Isolation and partial characterization of a biosurfactant mixture produced by Sphingobacterium sp. isolated from soil

Freshwater and Marine Environments in California Are a Reservoir of Carbapenem-Resistant Bacteria

Carbapenems are last-resort antibiotics used to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Resistance to carbapenems has been designated as an urgent threat and is increasing in healthcare settings. However, little is still known about the distribution and characteristics of carbapenem-resistant bacteria (CRB) outside of healthcare settings. Here, we surveyed the distribution of CRB in ten diverse freshwater and seawater environments in California, U.S., ranging from San Luis Obispo County to San Bernardino County, combining both direct isolation and enrichment approaches to increase the diversity of isolated CRB. From the locations surveyed, we selected 30 CRB for further characterization. These isolates were identified as members of the genera Aeromonas, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, Sphingobacterium, and Stenotrophomonas. These isolates were resistant to carbapenems, other β-lactams, and often to other antibiotics (tetracycline, gentamicin, or ciprofloxacin). We also found that nine isolates belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Enterobacter (blaIMI-2), and Stenotrophomonas (blaL1) produced carbapenemases. Overall, our findings indicate that sampling different types of aquatic environments and combining different isolation approaches increase the diversity of the environmental CRB obtained. Moreover, our study supports the increasingly recognized role of natural water systems as an underappreciated reservoir of bacteria resistant to carbapenems and other antibiotics, including bacteria carrying carbapenemase genes.

Assessing the inhibitory activity of culture supernatants against foodborne pathogens of two psychrotrophic bacteria isolated from river trout

There is a need for new natural products with antimicrobial activity to treat multidrug resistant bacteria that can cause human illness. Some of them are foodborne pathogens. Two different Gram-negative psychrotrophic strains were isolated from healthy trout river samples (Salmotrutta). Based on phenotypic characterization, proteomics, genotyping and phylogenetic analyses of 16 rRNA gene, strains TCPS12 and TCPS13 were identified as Shewanellabaltica and Pseudomonasfragi, respectively. Both of them produced an exopolysaccharide that showed antimicrobial activity against four foodborne pathogens. P. fragi supernatant (AS13) showed higher antimicrobial activity than S. baltica supernatant (AS12) against all tested pathogens. The stability of the antimicrobial activity of AS13 was assessed against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 under different conditions. This solution was stable when exposed for 30 min to temperatures ranging from 40 to 100 °C. In addition, it retained its activity within a pH range of 2–8 during 2 h of incubation, showing higher activity at pH 6. Serine proteases and α-amylase inactivated significantly the antimicrobial activity of AS13, suggesting that the active molecule could most likely be a glycoprotein. These products are interesting for their possible application as biopreservatives in the food industry.

A biosurfactant-producing yeast Rhodotorula sp.CC01 utilizing landfill leachate as nitrogen source and its broad degradation spectra of petroleum hydrocarbons

Biosurfactants (BSs) are known for their remarkable properties, however, their commercial applications are hampered partly by the high production cost. To overcome this issue, a biosurfactant producing strain, Rhodotorula sp.CC01 was isolated using landfill leachate as nitrogen source, while olive oil was determined as the best sole carbon source. The BS produced by Rhodotorula sp.CC01 had oil displacement diameter of 19.90 ± 0.10 cm and could reduce the surface tension of water to 34.77 ± 0.63 mN/m. It was characterized as glycolipids by thin layer chromatography, FTIR spectra, and GC-MS analysis, with the critical micelle concentration of 70 mg/L. Meanwhile, the BS showed stability over a wide range of pH (2-12), salinity (0-100 g/L), and temperature (20-100 °C). During the cultivation process, BS was produced with a maximum rate of 163.33 mg L^-1 h^-1 and a maximum yield of 1360 mg/L at 50 h. In addition, the removal efficiency of NH₄⁺-N reached 84.2% after 75 h cultivation with a maximum NH₄⁺-N removal rate of 3.92 mg L^-1 h^-1. Moreover, Rhodotorula sp.CC01 has proven to be of great potential in remediating petroleum hydrocarbons, as revealed by chromogenic assays. Furthermore, genes related to nitrogen metabolism and glycolipid metabolism were found in this strain CC01 after annotating the genome data with KEGG database, such as narB, glycoprotein glucosyltransferase, acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, LRA1, LRA3, and LRA4. The findings of this study prove a cost-effective strategy for the production of BS by yeast through the utilization of landfill leachate.

Partial characterization of a biosurfactant extracted from Pseudomonas sp. B0406 that enhances the solubility of pesticides

Biodegradation of some organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides is difficult because of their low solubility in water and, therefore, their low bioavailability. To overcome the hydrophobicity problem and the limited pesticide availability, biosurfactants play a major role. In this study, we evaluated the effect of an extract from Pseudomonas sp. B0406 strain with surfactant properties, on the solubility of two pesticides: endosulfan (ED) and methyl parathion (MP). Such a process was performed in order to increase the aqueous solubility of both pesticides, to increase its availability to microorganisms and to promote their biodegradation. The extract from Pseudomonas sp. B0406 showed a critical micellar concentration of 1.4 g/L and the surface tension at that point was 40.4 mN/m. The preliminary chemical and physical partial characterization of the extract with surfactant properties indicated that it is an anionic glycolipid, which increases the solubility of both pesticides of 0.41 at 0.92 mg/L for ED and of 34.58 at 48.10 mg/L for MP. The results of this study suggest the effectiveness of this extract in improving the solubility of both pesticides ED and MP in water and, therefore, of its potential use to enhance the degradation of these pesticides.

Enhancement of Paenibacillus sp. D9 Lipopeptide Biosurfactant Production Through the Optimization of Medium Composition and Its Application for Biodegradation of Hydrophobic Pollutants

Interests in biosurfactant in industrial and environmental applications have increased considerably in recent years, owing to their potential benefits over synthetic counterparts. The present study aimed at analyzing the stability and oil removal efficiency of a new lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by Paenibacillus sp. D9 and its feasibility of its use in biotechnological applications. Paenibacillus sp. D9 was evaluated for optimal growth conditions and improved production yield of lipopeptide biosurfactant with variations in different substrate parameters such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), C:N: ratio, metal supplements, pH, and temperature. Enhanced biosurfactant production was observed when using diesel fuel and ammonium sulfate as carbon and nitrogen source respectively. The maximum biosurfactant yield of 4.11 g/L by Paenibacillus sp. D9 occurred at a C/N ratio of 3:1, at pH 7.0, 30 °C, 4.0 mM MgSO₄, and 1.5% inoculum size. The D9 biosurfactant was found to retain surface-active properties under the extreme conditions such as high thermal, acidic, alkaline, and salt concentration. The ability to emulsify further emphasizes its potential usage in biotechnological application. Additionally, the lipopeptide biosurfactant exhibited good performance in the degradation of highly toxic substances when compared with chemical surfactant, which proposes its probable application in biodegradation, microbial-enhanced oil recovery or bioremediation. Furthermore, the biosurfactants were effective in a test to stimulate the solubilization of hydrophobic pollutants in both liquid environments removing 49.1 to 65.1% diesel fuel including hydrophobic pollutants. The study highlights the usefulness of optimization of culture parameters and their effects on biosurfactant production, high stability, improved desorption, and solubilization of hydrophobic pollutants.

Biosurfactant-induced remediation of contaminated marine sediments: Current knowledge and future perspectives

The contamination of marine sediments is widespread in coastal regions of the world and represents a major concern for the potential detrimental consequences on ecosystems' health and provision of goods and services for human wellbeing. Thus, there is an urgent need to find sustainable and eco-compatible solutions for the remediation of contaminated sediments. Bioremediation is a low cost and environmental-friendly strategy with a high potential for the remediation of contaminated marine sediments. Here we review the potential application of biosurfactants produced by microbial taxa for the remediation of contaminated marine sediments and we discuss future research needs to develop efficient and eco-sustainable biosurfactant-based strategies for the recovery of contaminated marine sediments, in view of large-scale applications.

Review lipopeptides biosurfactants: Mean classes and new insights for industrial, biomedical, and environmental applications

Lipopeptides are microbial surface active compounds produced by a wide variety of bacteria, fungi, and yeast. They are characterized by high structural diversity and have the ability to decrease the surface and interfacial tension at the surface and interface, respectively. Surfactin, iturin, and fengycin of Bacillus subtilis are among the most popular lipopeptides. Lipopepetides can be applied in diverse domains as food and cosmetic industries for their emulsification/de-emulsification capacity, dispersing, foaming, moisturizing, and dispersing properties. Also, they are qualified as viscosity reducers, hydrocarbon solubilizing and mobilizing agents, and metal sequestering candidates for application in environment and bioremediation. Moreover, their ability to form pores and destabilize biological membrane permits their use as antimicrobial, hemolytic, antiviral, antitumor, and insecticide agents. Furthermore, lipopeptides can act at the surface and can modulate enzymes activity permitting the enhancement of the activity of certain enzymes ameliorating microbial process or the inhibition of certain other enzymes permitting their use as antifungal agents. This article will present a detailed classification of lipopeptides biosurfactant along with their producing strain and biological activities and will discuss their functional properties and related applications.

High molecular weight bioemulsifiers, main properties and potential environmental and biomedical applications

High molecular weight bioemulsifiers are amphipathic polysaccharides, proteins, lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, or complex mixtures of these biopolymers, produced by a wide variety of microorganisms. They are characterized by highly structural diversity and have the ability to decrease the surface and interfacial tension at the surface and interface respectively and/or emulsify hydrophobic compounds. Emulsan, fatty acids, phospholipids, neutral lipids, exopolysaccharides, vesicles and fimbriae are among the most popular high molecular weight bioemulsifiers. They have great physic-chemical properties like tolerance to extreme conditions of pH, temperature and salinity, low toxicity and biodegradability. Owing their emulsion forming and breaking capacities, solubilization, mobilization and dispersion activities and their viscosity reduction activity; they possess great environmental application as enhancer of hydrocarbon biodegradation and for microbial enhanced oil recovery. Besides, they are applied in biomedical fields for their antimicrobial and anti-adhesive activities and involvement in immune responses.

Oil degradation and biosurfactant production by the deep sea bacterium Dietzia maris As-13-3

Recent investigations of extreme environments have revealed numerous bioactive natural products. However, biosurfactant-producing strains from deep sea extreme environment are largely unknown. Here, we show that Dietzia maris As-13-3 isolated from deep sea hydrothermal field could produce di-rhamnolipid as biosurfactant. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the purified di-rhamnolipid was determined to be 120 mgL⁻¹, and it lowered the surface tension of water from 74 ± 0.2 to 38 ± 0.2 mN m⁻¹. Further, the alkane metabolic pathway-related genes and di-rhamnolipid biosynthesis-related genes were also analyzed by the sequencing genome of D. maris As-13-3 and quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR), respectively. Q-PCR analysis showed that all these genes were induced by n-Tetradecane, n-Hexadecane, and pristane. To the best of our knowledge, this is first report about the complete pathway of the di-rhamnolipid synthesis process in the genus Dietzia. Thus, our study provided the insights into Dietzia in respects of oil degradation and biosurfactant production, and will help to evaluate the potential of Dietzia in marine oil removal.

In vitro study of the cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effects of surfactants produced by Sphingobacterium detergens

The application of biosurfactants in the biomedical field is growing due to their antimicrobial activity, low cytotoxicity and ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. In the light of this therapeutic potential, as well as possible applications in cosmetics or as drug vehicles in pharmaceutical products, a new biosurfactant produced by Sphingobacterium detergens was investigated for its haemolytic activity and cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects in different cell lines. Fraction A showed 100% haemolysis in rabbit erythrocytes, but in Fraction B the rate was only 83%. When comparing cytotoxicity values (IC50) of the two fractions in model fibroblast and keratinocyte cell cultures, Fraction B was less cytotoxic, showing lower values than the reference compound SDS, indicating low skin irritability. Finally, in non-differentiated intestinal Caco-2 cultures, Fractions A and B reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by 44% and 75%, respectively. According to these results, biosurfactants produced by S. detergens have potential application in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.

Comamonas jiangduensis sp. nov., a biosurfactant-producing bacterium isolated from agricultural soil

A novel biosurfactant-producing strain, designated YW1T, was isolated from agricultural soil. Its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. The cells were short rods, Gram-negative, non-sporulating and motile. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain YW1T was a member of the genus Comamonas , and showed highest sequence similarities to Comamonas aquatica LMG 2370T (98.5 %), Comamonas kerstersii LMG 3475T (97.7 %) and Comamonas terrigena LMG 1253T (97.7 %). Furthermore, DNA–DNA hybridization experiments against these three strains gave results that were clearly lower than 70 % DNA–DNA similarity, and consequently confirmed that this new strain does not belong to a previously described species of the genus Comamonas . The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The major fatty acids (>5 %) were C16 : 0 (30.1 %), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c; 25.4 %), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c; 15.3 %), C17 : 0 cyclo (7.4 %) and C14 : 0 (5.8 %). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, unknown phospholipids and unknown lipids. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, DNA–DNA hybridization, whole-cell fatty acid composition as well as biochemical characteristics, strain YW1T was clearly distinguishable from all species of the genus Comamonas with validly published names and should be classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus Comamonas , for which the name Comamonas jiangduensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YW1T ( = CCTCC AB 2012033T = KACC 16697T).

Sphingobacterium detergens sp. nov., a surfactant-producing bacterium isolated from soil

A novel Gram-negative-staining strain, designated 6.2ST, was isolated from a soil sample and identified as a biosurfactant producer. Its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. The cells were non-motile, non-spore-forming rods. The organism grew optimally at 30-37 °C, with 0–3 % (w/v) NaCl, and at pH 7.0. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain 6.2ST was found to be a member of the genus Sphingobacterium and was most closely related to four type species of the genus, showing sequence similarities of 96.8–98.9 %. Partial chaperonin 60 (cpn60) gene sequence analysis was useful in resolving the phylogenetic relationships between strain 6.2ST and closely related taxa, with similarities ranging from 85.5 % (with Sphingobacterium thalpophilum DSM 11723T) to 90.3 % (with Sphingobacterium canadense CR11T and Sphingobacterium multivorum JCM 21156T). The results of DNA–DNA hybridization experiments between the novel strain and its closest relatives gave a DNA–DNA relatedness value of less than 70 %, and consequently confirmed that this new strain did not belong to a previously described species of the genus Sphingobacterium . The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2 OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c); iso-C15 : 0; iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and C16 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 40.0 mol%. According to its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and the phylogenetic data, strain 6.2ST represents a novel species of the genus Sphingobacterium , for which the name Sphingobacterium detergens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 6.2ST ( = CECT 7938T = LMG 26465T).