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Sarangi NK, Prabhakaran A, Roantree M, Keyes TE. Evaluation of the passive permeability of antidepressants through pore-suspended lipid bilayer. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113688. [PMID: 38128360 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The antidepressant drug imipramine, and its metabolite desipramine show different extents of interaction with, and passive permeation through, cellular membrane models, with the effects depending on the membrane composition. Through multimodal interrogation, we can observe that the drugs have a direct impact on the physicochemical properties of the membrane, that may play a role in their pharmacokinetics. EXPERIMENTS Microcavity pore-suspended lipid bilayers (MSLBs) of four different compositions, each with a different headgroup charge namely; zwitterionic dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), mixed DOPC and negatively charged dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) (3:1), mixed DOPC and positively charged dioleoyltrimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP) (3:1), and with increasing complex composition mimicking blood-brain-barrier (BBB) were prepared on gold and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates using a Langmuir-Blodgett-vesicle fusion method. The molecular interaction and permeation of antidepressants, imipramine, and its metabolite desipramine with the lipid bilayers were evaluated using highly sensitive label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Drug-induced membrane packing/fluidity alterations were assessed using fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and fluorescence lifetime correlation spectroscopy (FLCS) of MSLB over microfluidic PDMS array. FINDINGS Using EIS to evaluate in real-time membrane admittance changes, we found that imipramine greatly increases the ion permeability of negatively charged DOPC:DOPG (3:1) membranes. The effect was observed also at neutral (DOPC) and to a lesser extent at positively charged DOPC:DOTAP(3:1) membranes. In contrast, desipramine had a much weaker impact on ion permeability across all bilayer compositions. Temporal capacitance data show that desipramine intercalates at negatively charged membrane thereby increasing the thickness of the membrane. The overall kinetics of the imipramine permeation is higher than that of desipramine. This was confirmed using SERS, which also provides an evaluation of drug passive permeation based on arrival time across the membrane. Using FLCS, we found that imipramine increases the lipid membrane fluidity, whereas desipramine lowers it, with the exception of the negatively charged membrane. A translocation rate pharmacokinetics model was established for the first time at the MSLB platform by real-time monitoring of the variation in membrane resistance of pristine DOPC and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirod Kumar Sarangi
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Amrutha Prabhakaran
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mark Roantree
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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2
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Guo C, Gao X, Wang Q, Song C, Yu H, Wang Q, Dou Y, Lin J. Density Functional Theory and Raman Spectroscopy Studies of Adsorption Sites of Au Nanoparticles with Alectinib. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:19048-19055. [PMID: 38096548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Alectinib is an ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which is mainly used in patients with crizotinib-resistant nonsmall cell lung cancer. Alectinib has attracted much clinical attention for its longest progression-free survival time and the best therapeutic effect. The chemical adsorption of Au nanoclusters (AuNPs) with alectinib molecules is studied by density functional theory (DFT) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS) experiments. DFT/B3LYP-D3/6-311G** was used for optimization and vibration analysis of alectinib-Au6 complexes, as well as molecular electrostatic potential, frontier molecular orbital, and electro-optic-based charge transfer descriptors. Comparing the results of the DFT theory and SERS experiment, alectinib and AuNPs can form Au-N6 bonds primarily through chemical adsorption of N6 atoms, and the experimental results showed that the enhancement factor (EFCHEM) could reach 4.27. The results provide a theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism of chemical enhancement between AuNPs and alectinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xun Gao
- School of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- Zhongshan Institute of Changchun University of Science and Technology, Zhongshan528400,Guangdong ,China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Chao Song
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- School of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Qiuyun Wang
- School of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yinping Dou
- School of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jingquan Lin
- School of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- Zhongshan Institute of Changchun University of Science and Technology, Zhongshan528400,Guangdong ,China
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3
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Boroujerdi R, Paul R, Abdelkader A. Rapid Detection of Amitriptyline in Dried Blood and Dried Saliva Samples with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8257. [PMID: 36365956 PMCID: PMC9657543 DOI: 10.3390/s22218257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is growing demand for rapid, nondestructive detection of trace-level bioactive molecules including medicines, toxins, biomolecules, and single cells, in a variety of disciplines. In recent years, surface-enhanced Raman scattering has been increasingly applied for such purposes, and this area of research is rapidly growing. Of particular interest is the detection of such compounds in dried saliva spots (DSS) and dried blood spots (DBS), often in medical scenarios, such as therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and disease diagnosis. Such samples are usually analyzed using hyphenated chromatography techniques, which are costly and time consuming. Here we present for the first time a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy protocol for the detection of the common antidepressant amitriptyline (AMT) on DBS and DSS using a test substrate modified with silver nanoparticles. The validated protocol is rapid and non-destructive, with a detection limit of 95 ppb, and linear range between 100 ppb and 1.75 ppm on the SERS substrate, which covers the therapeutic window of AMT in biological fluids.
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Spedalieri C, Kneipp J. Surface enhanced Raman scattering for probing cellular biochemistry. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5314-5328. [PMID: 35315478 PMCID: PMC8988265 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00449f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from biomolecules in living cells enables the sensitive, but also very selective, probing of their biochemical composition. This minireview discusses the developments of SERS probing in cells over the past years from the proof-of-principle to observe a biochemical status to the characterization of molecule-nanostructure and molecule-molecule interactions and cellular processes that involve a wide variety of biomolecules and cellular compartments. Progress in applying SERS as a bioanalytical tool in living cells, to gain a better understanding of cellular physiology and to harness the selectivity of SERS, has been achieved by a combination of live cell SERS with several different approaches. They range from organelle targeting, spectroscopy of relevant molecular models, and the optimization of plasmonic nanostructures to the application of machine learning and help us to unify the information from defined biomolecules and from the cell as an extremely complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Spedalieri
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Lian S, Gao X, Song C, Li H, Lin J. Chemical Enhancement Effect of Icotinib-Au Complex Studied by Combined Density Functional Theory and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12907-12918. [PMID: 34705473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Icotinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. The charge transfer effect between gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and icotinib molecules can be used as a model to study the adsorption mechanism between molecules and metal. The adsorption of icotinib on the AuNP surface was confirmed by UV-vis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments. To explain the nature of chemisorption between icotinib and AuNPs from a theoretical perspective, the molecular correlation properties of the complex model of icotinib-Au6 were studied by the density functional theory method. By studying the molecular electrostatic potential of an icotinib molecule, four potential binding sites of the icotinib molecule were predicted. The calculation results of binding energy showed that the complex formed by chemisorption of icotinib through acetylene group and Au6 was the most stable one. The molecular frontier orbitals of icotinib and icotinib-Au6 confirmed that the charge transfer effect occurred on the acetylene group, benzene ring, and quinazoline ring of the icotinib molecule. The Herzberg-Teller surface selection rule was used to explain selective enhancement in the theoretically calculated Raman spectra. By comparing the spectra of theory and experiment, the cause of spectral peak shift and broadening that appeared in the surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectrum compared with the normal Raman spectrum was explained as well. This work would contribute to the development and application of the icotinib-Au drug carrier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Lian
- School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xun Gao
- School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Chao Song
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Jingquan Lin
- School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
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Galúcio JMP, de Souza SGB, Vasconcelos AA, Lima AKO, da Costa KS, de Campos Braga H, Taube PS. Synthesis, Characterization, Applications, and Toxicity of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:420-443. [PMID: 34355680 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210521102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a cutting-edge area with numerous industrial applications. Nanoparticles are structures that have dimensions ranging from 1-100 nm which exhibit significantly different mechanical, optical, electrical, and chemical properties when compared with their larger counterparts. Synthetic routes that use natural sources, such as plant extracts, honey, and microorganisms are environmentally friendly and low-cost methods that can be used to obtain nanoparticles. These methods of synthesis generate products that are more stable and less toxic than those obtained using conventional methods. Nanoparticles formed by titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silver, gold, and copper, as well as cellulose nanocrystals are among the nanostructures obtained by green synthesis that have shown interesting applications in several technological industries. Several analytical techniques have also been used to analyze the size, morphology, hydrodynamics, diameter, and chemical functional groups involved in the stabilization of the nanoparticles as well as to quantify and evaluate their formation. Despite their pharmaceutical, biotechnological, cosmetic, and food applications, studies have detected their harmful effects on human health and the environment; and thus, caution must be taken in uses involving living organisms. The present review aims to present an overview of the applications, the structural properties, and the green synthesis methods that are used to obtain nanoparticles, and special attention is given to those obtained from metal ions. The review also presents the analytical methods used to analyze, quantify, and characterize these nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan Kelbis Oliveira Lima
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Kauê Santana da Costa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Hugo de Campos Braga
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Taube
- Institute of Biodiversity, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
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Molecular machine based on Rotaxane@Tricyclic antidepressant carrier: Theoretical molecular dynamic simulation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.113138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Almeida AACD, Ferreira JRDO, de Carvalho RBF, Rizzo MDS, Lopes LDS, Dittz D, Castro E Souza JMD, Ferreira PMP. Non-clinical toxicity of (+)-limonene epoxide and its physio-pharmacological properties on neurological disorders. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:2301-2314. [PMID: 32653979 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The compound (+)-limonene epoxide has antioxidant, anxiolytic, and antihelminthic properties. However, investigations to determine its long-term exposure were not performed. We investigated the systemic toxicological profile after chronic exposure as well as the antidepressant and antiepileptic potentialities of (+)-limonene epoxide on mice. Initially, we evaluated acute toxicity on Artemia salina nauplii and cytotoxicity on mice erythrocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Aftterwards, mice were chronically treated for 120 days by gavage with (+)-limonene epoxide (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day) and this exposure was assessed by pathophysiological measurements. For antidepressant and anticonvulsivant analysis, we performed the forced swimming and tail suspension protocols and pentylenetetrazol- and picrotoxin-induced seizures, respectively. (+)-Limonene epoxide showed a LC50 value of 318.7 μg/mL on A. salina shrimps, caused lysis of red blood cells at higher concentrations only but did not show cytotoxicity on PMBC, which suggests pharmacological safety if plasma concentrations do not exceed 100 μg/mL. Macroscopic, hematological, clinical chemistry, and nutritional changes were not detected, though focal areas of hepatic necrosis, inflammatory infiltrate, and karyolysis have been detected at 75 mg/kg/day. The compound inhibited the developing of pentylenetetrazol- and picrotoxin-induced seizures, decreased deaths, and reduced immobility times, mainly at 75 mg/kg. So, it reversed reserpine effects, suggesting antidepressant effects should be linked to serotonergic and/or adrenergic transmission. It is feasible that (+)-limonene epoxide plays a benzodiazepine-like anticonvulsive action and may be also recommended as an antidote for poisonings caused by central depressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Amanda Cardoso de Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Federal University of Piauí, Universitária Avenue, Ininga, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luciano da Silva Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Federal University of Piauí, Universitária Avenue, Ininga, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Dalton Dittz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo de Castro E Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil.
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Federal University of Piauí, Universitária Avenue, Ininga, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil.
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Živanović V, Seifert S, Drescher D, Schrade P, Werner S, Guttmann P, Szekeres GP, Bachmann S, Schneider G, Arenz C, Kneipp J. Optical Nanosensing of Lipid Accumulation due to Enzyme Inhibition in Live Cells. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9363-9375. [PMID: 31314989 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that influence enzymes of lipid metabolism can cause pathological accumulation of lipids in animal cells. Here, gold nanoparticles, acting as nanosensors that deliver surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra from living cells provide molecular evidence of lipid accumulation in lysosomes after treatment of cultured cells with the three tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) desipramine, amitryptiline, and imipramine. The vibrational spectra elucidate to great detail and with very high sensitivity the composition of the drug-induced lipid accumulations, also observed in fixed samples by electron microscopy and X-ray nanotomography. The nanoprobes show that mostly sphingomyelin is accumulated in the lysosomes but also other lipids, in particular, cholesterol. The observation of sphingomyelin accumulation supports the impairment of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase. The SERS data were analyzed by random forest based approaches, in particular, by minimal depth variable selection and surrogate minimal depth (SMD), shown here to be particularly useful machine learning tools for the analysis of the lipid signals that contribute only weakly to SERS spectra of cells. SMD is used for the identification of molecular colocalization and interactions of the drug molecules with lipid membranes and for discriminating between the biochemical effects of the three different TCA molecules, in agreement with their different activity. The spectra also indicate that the protein composition is significantly changed in cells treated with the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Živanović
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 5-9 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Stephan Seifert
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics , Kiel University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , 24105 Kiel , Germany
| | - Daniela Drescher
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Petra Schrade
- Department of Anatomy , Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin 10117 , Germany
| | - Stephan Werner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter Guttmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Gergo Peter Szekeres
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 5-9 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sebastian Bachmann
- Department of Anatomy , Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin 10117 , Germany
| | - Gerd Schneider
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Christoph Arenz
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 5-9 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 5-9 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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Jalilian N, Asgharinezhad AA, Ebrahimzadeh H, Molaei K, Karami S. Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction Based on Modified Magnetite Nanoparticles Coupled with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction as an Efficient Method for Simultaneous Extraction of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Drugs. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Sun J, Wu L. Adsorption of protein onto double layer mixed matrix membranes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:33-8. [PMID: 25248164 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work proposed a novel approach for protein purification by using double layer mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). The double layer MMMs consisting of an active support and separating layer were prepared by co-casting two polymer solutions onto a glass plate. The active support layer consisted of nano hydroxyapatite (HAP) particles embedded in macroporous polyether sulfone (PES) and the separating layer was particle free PES membrane. The influence of separating layer with different PES content on membrane morphology was studied. The double layer MMMs were further characterized concerning permeability and adsorption capacity. The double layer MMMs showed purification of protein via diffusion as well as adsorption. The bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a model protein. The properties and structures of double layer MMMs prepared by immersion phase separation process were characterized by pure water flux, BSA adsorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfen Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, North People Road 2999, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Lishun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Daxue Road 2269, Heze, Shandong Province 274015, PR China
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