Unveiling the exceptional synergism-induced design of Co-Mg-Al layered triple hydroxides (LTHs) for boosting catalytic activity toward the green synthesis of indol-3-yl derivatives under mild conditions

Guanidine dicycloamine-based analogs: green chemistry synthesis, biological investigation, and molecular docking studies as promising antibacterial and antiglycation leads

Dicyandiamide (DCD) reacted with amino acids 1a-f to produce biguanides 2 and 4 and guanidine pyrazolones 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8, according to the reaction. DCD exhibited the following reactions: imidodicarbonimidicdiamide 9, diazocan-2-ylguanidine 10, methyl biguanidylthion 11, N-carbamothioylimidodicarbonimidicdiamide 12, 2-guanidinebenzoimidazole 13a, 2-guanidinylbenzoxazole 13b, and 2-guanidinylbenzothiazol 13c. These reactions were triggered by 6-amino caproic acid, thioacetamide, thiourea, o-aminophenol, o-aminothiophenol, and anthranilic acid, respectively. Compound 2 had the least antimicrobial activity, while compound 13c demonstrated the most antibacterial impact against all bacterial strains. Furthermore, in terms of antiglycation efficacy (AGEs), 12, 11, and 7 were the most effective AGE cross-linking inhibitors. Eight and ten, which showed a considerable inhibition on cross-linking AGEs, come next. Compounds 4 and 6 on the other hand have shown the least suppression of AGE production. The most promising antiglycation scaffolds 8, 11, and 12 in the Human serum albumin (HAS) active site were shown to be able to adopt crucial binding interactions with important amino acids based on the results of in silico molecular docking. The most promising antiglycation compounds 8, 11, and 12 were also shown to have better hydrophilicity, acceptable lipophilicity, gastrointestinal tract absorption (GIT), and blood-brain barrier penetration qualities when their physicochemical properties were examined using the egg-boiled method.

Construction of attapulgite decorated cetylpyridinium bromide/cellulose acetate composite beads for removal of Cr (VI) ions with emphasis on mechanistic insights

Eco-friendly and renewable composite beads were constructed for efficient adsorptive removal of Cr (VI) ions. Attapulgite (ATP) clay decorated with cetylpyridinium bromide (CPBr) was impregnated into cellulose acetate (CA) beads, which were formulated through a simple and cost-effective solvent-exchange approach. FTIR, XRD, SEM, Zeta potential, and XPS characterization tools verified the successful formation of ATP-CPBr@CA beads. The composite beads displayed a spherical and porous shape with a positively charged surface (26.6 mV) at pH 2. In addition, higher adsorption performance was accomplished by ATP-CPBr@CA composite beads with ease of separation compared to their components. Meanwhile, equilibrium isotherms pointed out that the Langmuir model was optimal for describing the adsorption process of Cr (VI) with a maximal adsorption capacity of 302 mg/g. Moreover, the D-R isotherm model verified the physical adsorption process, while adsorption data obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Further, XPS results hypothesized that the removal mechanism involves adsorption via electrostatic interactions, redox reaction, and co-precipitation. Interestingly, the ATP-CPBr@CA composite beads reserved tolerable adsorption characteristics with a maximum removal present exceeding 70% after reuse for seven successive cycles, proposing its feasible applicability as a reusable and easy-separable candidate for removing heavy metals from aquatic bodies.

Ensemble meta machine learning for predicting the adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions using Polymer/graphene/clay/MgFeAl-LTH nanocomposite

Adsorption is one of the most promising wastewater treatment methods due to its simplicity and efficacy at ambient temperature and pressure. However, the technical and economic feasibility of this process largely depends on the performance of the utilized adsorbents. In this study, a promising adsorbent made of polyethyleneimine, graphene oxide (GO), bentonite, and MgFeAl-layered triple hydroxide (MgFeAl-LTH) has been synthesized and characterized. The results revealed that the synthesized nanocomposite (abbreviated as PGB-LTH) possesses good porosity and crystallinity. The adsorption performance of the PGB-LTH nanocomposite towards two harmful water pollutants (i.e., methyl orange (MO) and crystal violet (CV)) was investigated, and the results revealed that the nanocomposite outperforms its parental materials (i.e., GO, bentonite, and MgFeAl-LTH). The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of MO and CV onto the nanocomposite could reach 1666.7 and 1250.0 mg/g, respectively, as predicted using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Additionally, the PGB-LTH nanocomposite is highly reusable with an insignificant decline in performance upon repetitive use. In terms of thermodynamics, MO adsorption onto the nanocomposite is exothermic while CV adsorption is endothermic despite that both dyes adsorb spontaneously as revealed by the negative values of the Gibbs free energy change at all the examined temperatures. The generated adsorption data were utilized for constructing and assessing ensemble meta-machine learning techniques aimed at cost-effective simulation and prediction of the proposed adsorption method. Bagging and boosting methods were developed and evaluated intensively using the obtained adsorption data. The Extra Trees model achieved promising results as evidenced by the high correlation coefficient of 99% as well as low computed RMSE and MAE errors of 11.42 and 5.11, respectively, during the testing phase. These results demonstrate the model strong capability to effectively simulate and predict the adsorption process in question.

Efficient and Recoverable Bio-Organic Catalyst Cysteine for Synthesis, Docking Study, and Antifungal Activity of New Bio-Active 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones Under Microwave Irradiation

An eco-friendly green bio-organic catalyst and low-cost 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thione derivatives 4-7 have been synthesized using a high-yield, synthetic method via a one-pot, three-component process between 4-formylphenyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonate (1), thiourea, or urea and ethyl acetoacetate or acetylacetone under microwave irradiation in aqueous media of water and ethanol (3:1 ratio) as a green solvent in the presence of cysteine as a new green bio-organic catalyst. The reaction between compound 1, 4-(carbamothioylhydrazono) methyl]phenyl 4-methyl benzenesulfonate (3c), and ethyl acetoacetate or acetylacetone under the same condition afforded novel pyrimidines. Similarly, compound 1 was allowed to react with a mixture of 4-(carbamothioylhydrazono)methyl]phenyl 4-methyl benzenesulfonate (3c) and ethyl acetoacetate or acetylacetone under the same condition to afford pyrimidine derivatives 8 and 9. Excellent yields (90-98%) were obtained within short reaction times, and problems associated with the toxic solvents used (cost, safety, and pollution) were avoided. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by elemental and spectral analyses. All compounds were studied using molecular docking, and their antifungal activity was investigated.

Synthesis and Toxicological Effect of Some New Pyrrole Derivatives as Prospective Insecticidal Agents against the Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval)

Herein, a series of biologically active pyrrole derivatives, namely 2-[(3-cyano-5-aryl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)thio]acetic acids 2a-c, 2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)-thio]-5-aryl-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitriles 3a-c, and 2-[(2-amino-ethyl)thio]-5-aryl-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitriles 4a-c, 2,2'-disulfanediylbis(5-aryl-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitriles) 5a-c, 2-((3-cyano-5-aryl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)thio)acetates 6a-c, 2-[(3-cyano-5-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)thio]acetohydrazides 7a-c, and 2-{2-[(3-cyano-5-aryl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)thio]acetyl}-N-phenyl-hydrazinecarbothioamides 8a-c, as insecticidal agents, were synthesized via adaptable, smoothly accessible 2-(2-oxo-2-arylylethyl)malononitriles 1a-c. The structures were proved using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrum (MS) techniques. Under laboratory conditions, the toxicological characteristics were tested towards Spodoptera littoralis, cotton leafworm insect type. In respect to the LC₅₀ values, compounds 6a, 7a, 8c, and 3c possess the highest insecticidal bioefficacy, with values of 0.5707, 0.1306, 0.9442, and 5.883 ppm, respectively. The study paves the way towards discovering new materials for potential use as insecticidal active agents.

Selective Conversion of Syngas to Olefins via Novel Cu-Promoted Fe/RGO and Fe-Mn/RGO Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts: Fixed-Bed Reactor vs Slurry-Bed Reactor

Fischer-Tropsch has become an indispensable choice in the gas-to-liquid conversion reactions to produce a wide range of petrochemicals using recently emerging biomass or other types of feedstock such as coal or natural gas. Herein we report the incorporation of novel Cu nanoparticles with two Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalytic systems, Fe/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Fe-Mn/rGO, to evaluate their FTS performance and olefin productivity in two types of reactors: slurry-bed reactor (SBR) and fixed-bed reactor (FBR). Four catalysts were compared and investigated, namely Fe, FeCu7, FeMn10Cu7, and FeMn16, which were highly dispersed over reduced graphene oxide nanosheets. The catalysts were first characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen physisorption, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and H-TPR techniques. In the SBR, Cu enhanced olefinity only when used alone in FeCu7 without Mn promotion. When used with Mn, the olefin yield was not changed, but light olefins decreased slightly at the expense of heavier olefins. In the FBR system, Cu as a reduction promoter improved the catalyst activity. It increased the olefin yield mainly due to increased activity, even if the CO2 decreased by the action of Cu promoters. The olefinity of the product was improved by Cu promotion but it did not exceed the landmark made by FeMn16 at 320 °C. The paraffinity was also enhanced by Cu promotion especially in the presence of Mn, indicating a strong synergistic effect. Cu was found to be better than Mn in enhancing the paraffin yield, while Mn is a better olefin yield enhancer. Finally, Cu promotion was found to enhance the selectivity towards light olefins C2-4. This study gives a deep insight into the effect of different highly dispersed FTS catalyst systems on the olefin hydrocarbon productivity and selectivity in two major types of FTS reactors.

Development of New Thiazole Complexes as Powerful Catalysts for Synthesis of Pyrazole-4-Carbonitrile Derivatives under Ultrasonic Irradiation Condition Supported by DFT Studies

In this study, we are interested in preparing Fe(III), Pd(II), and Cu(II) complexes from new thiazole derivatives. All syntheses were elaborately elucidated to estimate their molecular and structural formulae, which agreed with those of mononuclear complexes. The square-planer geometry of Pd(II) complex (MATYPd) was the starting point for its use as a heterocatalyst in preparing pyrazole-4-carbonitrile derivatives 4a-o using ultrasonic irradiation through a facile one-pot reaction. The simple operation, short-time reaction (20 min), and high efficiency (97%) were the special advantages of this protocol. Furthermore, this green synthesis strategy was advanced by examination of the reusability of the catalyst in four consecutive cycles without significant loss of catalytic activity. The new synthesis strategy presented remarkable advantages in terms of safety, simplicity, stability, mild conditions, short reaction time, excellent yields, and use of a H₂O solvent. This catalytic protocol was confirmed by the density functional theory (DFT) study, which reflected the specific characteristics of such a complex. Logical mechanisms have been suggested for the successfully exerted essential physical parameters that confirmed the superiority of the Pd(II) complex in the catalytic role. Optical band gap, electrophilicity, and electronegativity features, which are essential parameters for the catalytic behavior of the Pd(II) complex, are based mainly on the unsaturated valence shell of Pd(II).