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Design and construction of a microfluidics workstation for high-throughput multi-wavelength fluorescence and transmittance activated droplet analysis and sorting. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1090-1136. [PMID: 36707723 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics has revolutionized quantitative high-throughput bioassays and screening, especially in the field of single-cell analysis where applications include cell characterization, antibody discovery and directed evolution. However, droplet microfluidic platforms capable of phenotypic, fluorescence-based readouts and sorting are still mostly found in specialized labs, because their setup is complex. Complementary to conventional FACS, microfluidic droplet sorters allow the screening of cell libraries for secreted factors, or even for the effects of secreted or surface-displayed factors on a second cell type. Furthermore, they also enable PCR-activated droplet sorting for the isolation of genetic material harboring specific markers. In this protocol, we provide a detailed step-by-step guide for the construction of a high-throughput droplet analyzer and sorter, which can be accomplished in ~45 working hours by nonspecialists. The resulting instrument is equipped with three lasers to excite the fluorophores in droplets and photosensors that acquire fluorescence signals in the blue (425-465 nm), green (505-545 nm) and red (580-630 nm) spectrum. This instrument also allows transmittance-activated droplet sorting by analyzing the brightfield light intensity transmitting through the droplets. The setup is validated by sorting droplets containing fluorescent beads at 200 Hz with 99.4% accuracy. We show results from an experiment where droplets hosting single cells were sorted on the basis of increased matrix metalloprotease activity as an application of our workstation in single-cell molecular biology, e.g., to analyze molecular determinants of cancer metastasis.
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Li W, Chen Z, Wang W, Lan Y, Huang Q, Cao Y, Xiao J. Modulation of the spatial distribution of crystallizable emulsifiers in Pickering double emulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 619:28-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Designing delivery systems for functional ingredients by protein/polysaccharide interactions. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nelis V, De Neve L, Balcaen M, Dewettinck K, Courtin T, Martins JC, Van der Meeren P. Influence of fat crystallization in W/O emulsions on the water droplet size determination by NMR diffusometry. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 598:314-323. [PMID: 33901855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS It is expected that low resolution (LR) NMR diffusometry enables (more) accurate water droplet size determination for solid-fat based water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions with (sub)-micron size water droplets in comparison to liquid-oil based W/O emulsions due to hindered extra-droplet water diffusion. EXPERIMENTS W/O emulsions with a volume-weighed mean diameter of about 1 µm and a solid fat content (SFC) ranging from 0% to 74% were produced. The aqueous phase contained the ionic marker tetraphenylphosphonium chloride (TPPCl). The water droplet size was estimated using LR and high resolution (HR) NMR diffusometry. FINDINGS HR-NMR diffusometry showed that the diffusion behavior of water and TPPCl was different, indicating water diffusion beyond the droplet's interfacial boundaries. From a certain SFC onwards, a slower echo decay was observed for the water molecules, thus decreasing the overestimation of the water droplet size in (sub)micron W/O emulsions. For those emulsions, the solid fat matrix is believed to hinder extra-droplet water diffusion, which is most likely to be related to the increased tortuosity of the diffusive path in the porous fat crystal network. Using LR-NMR, it can be verified whether the water echo attenuation is mono-exponential or bi-exponential by increasing the gradient pulse duration for the maximum gradient strength, which is more convenient for routine analysis compared to HR-NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Nelis
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; Food Structure & Function Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lorenz De Neve
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Balcaen
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Koen Dewettinck
- Food Structure & Function Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Timothee Courtin
- NMR Structure and Analysis Unit, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Campus Sterre S4, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - José C Martins
- NMR Structure and Analysis Unit, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Campus Sterre S4, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Paul Van der Meeren
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Khadem B, Parrott A, Nordon A, Sheibat‐Othman N. Low‐Field High‐Resolution PFG‐NMR to Predict the Size Distribution of Inner Droplets in Double Emulsions. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Khadem
- Univ Lyon CNRS Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 LAGEPP UMR 5007 Villeurbanne F‐69100 France
| | - Andrew Parrott
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Centre for Process Analytics and Control Technology University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Alison Nordon
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Centre for Process Analytics and Control Technology University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Nida Sheibat‐Othman
- Univ Lyon CNRS Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 LAGEPP UMR 5007 Villeurbanne F‐69100 France
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Khadem B, Khellaf M, Sheibat-Othman N. Investigating swelling-breakdown in double emulsions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nelis V, Declerck A, Vermeir L, Balcaen M, Dewettinck K, Van der Meeren P. Fat crystals: A tool to inhibit molecular transport in W/O/W double emulsions. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:707-718. [PMID: 30671997 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions are a promising technology for encapsulation applications of water soluble compounds with respect to functional food systems. Yet molecular transport through the oil phase is a well-known problem for liquid oil-based double emulsions. The influence of network crystallization in the oil phase of W/O/W globules was evaluated by NMR and laser light scattering experiments on both a liquid oil-based double emulsion and a solid fat-based double emulsion. Water transport was assessed by low-resolution NMR diffusometry and by an osmotically induced swelling or shrinking experiment, whereas manganese ion permeation was followed by means of T2 -relaxometry. The solid fat-based W/O/W globules contained a crystal network with about 80% solid fat. This W/O/W emulsion showed a reduced molecular water exchange and a slower manganese ion influx in the considered time frame, whereas its globule size remained stable under the applied osmotic gradients. The reduced permeability of the oil phase is assumed to be caused by the increased tortuosity of the diffusive path imposed by the crystal network. This solid network also provided mechanical strength to the W/O/W globules to counteract the applied osmotic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Nelis
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arnout Declerck
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Vermeir
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Balcaen
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Dewettinck
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Van der Meeren
- Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Rudszuck T, Förster E, Nirschl H, Guthausen G. Low-field NMR for quality control on oils. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:777-793. [PMID: 30790362 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Oil is a prominent, but multifaceted material class with a wide variety of applications. Technical oils, crude oils as well as edibles are main subclasses. In this review, the question is addressed how low-field NMR can contribute in oil characterization as an analytical tool, mainly with respect to quality control. Prerequisite in the development of a quality control application, however, is a detailed understanding of the oils and of the measurement. Low-field NMR is known as a rich methodical toolbox that was and is explored and further developed to address questions about oils, their quality, and usability as raw materials, during production and formulation as well as in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rudszuck
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Förster
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gisela Guthausen
- Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Engler-Bunte Institute, Water Science and Technology, Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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Muschiolik G, Dickinson E. Double Emulsions Relevant to Food Systems: Preparation, Stability, and Applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:532-555. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Dickinson
- School of Food Science and Nutrition; Univ. of Leeds; LS2 9JT Leeds United Kingdom
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