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Yaacob SFFS, Jamil RZR, Suah FBM. Sporopollenin based materials as a versatile choice for the detoxification of environmental pollutants - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:990-1004. [PMID: 35381287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Before making the transfer to land, plants survive in water for millions of years to avoid the severe circumstances that prevail on lands, such as drought and UV radiation. All land plant spores are coated in sporopollenin, a substance that has developed to endow pollen and spore shells with exceptional, one-of-a-kind qualities. In a nutshell, sporopollenin-coated spores are a unique invention only seen in land plants. Sporopollenin, discovered in the outer exine layer of pollen walls, is a lipid and phenolic-based polymer with high carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen cross-linking. Products based on sporopollenin can remediate toxic pollutant contamination in the aquatic environment. This research and development are now underway. In this review, we show how sporopollenin-based adsorbents act in environmental challenges and their immense promise for this application via remarkable physical and chemical characteristics. A comparison is made of the benefits of various sporopollenin-modified structures. This strategy will further our understanding of how a biopolymer's structure can be accommodated to address emerging environmental challenges, revealing more about sporopollenin's dynamical nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Fariq Fathullah Syed Yaacob
- Green Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Raja Zalinda Raja Jamil
- Green Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Faiz Bukhari Mohd Suah
- Green Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Modelling the kinetics of direct Cu(II) adsorption on two porous resins modified with mussel-inspired chemistry. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Torezan L, Bortoluz J, Guerra NB, Ferrarini F, Bonetto LR, da Silva Teixeira C, da Silva Crespo J, Giovanela M, Carli LN. Magnetic chitosan microspheres for the removal of methyl violet 2B from aqueous solutions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2021.2008420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Torezan
- Área do Conhecimento de Ciências Exatas e Engenharias, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jordana Bortoluz
- Área do Conhecimento de Ciências Exatas e Engenharias, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nayrim Brizuela Guerra
- Área do Conhecimento de Ciências Exatas e Engenharias, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Ferrarini
- Laboratório Virtual de Predição de Propriedades – LVPP, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luis Rafael Bonetto
- Área do Conhecimento de Ciências Exatas e Engenharias, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiano da Silva Teixeira
- Centro Tecnológico, de Ciências Exatas e Educação, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Janaina da Silva Crespo
- Área do Conhecimento de Ciências Exatas e Engenharias, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Giovanela
- Área do Conhecimento de Ciências Exatas e Engenharias, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa Nardini Carli
- Centro Tecnológico, de Ciências Exatas e Educação, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Bişgin AT, Nalvuran Z, Gezici O. Simultaneous Preconcentration and Spectrophotometric Determination of Two Colorants (E110 and E133) in Some Foodstuffs Using a New Mussel-Inspired Adsorbent. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:137-147. [PMID: 33331941 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A naturally occurring material, namely sporopollenin (SP), was subjected to an easy physical surface modification process called a polydopamine coating. The treatment changed the acid-base properties of the surface, so that in the new form the SP surface gained a very attractive character for anionic dyes. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to develop preconcentration and subsequent spectrophotometric determination methods for two anionic colorants, brilliant blue (BB) and sunset yellow (SY), using polydopamine-coated (PDC) SP. METHOD The experiments were carried out in a column system, and the effects of experimental parameters were studied to determine optimal conditions for the quantitative, simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of the dyes. RESULTS The dyes could be detected at µg/L levels in their binary mixtures, so the detection limits were found to be 1.5 and 4.3 µg/L in the linear dynamic ranges of 0.0-3.5 and 0-8 µg/mL for BB and SY, respectively. The proposed material and procedure led to quantitative recoveries of between 95 and 100% for the dyes. CONCLUSIONS The procedure was applied to real food samples containing BB and SY and both dyes were successfully determined in liquid and solid foodstuffs. The mussel-inspired surface modification is proposed as a useful process to modify the surface of SP. HIGHLIGHTS The mussel-inspired polydopamine dip-coating method was adopted to modify the surface of SP for the first time. The PDCSP was successfully used to create a new adsorptive preconcentration method for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of BB and SY in foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynep Nalvuran
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Central Research Laboratory, Niğde 51240, Turkey
| | - Orhan Gezici
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Niğde 51240, Turkey
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Hassan AM, Wan Ibrahim WA, Bakar MB, Sanagi MM, Sutirman ZA, Nodeh HR, Mokhter MA. New effective 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane functionalized magnetic sporopollenin-based silica coated graphene oxide adsorbent for removal of Pb(II) from aqueous environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 253:109658. [PMID: 31666209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A new effective adsorbent, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane functionalized magnetic sporopollenin (MSp@SiO2NH2) based silica-coated graphene oxide (GO), (GO@SiO2-MSp@SiO2NH2) was successfully synthesized and applied for the first time in the removal of hazardous Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution. The properties of the composite were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and vibrating-sample magnetometery (VSM). Evaluation of GO@SiO2-MSp@SiO2NH2 adsorption performance at optimum conditions revealed that the adsorbent has a maximum adsorption capacity of 323.5 mg/g for Pb(II) using 50-200 mg/L initial Pb(II) ions concentrations. Initial and final concentrations of Pb(II) ions in aqueous solution were analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-ASS). The adsorption behavior of Pb(II) ions onto GO@SiO2-MSp@SiO2NH2 was studied using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms models. The values of coefficient of determination showed that the adsorption best fitted the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9994). Kinetic studies suggested that the adsorption of Pb(II) ion followed a pseudo-second-order rate model (R2 = 1.00) and thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous. The effect of co-existing ions on Pb(II) ion adsorption were also studied and found to have considerable effects only at higher matrix concentration. The adsorbent can be reused up to ten times and retain its good adsorption capacity. In addition, GO@SiO2-MSp@SiO2NH2 showed great potential for Pb(II)removal from industrial wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Mohd Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero, Nigeria
| | - Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Bakri Bakar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Zetty Azalea Sutirman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hamid Rashidi Nodeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Industry and Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohd Akmali Mokhter
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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Khayatian SA, Kompany A, Shahtahmassebi N, Khorsand Zak A. Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of Al-Doped ZnO NPs-Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Removing of Methyl Orange Dye from Water Under Visible-Light Irradiation. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-018-0940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhong L, Zhang L, Shi H. Adsorption of Crystal Violet oNto Nitrogen-Doped Mesoporous Carbon. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/146867817x14821527549211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbons (NDMCs) was prepared using p-phenylenediamine and glyoxal as a carbon source and mesoporous silica as a hard template. N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms indicated that mesopores with a wider distribution exist in NDMCs. Elemental analysis showed that the N content on the surface of NDMC-800 was 9.9at.%, with a result close to 8.4at.% from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adsorption capacity of NDMCs for crystal violet (CV) in aqueous solution was investigated. Static equilibrium data were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 243.9 mg g−1. Adsorption kinetics data suggested that the adsorption control process follows the pseudo first-order kinetics model. The results showed that this carbon material has the potential for application in adsorption of CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvling Zhong
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Shi
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, P.R. China
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A Novel Nanohybrid Nanofibrous Adsorbent for Water Purification from Dye Pollutants. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9100848. [PMID: 28773968 PMCID: PMC5456603 DOI: 10.3390/ma9100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we devised a novel nanofibrous adsorbent made of polyethersulfone (PES) for removal of methylene blue (MB) dye pollutant from water. The polymer shows a low isoelectric point thus at elevated pHs and, being nanofibrous, can offer a huge highly hydroxylated surface area for adsorption of cationic MB molecules. As an extra challenge, to augment the adsorbent’s properties in terms of adsorption capacity in neutral and acidic conditions and thermal stability, vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles were added to the nanofibers. Adsorption data were analyzed according to the Freundlich adsorption model. The thermodynamic parameters verified that only at basic pH is the adsorption spontaneous and in general the process is entropy-driven and endothermic. The kinetics of the adsorption process was evaluated by the pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order models. The latter model exhibited the highest correlation with data. In sum, the adsorbent showed a promising potential for dye removal from industrial dyeing wastewater systems, especially when envisaging their alkaline and hot conditions.
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Perçin I, Khalaf R, Brand B, Morbidelli M, Gezici O. Strong cation-exchange chromatography of proteins on a sulfoalkylated monolithic cryogel. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1386:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ding L, Zou B, Gao W, Liu Q, Wang Z, Guo Y, Wang X, Liu Y. Adsorption of Rhodamine-B from aqueous solution using treated rice husk-based activated carbon. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Efficient Nickel Nanocatalysts and Their Use in Degradation of Organic Dyes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/126103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the synthesis of highly active and ordered structures of nickel nanocatalysts by a facile, green, and economically viable approach. The study reveals efficient catalytic activity for the degradation of a number of toxic organic dyes, such as eosin-B (EB), rose bengal (RB), eriochrome black-T (ECBT), and methylene blue (MB). The stable ordered nickel nanostructure (Ni NSs) arrays were prepared via a modified hydrazine reduction route with unique and controlled morphologies in a lyotropic liquid crystalline medium using a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100). Characterization and optimization studies for the fabricated Ni NSs involving their surface binding interactions, size, and morphologies were carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Zhang L, Zhou X, Guo X, Song X, Liu X. Investigation on the degradation of acid fuchsin induced oxidation by MgFe2O4 under microwave irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Saeed A, Sharif M, Iqbal M. Application potential of grapefruit peel as dye sorbent: kinetics, equilibrium and mechanism of crystal violet adsorption. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 179:564-72. [PMID: 20381962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the sorption of crystal violet (CV) dye by grapefruit peel (GFP), which has application potential in the remediation of dye-contaminated wastewaters using a solid waste generated by the citrus fruit juice industry. Batch adsorption of CV was conducted to evaluate the effect of initial pH, contact time, temperature, initial dye concentration, GFP adsorbent dose, and removal of the adsorbate CV dye from aqueous solution to understand the mechanism of sorption involved. Sorption equilibrium reached rapidly with 96% CV removal in 60 min. Fit of the sorption experimental data was tested on the pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetics mathematical equations, which was noted to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetics better, with coefficient of correlation > or = 0.992. The equilibrium process was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, with maximum sorption capacity of 254.16 mg g(-1). The GFP was regenerated using 1 M NaOH, with up to 98.25% recovery of CV and could be reused as a dye sorbent in repeated cycles. GFP was also shown to be highly effective in removing CV from aqueous solution in continuous-flow fixed-bed column reactors. The study shows that GFP has the potential of application as an efficient sorbent for the removal of CV from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Saeed
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Biotechnology and Food Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
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Huang J. Adsorption Thermodynamics of Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solution onto a Hyper-Cross-Linked Polystyrene Resin Modified with Phenolic Hydroxy Groups. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1260/0263-6174.28.5.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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Huang JH, Huang KL, Liu SQ, Wang AT, Yan C. Adsorption of Rhodamine B and methyl orange on a hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent in aqueous solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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De Lisi R, Lazzara G, Milioto S, Muratore N. Adsorption of a dye on clay and sand. Use of cyclodextrins as solubility-enhancement agents. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 69:1703-12. [PMID: 17644152 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory-scale studies were aimed at elucidating the physico-chemical aspects on the removal process of crystal violet (CV) from waters and solid substrates. The laponite clay (RD) and sand were chosen for the double aim at investigating them as CV adsorbents for water treatment and as substrates which mime the soil components. Sand is very effective in removing CV from waters. The cyclodextrins (CDs) were exploited as solubility-enhancement agents to remove CV from the solid substrates. They are powerful solvent media because they extract the CV from sand forming water-soluble CV/CD inclusion complexes and do not show affinity for sand. Optimum performance was shown by the modified CDs (i.e. hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin). A linear correlation between the logarithm of the equilibrium constant for the CV/CD inclusion complexes formation (K(cpx)) and the maximum amount of CV extracted from sand in the columns experiments at a flow rate of 1.5 ml min(-1) was drawn. This relationship predicts that CDs with K(cpx)<180 M(-1) are not suitable for CV removal from sand. CDs failed to displace CV from RD because they generate the formation of RD clusters where CV remains entrapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario De Lisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica F. Accascina, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco D'Orleans II, Palermo, Italy.
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Ayar A, Gezici O, Küçükosmanoğlu M. Adsorptive removal of Methylene blue and Methyl orange from aqueous media by carboxylated diaminoethane sporopollenin: on the usability of an aminocarboxilic acid functionality-bearing solid-stationary phase in column techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2007; 146:186-93. [PMID: 17208364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption phenomena of Methylene blue (MB) and Methyl orange (MO) on a carboxylated diaminoethane sporopollenin (CDAE-S) solid phase were investigated in a column arrangement by using breakthrough technique. The adsorption phenomena were evaluated using some common adsorption isotherm models and Scatchard plot analysis, and obtained results were interpreted for evaluating the usability of CDAE-S for removal, recovery and preconcentration of the studied dyes both at the laboratory and industrial scales. On the basis of Scatchard plot analysis, the interaction types between the CDAE-S and the studied dyes were criticized in terms of affinity phenomena. Thus, the usability of a biomacromolecule-derived material, CDAE-S, as a cheap, environmentally-friendly and effective solid-stationary phase exhibiting both cation-exchange and anion-exchange characteristics at the same time, is discussed through the present study. Besides, from the obtained results, the protonated CDAE-S, which functionally resembles an amino acid structure, are presented as a two-in-one solid-stationary phase, and its adaptability to common processes performed under column conditions is also drawn in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Ayar
- Niğde University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry, 51100 Niğde, Turkey
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