Deep eutectic solvent extraction of cortisol and cortisone from human saliva followed by LC-UV analysis

Dispersive microextraction techniques as efficient strategies for the analysis of saliva: A comprehensive review

This review article brings together two of the current hot-spots in the field of analytical chemistry, and more specifically in the sample preparation stage: the use of dispersive microextraction techniques, and the analysis of saliva. Due to saliva collection is minimally invasive, it is increasingly being considered in bioanalysis. Moreover, bioanalysis is routine and agglutinates a high number of samples demanding for fast results, thus high-throughput assays are highly required. On the other hand, if something characterizes biological matrices, including saliva, is their complex composition. To adapt the matrix to the analytical method to be applied and to avoid as far as possible the matrix effect, an efficient sample preparation stage is required. To this regard dispersive microextraction techniques, as rapid, efficient and sustainable sample preparation approaches, play a crucial role. In the first part of the review, different workflows for the collection and pretreatment will be briefly described, placing special emphasis on advice to follow. Then, a compilation of the different applications of dispersive techniques for the analysis of saliva is presented, in which the trends observed in both specific analytes and microextraction approaches used are discussed.

Optimization of extraction and enrichment process of cannabidiol from industrial hemp and evaluation of its bioactivity

Introduction

The Cannabis Sativa L., a perennial dioecious herb renowned for its industrial applications, serves as the source of hemp. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotropic compound derived from industrial hemp, has garnered considerable interest due to its promising therapeutic potential.

Methods

The extraction parameters for CBD from industrial hemp were optimized using the Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology (RSM). The purification process involved characterizing the penetration and desorption profiles of CBD on HPD-100 resin. The in vitro antibacterial activity was assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Antioxidant properties were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assays, as well as an iron-reducing ability test.

Results

After optimization, the extraction rate of CBD reached 0.26 ± 0.02%. The use of HP-100 resin in the purification process resulted in a significant enrichment of CBD content, which was 4.2 times higher than that of the crude extract, with a recovery rate of 83.13%. The MIC against S. aureus was found to be 5 mg/mL, while no inhibitory effect was observed against E. coli. The IC50 values for the DPPH and ABTS assays were 0.1875 mg/mL and 2.988 mg/mL, respectively, indicating the potent antioxidant capacity of CBD. Additionally, CBD demonstrated a strong iron-reducing ability.

Conclusion

These findings contribute to the development of CBD for broader applications in various industries, highlighting its potential as a valuable compound in health and wellness sectors.

Effervescent-assisted Liquid-phase Microextraction Employing Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvent for the Determination of Cortisol and Testosterone in Oral Fluid by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection

Cortisol and testosterone are important biomarkers for diagnosing complex disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome and Cushing's syndrome, where symptomatology usually overlaps with other prevalent disorders. This work proposes, for the first time, an analytical method based on a switchable hydrophilicity solvent as an extraction phase for the determination of cortisol and testosterone in oral fluid (OF) by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. The optimized extraction conditions consisted of 1000 µL of OF, 100 µL of decanoic acid solution (65 mg/mL), 170 µL of Na2CO3, 900 µL of H2SO4 and 150 µL of acetonitrile for dilution. The method was validated, and coefficients of determination higher than 0.9926, the limit of detection of 4.55 ng/mL and the limit of quantification of 15.00 ng/mL were obtained. Intra-day precision varied from 5.6% to 11.9%, inter-day precision ranged from 6.1% to 13.5%, and relative recoveries ranged from 98.9% to 104.6% for cortisol, and 89.1% to 103.9% for testosterone. This methodology was successfully applied to five OF samples from volunteers. Moreover, the greenness of this methodology was evaluated based on the sample preparation metric of sustainability achieving a global score of 7.37 which can be considered sustainable.