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Pour PH, Suzaei FM, Daryanavard SM. Greenness assessment of microextraction techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring. Bioanalysis 2024. [PMID: 38466891 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study, we evaluated the greenness and whiteness scores for microextraction techniques used in therapeutic drug monitoring. Additionally, the cons and pros of each evaluated method and their impacts on the provided scores are also discussed. Materials & methods: The Analytical Greenness Sample Preparation metric tool and white analytical chemistry principles are used for related published works (2007-2023). Results & conclusion: This study provided valuable insights for developing methods based on microextraction techniques with a balance in greenness and whiteness areas. Some methods based on a specific technique recorded higher scores, making them suitable candidates as green analytical approaches, and some others achieved high scores both in green and white areas with a satisfactory balance between principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Hosseini Pour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, 79177, Iran
| | - Foad Mashayekhi Suzaei
- Toxicology Laboratories, Monitoring the Human Hygiene Condition and Standard of Qeshm (MHCS Company), Qeshm Island, 79511, Iran
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Schneider A, Lima Feltraco Lizot LD, Reginatto GC, Hahn RZ, Bastiani MF, Bondan AP, Perassolo MS, Linden R. Determination of amphetamines, opioids, cocaine metabolites and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in urine using biocompatible solid-phase microextraction and ultra-performance LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:905-914. [PMID: 37354101 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Workplace drug testing primarily relies on urine analysis, targeting multiple compounds with varying physicochemical characteristics. Biocompatible solid-phase microextraction (BioSPME) is a miniaturized solid-phase extraction technique that enables the simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of analytes directly from the biological matrix. Methods: The BioSPME procedure consisted of the sequential extraction of 50-μl urine samples using LC Tips C18 in basic and acidic pH, followed by desorption with methanol and n-hexane, respectively. The extracts were analyzed by ultra-performance LC-MS/MS. Results: Intra-day precision was 1.2-8.6% and inter-day precision was 1.8-14.2%. Accuracy was 96.8-107.4%. The extraction yields were 62.8-109.4%. The matrix effects were -3.98% to 1%. Conclusion: BioSPME shows promise as an alternative method for preparing urine samples prior to drug measurement by ultra-performance LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Schneider
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberta Zilles Hahn
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Marcos F Bastiani
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
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Soares S, Rosado T, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Solid Phase-Based Microextraction Techniques in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041055. [PMID: 37111541 PMCID: PMC10142207 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring is an established practice for a small group of drugs, particularly those presenting narrow therapeutic windows, for which there is a direct relationship between concentration and pharmacological effects at the site of action. Drug concentrations in biological fluids are used, in addition to other clinical observation measures, to assess the patient's status, since they are the support for therapy individualization and allow assessing adherence to therapy. Monitoring these drug classes is of great importance, as it minimizes the risk of medical interactions, as well as toxic effects. In addition, the quantification of these drugs through routine toxicological tests and the development of new monitoring methodologies are extremely relevant for public health and for the well-being of the patient, and it has implications in clinical and forensic situations. In this sense, the use of new extraction procedures that employ smaller volumes of sample and organic solvents, therefore considered miniaturized and green techniques, is of great interest in this field. From these, the use of fabric-phase extractions seems appealing. Noteworthy is the fact that SPME, which was the first of these miniaturized approaches to be used in the early '90s, is still the most used solventless procedure, providing solid and sound results. The main goal of this paper is to perform a critical review of sample preparation techniques based on solid-phase microextraction for drug detection in therapeutic monitoring situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Soares
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses-Delegação do Sul, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, Ubimedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
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Yang X, Jiang Z, Jiang Y, Ling J, Dong L, Zou S, Chen R, Hu N. Determination of valproic acid and its six metabolites in human serum using LC-MS/MS and application to interaction with carbapenems in epileptic patients. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5572. [PMID: 36520520 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a classic medication for several types of epilepsy and mood disorders, and some of its effectiveness and toxicity is associated with metabolites. Although many reports have reported the drug-drug interactions of VPA, no study has focused on the influence of carbapenems (CBPMs) on VPA's active metabolites. An LC-MS/MS method for determining VPA and its six metabolites (3-hydroxy valproic acid, 4-hydroxy valproic acid, 2-propyl-2-pentenoic acid, 2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid, 3-keto valproic acid, and 2-propylglutaric acid) in human serum was established and applied to evaluate the drug-drug interaction with CBPMs in epileptic patients. The stable isotope valproic acid-d6 was used as an internal standard. Analytes in serum samples (50 μl) were isolated using a Kinetex C18 column (3 × 100 mm, 2.6 μm) and detected via negative electrospray ionization after protein precipitation. It was linear (r > 0.99) over the calibration range for different analytes. The accuracy was 91.44-110.92%, and the precision was less than 9.98%. The matrix effect, recovery, and stability met the acceptance criteria. According to the data collected from 150 epileptic patients, the concentration-dose ratio for VPA and its metabolites decreased with CBPM polytherapy. This method is simple and rapid with great accuracy and precision. It is suitable for routine clinical analysis of VPA and its metabolites in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jing Ling
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lulu Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Sulan Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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Jin P, You YX, Zhao LL, Zhao YL, Zheng XX, Du Y, Tang DQ. A simple and easy non-derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of valproic acid, gabapentin, pregabalin, and vigabatrin in human plasma. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200622. [PMID: 36446730 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunoassays are currently not available in commercial kits for the quantification of valproic acid, vigabatrin, pregabalin, and gabapentin, which also cannot suffer the limitations of interferences of substances with similar structures. Chromatography is a good alternative to immunoassay. In this study, a simple and robust non-derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of the above four drugs in human plasma was developed and validated for therapeutic drug monitoring purposes. This method employed benzoic acid as the internal standard with hydrochloric acid for plasma acidification and ACN for precipitate protein. The supernatant was directly injected into gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for analysis. Good linearity was obtained with linear correlation coefficients of the four analytes of 0.9988-0.9996. Extraction recoveries of valproic acid, vigabatrin, pregabalin, and gabapentin were respectively in the ranges of 91.3%-94.5%, 90.0%-90.9%, 90.0%-92.1%, and 88.0%-92.2% with the relative standard deviation values less than 12.6%. Intra- and inter-batch precision and accuracy, and stability assays were all acceptable. Taken together, the novel method developed in this study provided easy plasma pretreatment, good extraction yield, and high chromatographic resolution, which has been successfully validated through the quantification of valproic acid in the plasma of 46 patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining Branch of the Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xin You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining Branch of the Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dao-Quan Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining Branch of the Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suining, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, P. R. China
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Pascali JP, Giorgetti A, Barone R, Pelletti G, Fais P. Valproic acid determination by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in whole blood for forensic purposes. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:128-133. [PMID: 36028251 PMCID: PMC10086813 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a well-known drug prescribed as anti-epileptic. It has a narrow therapeutic range and shows great individual differences in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Consequently, the therapeutical drug monitoring (TDM) in patient's plasma is of crucial importance. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has gained importance in TDM applications for its features of sensitivity, selectivity and rapidity. However, in case of VPA, the LC-MS/MS selectivity could be hampered by the lack of a sufficient number of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions describing the molecule. In fact, the product ion scan of deprotonated molecules of VPA does not produce any ion and thus most LC-MS/MS methods are based on the detection of the unique MRM transition m/z 143➔143. In this way, the advantages of selectivity in LC-MS cannot be effectively exploited. In the present method, stable analyte adducts were exploited for the determination of VPA in blood. An Acquity HSS C18 column and mobile phases consisting of 5-mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile both added 0.1% formic acid were used. Source worked in negative acquisition mode and parameters were optimized to increase the adduct (m/z 189) and dimer (m/z 287) stability, and their fragmentation were used to increase the selectivity of MRM detection. The method has been validated according to the toxicological forensic guidelines and successfully applied to 10 real blood samples. Finally, the present method showed suitable for the rapid LC-MS/MS detection of VPA in whole blood, demonstrating the possibility to increase specificity by exploiting stable in-source adducts. This should be considered of utmost importance in the case of forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Pascali
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Arianna Giorgetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossella Barone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Pelletti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Fais
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Soliman SS, Sedik GA, Elghobashy MR, Zaazaa HE, Saad AS. Greenness Assessment Profile of a QbD Screen-Printed Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring of Sodium Valproate. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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