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Drdanová AP, Krajčovičová TE, Gál M, Nemčeková K, Imreová Z, Ryba J, Naumowicz M, Homola T, Mackuľak T, Svitková V. Unveiling Versatile Applications and Toxicity Considerations of Graphitic Carbon Nitride. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7634. [PMID: 39062877 PMCID: PMC11276815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-free, low-cost, organic photocatalytic graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has become a promising and impressive material in numerous scientific fields due to its unique physical and chemical properties. As a semiconductor with a suitable band gap of ~2.7 eV, g-C3N4 is an active photocatalytic material even after irradiation with visible light. However, information regarding the toxicity of g-C3N4 is not extensively documented and there is not a comprehensive understanding of its potential adverse effects on human health or the environment. In this context, the term "toxicity" can be perceived in both a positive and a negative light, depending on whether it serves as a benefit or poses a potential risk. This review shows the applications of g-C3N4 in sensorics, electrochemistry, photocatalysis, and biomedical approaches while pointing out the potential risks of its toxicity, especially in human and environmental health. Finally, the future perspective of g-C3N4 research is addressed, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of the toxicity of this material to provide safe and effective applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paulína Drdanová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.D.); (Z.I.); (T.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Timea Ema Krajčovičová
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.E.K.); (K.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Miroslav Gál
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.E.K.); (K.N.); (V.S.)
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Katarína Nemčeková
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.E.K.); (K.N.); (V.S.)
| | - Zuzana Imreová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.D.); (Z.I.); (T.H.); (T.M.)
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jozef Ryba
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Department of Polymer Processing, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Naumowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Tomáš Homola
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.D.); (Z.I.); (T.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomáš Mackuľak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.D.); (Z.I.); (T.H.); (T.M.)
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Veronika Svitková
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (T.E.K.); (K.N.); (V.S.)
- MicroPoll s.r.o., 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Tao J, Yuan X, Zheng M, Jiang Y, Chen Y, Zhang F, Zhou N, Zhu J, Deng Y. Bibliometric and visualized analysis of cancer nanomedicine from 2013 to 2023. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1708-1724. [PMID: 38161193 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cancer nanomedicine has been an emerging field for drug development against malignant tumors during the past three decades. A bibliometric analysis was performed to characterize the current international trends and present visual representations of the evolution and emerging trends in the research and development of nanocarriers for cancer treatment. This study employed bibliometric analysis and visualization techniques to analyze the literature on antitumor nanocarriers published between 2013 and 2023. A total of 98,980 articles on antitumor nanocarriers were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database and analyzed using the Citespace software for specific characteristics such as publication year, countries/regions, organizations, keywords, and references. Network visualization was constructed by VOSviewer and Citespace. From 2013 to 2023, the annual global publications increased 7.39 times, from 1851 to 13,683. People's Republic of China (2588 publications) was the most productive country. Chinese Academy of Sciences (298 publications) was the most productive organization. The top 5 high-frequency keywords were "nanoparticles," "drug delivery," "nanomedicine," "cancer," and "nanocarriers." The keywords with the strongest citation bursts recently were "cancer immunotherapy," "microenvironment," "antitumor immunity," etc., which indicated the emerging frontiers of antitumor nanomedicine. The co-occurrence cluster analysis of the keywords formed 6 clusters, and most of the top 10 publications by citation counts focused on cluster #1 (nanocarriers) and cluster #2 (cancer immunotherapy). We further provided insightful discussions into the identified subtopics to help researchers gain more details of current trends and hotspots in this field. The present study processes a macro-level literature analysis of antitumor nanocarriers and provides new perspectives and research directions for future development in cancer nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Xiaoming Yuan
- Soochow University Library, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yingqian Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yitian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fangrui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Yibin Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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