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl is a synthetic L-opioid receptor agonist, approximately 100 times more potent than morphine, that is experiencing an upward trend in the field of abuse. Fentanyl patches' abusive consumption can occur either by transdermal absorption or through other atypical and ingenious routes. In the present case, a 29-year-old man with a history of illicit drug use was found dead in a suburban neighborhood of an Italian city. At autopsy, lungs appeared increased in weight and showed minute subpleural hemorrhages. Airways contained abundant reddish foamy material; in addition, a fentanyl patch protective film was found inside the left main bronchus. Toxicological analysis revealed the presence of morphine, fentanyl, BEG and ethyl alcohol in peripheric blood; 6-MAM was also revealed in urine. Findings collected during post-mortem investigations allowed us to identify fentanyl consumption as the cause of death. Fentanyl consumption presumably took place by chewing of a transdermal patch, with subsequent aspiration of the protective film. The pathophysiology of death can be identified as combined respiratory failure-both central suppression and a fentanyl-induced increase in muscular stiffness; a further minor contribution may be identified in the mechanical airflow obstruction caused by the presence of the protective film at the bronchial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Manetti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara David
- Ministry of the Interior, Department of Public Security, Health Central Directorate, State Police, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Gariglio
- DIFAR—Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Consalvo
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Padovano
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Scopetti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Grande
- Department of Public Security, Anti-Crime Central Directorate, Scientific Police Service, 00174 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Santurro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
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Musiał J, Czarny J, Gadzała-Kopciuch R. Overview of analytical methods for determining novel psychoactive substances, drugs and their metabolites in biological samples. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:239-258. [PMID: 36040410 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing in interest in psychoactive substances, particularly those available in e-commerce. These have led to an increase in the number of drug-related poisonings, deaths, and road accidents. Illegal drugs are available on an unprecedented scale and cause previously unknown adverse effects, which creates a challenge for analysts to find rapid methods for identifying these substances and taking appropriate action in the shortest possible time. New psychoactive substances (NPSs) can be lethal at very low concentrations, which give particularly serious cause for concern. These drugs are easily accessible and often regarded (or claimed) to be safe, which encourages many people, in particular young people, to try them. The widespread use of these substances is compounded by the awareness that they are difficult to detect with the existing rapid screening tests. Simple, fast, sensitive, and specific methods for determining the largest possible number of black-market psychoactive substances and their metabolites are therefore essential. Such methods will facilitate treatment and increase the effectiveness of measures aiming to reduce drug addiction. The objective of this review article was to critically compare the most commonly used analytical methods for determining NPS and their metabolites in biological material, with special emphasis on the sample preparation process, and to highlight the possibilities offered by the existing analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Musiał
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jakub Czarny
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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Li Y, Lian R, Yang F, Xu Z, Cao F, Wang R, Liang C, Zhang Y. Rapid quantitation of three synthetic cathinones in urine by magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with DART-HRMS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5048-5055. [PMID: 34647545 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01280k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For the rapid quantitation of three synthetic cathinones, namely 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)pentan-1-one (4-Cl-α-PVP), 1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(methylamino)pentan-1-one (4-MPD), and 1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)pentan-1-one (β-TH-naphyrone), in urine, a new method was established using magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction (MDSPE) combined with direct analysis in real time and high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS). Methcathinone-D3 and proadifen (SKF525A) were used as the internal standards. Hydrophobic magnetic adsorbents were used and consisted of hydrophobic functional group (divinylbenzene) and hydrophilic functional group (vinylpyrrolidone) at a ratio of 3 : 1, and NaH2PO4//NaOH buffer (0.2 M, pH 7) was used in MDSPE. Detection was conducted by DART-HRMS in less than 1 min. For 4-Cl-α-PVP, 4-MPD and β-TH-Naphyrone, the limits of detection were 0.1 ng mL-1, 0.05 ng mL-1 and 0.1 ng mL-1, and the linear ranges were 0.5-100 ng mL-1, 0.2-100 ng mL-1 and 0.2-100 ng mL-1, respectively. The correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99. The precision and deviation of accuracy were all within ±15%, and the stability of the samples was high under various conditions. The method was successfully applied to detect 4-Cl-α-PVP, 4-MPD and β-TH-naphyrone in rat urine after subcutaneous administration. In summary, a fast and convenient detection method was established, providing new and effective technical support for the rapid quantitation of three synthetic cathinones (4-Cl-α-PVP, 4-MPD and β-TH-Naphyrone) for forensic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Li
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai 200040, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Ru Lian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Feiyu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Zhiru Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Fangqi Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200083, China
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Determination of 19 Psychoactive Substances in Premortem and Postmortem Whole Blood Samples Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8060078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An ever-increasing need exists within the forensic laboratories to develop analytical processes for the qualitative and quantitative determination of a broad spectrum of new psychoactive substances. Phenylethylamine derivatives are among the major classes of psychoactive substances available on the global market and include both amphetamine analogues and synthetic cathinones. In this work, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) has been developed and fully validated for the determination of 19 psychoactive substances, including nine amphetamine-type stimulants and 10 synthetic cathinone derivatives, in premortem and postmortem whole blood. The assay was based on the use of 1 mL premortem or postmortem whole blood, following solid phase extraction prior to the analysis. The separation was achieved on a Poroshell 120 EC-C18 analytical column with a gradient mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water in 9 min. The dynamic multiple reaction monitoring used in this work allowed for limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) values of 0.5 and 2 ng mL−1, respectively, for all analytes both in premortem and postmortem whole blood samples. A quadratic calibration model was used for the 12 quantitative analytes over the concentration range of 20–2000 ng mL−1, and the method was shown to be precise and accurate both in premortem and postmortem whole blood. The method was applied to the analysis of real cases and proved to be a valuable tool in forensic and clinical toxicology.
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Couto RAS, Coelho C, Mounssef B, Morais SFDA, Lima CD, dos Santos WTP, Carvalho F, Rodrigues CMP, Braga AAC, Gonçalves LM, Quinaz MB. 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) Sensing Based on Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polymers on Silver Nanoparticles and Carboxylated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:353. [PMID: 33535439 PMCID: PMC7912732 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a harmful and controlled synthetic cathinone used as a psychostimulant drug and as sport-enhancing substance. A sensor was developed for the direct analysis of MDPV by transducing its oxidation signal by means of an electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer (e-MIP) built in-situ on the screen-printed carbon electrode's (SPCE) surface previously covered with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Benzene-1,2-diamine was used as the functional monomer while the analyte was used as the template monomer. Each step of the sensor's development was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a solution containing ferricyanide, however no redox probe was required for the actual MDPV measurements. The interaction between the poly(o-phenylenediamine) imprinted polymer and MDPV was studied by density-functional theory (DFT) methods. The SPCE-MWCNT-AgNP-MIP sensor responded adequately to the variation of MDPV concentration. It was shown that AgNPs enhanced the electrochemical signal by around a 3-fold factor. Making use of square-wave voltammetry (SWV) the developed sensor provided a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.8 μmol L-1. The analytical performance of the proposed sensor paves the way to the development of a portable device for MDPV on-site sensing to be applied in forensic and doping analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A. S. Couto
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-213 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.S.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Constantino Coelho
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-213 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.S.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Bassim Mounssef
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; (B.M.J.); (S.F.d.A.M.); (A.A.C.B.)
| | - Sara F. de A. Morais
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; (B.M.J.); (S.F.d.A.M.); (A.A.C.B.)
| | - Camila D. Lima
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil;
| | - Wallans T. P. dos Santos
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil;
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE, UCIBIO, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-213 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Cecília M. P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Ataualpa A. C. Braga
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; (B.M.J.); (S.F.d.A.M.); (A.A.C.B.)
| | - Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; (B.M.J.); (S.F.d.A.M.); (A.A.C.B.)
| | - M. Beatriz Quinaz
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-213 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.S.C.); (C.C.)
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