Frailty, Health-Related Quality of Life, Cognition, Depression, Vitamin D and Health-Care Utilization in an Ambulatory Adult Population With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Frailty in Kidney Disease: A Comprehensive Review to Advance Its Clinical and Research Applications

Frailty is a multisystem syndrome of decreased physiologic reserve that has been shown to strongly and independently predict morbidity and mortality. Frailty is prevalent in patients living with kidney disease and occurs earlier in individuals with kidney disease as compared to the general population. In this comprehensive review, we examine clinical and research applications of frailty in kidney disease populations. Specifically, we clarify the definition of frailty and address common misconceptions, review the mechanisms and epidemiology of frailty in kidney disease, discuss challenges and limitations in frailty measurement, and provide updated evidence related to risk factors for frailty, its associated adverse outcomes, and interventions. We further add to the literature in this topic by highlighting the potential applications of frailty measurement in the care of patients with kidney disease and conclude with our recommendations for future research related to this important syndrome.

Frailty increases depression risk independently of cognitive decline: Insights from Mendelian randomization and cross-sectional analysis

BACKGROUND

Frailty, cognitive decline, and depression are common syndromes among the elderly and are closely interconnected. However, it is still unclear whether the impact of frailty on depression depends on the role of cognitive decline.

METHOD

We conducted the Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis based on the instrumental variables (IVs) from the genome-wide association study (GWAS) databases, and we also performed a cross-sectional study consisting of 1362 older adults aged ≥65 for validation.

RESULTS

The results of the multivariable MR analysis showed that frailty significantly increased the risk of depression, even after controlling for the influence of cognitive performance. Conversely, after controlling for frailty, the effect of cognitive performance on depression risk was noticeably reduced. In the cross-sectional study, frailty mediated 24.04 % of the relationship between cognition and depression, and cognition mediated 7.63 % of the relationship between frailty and depression.

CONCLUSIONS

We provide evidence that frailty could increase depression risk independently of cognitive decline. Further research with a larger sample size is necessary.

Type 1 diabetes and frailty: A scoping review

AIMS

Advances in type 1 diabetes management are enabling more to reach older ages. Frailty is known to complicate type 2 diabetes. However, frailty in people with type 1 diabetes has not been extensively researched. This review summarises the available evidence on frailty in those with type 1 diabetes.

METHODS

A systematic search strategy was applied to multiple databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane) including grey literature (Scopus, OAIster, OpenGrey, dissertation and thesis database). All evidence types were considered. English articles published after 2001 were eligible. For inclusion, participants must have been over 55 with type 1 diabetes. Frailty must have been clearly defined or assessed. The results were synthesised into a descriptive format to identify key themes.

RESULTS

Of 233 papers subject to full-text review, 23 were included. Older adult diabetes research frequently does not specify the type of diabetes; 100 articles were excluded for this reason. No articles were found specifically researching frailty in older adults with type 1 diabetes. Fourteen different definitions and nine assessments of frailty were outlined. Generally, the papers supported relaxation of glucose targets and greater adoption of diabetes technology.

CONCLUSIONS

This review highlights the paucity of evidence in older adults with type 1 diabetes and frailty. Consensus on standardised definitions and assessments of frailty would aid future research, which is urgently needed as more people with type 1 diabetes reach older ages. Identifying and addressing the key issues in this population is vital to support individuals through the challenges of ageing.

Association of vitamin D and cognition in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review

CONTEXT

There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and impaired cognitive function in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

OBJECTIVE

To critically and systematically review the literature on the association between vitamin D status and cognitive performance in people with type 2 diabetes.

DATA SOURCES

This review was conducted according to PRISMA recommendations. MEDLINE, SCOPUS, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched using the terms "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Cognitive Function", and "Vitamin D".

DATA EXTRACTION

Eight observational and 1 randomized study were included, containing data of 14 648 adult and elderly individuals (19-74 y). All extracted data were compiled, compared, and critically analyzed.

DATA ANALYSIS

There is no strong evidence that lower serum concentrations of vitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein are associated with worsening cognitive function in individuals with T2DM. Vitamin D supplementation (12 wk) improved the scores of some executive functioning tests, although there was no difference between low doses (5000 IU/wk) and high doses (50 000 IU/wk).

CONCLUSIONS

There is no high-quality evidence demonstrating an association between vitamin D status and cognitive function, or clinical benefits on cognition from vitamin D supplementation in individuals with T2DM. Future studies are needed. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021261520.

Mediating effects of depression on sleep disturbance and frailty in older adult type 2 diabetes patients in the community

Introduction

With the progressive aging of the population, frailty is now a significant challenge in geriatrics research. A growing amount of evidence suggests that sleep disturbance and depression have independent effects on frailty, although the underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of depression in the relationship between sleep disturbance and frailty in older adult patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in the community.

Method

Purposive sampling was used to collect face-to-face data from 342 community-dwelling T2DM patients in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China, between February and May 2023. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale was used to evaluate sleep quality, the Simple Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) was used to evaluate depressive symptoms, and the FRAIL Scale (FRAIL) was used to evaluate frailty. Linear regression equation and bootstrap self-sampling were used to verify the mediating role of depressive symptoms in sleep disturbance and frailty.

Result

The study found that sleep disturbance had a direct positive effect with frailty [β = 0.040, 95% CI: (0.013, 0.069)]. Additionally, depression had a direct positive effect on frailty [β = 0.130, 95% CI: (0.087, 0.173)], and depression was found to partially mediate the relationship between sleep disturbance and frailty.

Conclusion

Poor sleep quality and frailty are common in patients with T2DM. To reduce the frailty of older adult T2DM patients, all levels of society (government, medical institutions, and communities) must pay more attention to mental health. A variety of interventions should be considered to improve sleep quality and depression, which in turn may prevent or control frailty.

Use of frailty assessment instruments in nephrology populations: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Frailty is a clinical syndrome of accelerated aging associated with adverse outcomes. Frailty is prevalent among patients with chronic kidney disease but is infrequently assessed in clinical settings, due to lack of consensus regarding frailty definitions and diagnostic tools. This study aimed to review the practice of frailty assessment in nephrology populations and evaluate the context and timing of frailty assessment.

METHODS

The search included published reports of frailty assessment in patients with chronic kidney disease, undergoing dialysis or in receipt of a kidney transplant, published between January 2000 and November 2021. Medline, CINAHL, Embase, PsychINFO, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were examined. A total of 164 articles were included for review.

RESULTS

We found that studies were most frequently set within developed nations. Overall, 161 studies were frailty assessments conducted as part of an observational study design, and 3 within an interventional study. Studies favoured assessment of participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and transplant candidates. A total of 40 different frailty metrics were used. The most frequently utilised tool was the Fried frailty phenotype. Frailty prevalence varied across populations and research settings from 2.8% among participants with CKD to 82% among patients undergoing haemodialysis. Studies of frailty in conservatively managed populations were infrequent (N = 4). We verified that frailty predicts higher rates of adverse patient outcomes. There is sufficient literature to justify future meta-analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

There is increasing recognition of frailty in nephrology populations and the value of assessment in informing prognostication and decision-making during transitions in care. The Fried frailty phenotype is the most frequently utilised assessment, reflecting the feasibility of incorporating objective measures of frailty and vulnerability into nephrology clinical assessment. Further research examining frailty in low and middle income countries as well as first nations people is required. Future work should focus on interventional strategies exploring frailty rehabilitation.

Metabolic Characteristics of Frail Older People with Diabetes Mellitus-A Systematic Search for Phenotypes

Frailty in older people with diabetes is viewed as one homogeneous category. We previously suggested that frailty is not homogeneous and spans across a metabolic spectrum that starts with an anorexic malnourished (AM) frail phenotype and ends with a sarcopenic obese (SO) phenotype. We aimed to investigate the metabolic characteristics of frail older people with diabetes reported in the current literature to explore whether they fit into two distinctive metabolic phenotypes. We performed systematic review of studies published over the last 10 years and reported characteristics of frail older people with diabetes mellitus. A total of 25 studies were included in this systematic review. Fifteen studies reported frail patients' characteristics that could fit into an AM phenotype. This phenotype is characterised by low body weight, increased prevalence of malnutrition markers such as low serum albumin, low serum cholesterol, low Hb, low HbA1c, and increased risk of hypoglycaemia. Ten studies reported frail patients' characteristics that describe a SO phenotype. This phenotype is characterised by increased body weight, increased serum cholesterol, high HbA1c, and increased blood glucose levels. Due to significant weight loss in the AM phenotype, insulin resistance decreases, leading to a decelerated diabetes trajectory and reduced hypoglycaemic agent use or deintensification of therapy. On the other hand, in the SO phenotype, insulin resistance increases leading to accelerated diabetes trajectory and increased hypoglycaemic agent use or intensification of therapy. Current literature suggests that frailty is a metabolically heterogeneous condition that includes AM and SO phenotypes. Both phenotypes have metabolically distinctive features, which will have a different effect on diabetes trajectory. Therefore, clinical decision-making and future clinical studies should consider the metabolic heterogeneity of frailty.

Multimorbidity, Frailty and Diabetes in Older People-Identifying Interrelationships and Outcomes

Multimorbidity and frailty are highly prevalent in older people with diabetes. This high prevalence is likely due to a combination of ageing and diabetes-related complications and other diabetes-associated comorbidities. Both multimorbidity and frailty are associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes in older people with diabetes, which are proportionally related to the number of morbidities and to the severity of frailty. Although, the multimorbidity pattern or cluster of morbidities that have the most adverse effect are not yet well defined, it appears that mental health disorders enhance the multimorbidity-related adverse outcomes. Therefore, comprehensive diabetes guidelines that incorporate a holistic approach that includes screening and management of mental health disorders such as depression is required. The adverse outcomes predicted by multimorbidity and frailty appear to be similar and include an increased risk of health care utilisation, disability and mortality. The differential effect of one condition on outcomes, independent of the other, still needs future exploration. In addition, prospective clinical trials are required to investigate whether interventions to reduce multimorbidity and frailty both separately and in combination would improve clinical outcomes.

Comparison of diet quality tools to assess nutritional adequacy for adults living with kidney disease

There is no specific diet quality tool recommended for adults living with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Identifying how diet quality tools assess nutritional adequacy and correlate with potassium and phosphorus (nutrients of interest in CKD) is warranted. Our aim was to compare Mediterranean Diet Scores (MDS), Healthy Eating Index (HEI), and Healthy Food Diversity (HFD) to determine their correlation with nutrient intake in adults living with diabetes and CKD. Using data from a longitudinal study of 50 participants with diabetes and CKD, diet quality was assessed at baseline and 1 or more times at annual visits up to 5 years (complete diet records n = 178). Diet quality was investigated for correlation with nutrient intake. Compared with HEI and HFD, MDS was poorly correlated with nutrient intake (all r values <0.40). HFD and HEI were moderately correlated with potassium (r = 0.66, P < 0.01 and r = 0.57, P < 0.01, respectively). HEI was weakly correlated with phosphorus (r = 0.365, P < 0.01). MDS recommends moderation of dairy and meat, this may have specific benefits for CKD as these are both sources of phosphorus, as such high MDS were associated with lower phosphorus intake. This study suggests that development of a renal specific diet quality assessment tool may be useful; however, further studies are needed.

First World Consensus Conference on pancreas transplantation: Part II - recommendations

The First World Consensus Conference on Pancreas Transplantation provided 49 jury deliberations regarding the impact of pancreas transplantation on the treatment of diabetic patients, and 110 experts' recommendations for the practice of pancreas transplantation. The main message from this consensus conference is that both simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK) and pancreas transplantation alone can improve long-term patient survival, and all types of pancreas transplantation dramatically improve the quality of life of recipients. Pancreas transplantation may also improve the course of chronic complications of diabetes, depending on their severity. Therefore, the advantages of pancreas transplantation appear to clearly surpass potential disadvantages. Pancreas after kidney transplantation increases the risk of mortality only in the early period after transplantation, but is associated with improved life expectancy thereafter. Additionally, preemptive SPK, when compared to SPK performed in patients undergoing dialysis, appears to be associated with improved outcomes. Time on dialysis has negative prognostic implications in SPK recipients. Increased long-term survival, improvement in the course of diabetic complications, and amelioration of quality of life justify preferential allocation of kidney grafts to SPK recipients. Audience discussions and live voting are available online at the following URL address: http://mediaeventi.unipi.it/category/1st-world-consensus-conference-of-pancreas-transplantation/246.

Independent Determinants of Appetite Impairment among Patients with Stage 3 or Higher Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective Study

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is an important complication resulting from chronic kidney disease (CKD). Appetite impairment contributes significantly to PEW in these patients, but risk factors associated with having appetite impairment in patients with CKD remain elusive. Patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m² for ≥2 times at least three months apart were prospectively enrolled during 2017, with their demographic features, comorbidities, anthropometric parameters, physical and performance indices, functional status, frailty, sensory organ integrity, and laboratory data collected. Their appetite status was measured using the Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ). We examined independent determinants of appetite impairment in these CKD patients using multiple regression analyses. Among 78 patients with CKD, 42.3% had CNAQ-identified impaired appetite. Those with an impaired appetite also had poorer physical performance, a higher degree of functional impairment, higher frail severities, lower serum sodium levels, less intact oral cavity, and a trend toward having less intact nasal structures than those without. Multiple regression analyses revealed that a higher frail severity, in the forms of increasing Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) scores (odds ratio (OR), 2.74; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15–6.57) and a less intact nasal structure (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92–0.995) were associated with a higher probability of having an impaired appetite, while higher serum sodium (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.6–0.97) correlated with a lower probability. Based on our findings, in patients with CKD, the severity of frailty, serum sodium, and nasal structural integrity might modify appetite status. Therapies targeting these factors might be beneficial for appetite restoration in patients with CKD.

Muscle relaxant use and the associated risk of incident frailty in patients with diabetic kidney disease: a longitudinal cohort study

Background:

Patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are at an increased risk of frailty. The exposure to muscle relaxants frequently leads to adverse effects despite their modest therapeutic efficacy, but whether muscle relaxants predispose users to frailty remains unclear.

Methods:

Patients with DKD from a population-based cohort, the Longitudinal Cohort of Diabetes Patients, were identified between 2004 and 2011 (N = 840,000). Muscle relaxant users were propensity score-matched to never-users in a 1:1 ratio based on demographic features, comorbidities, outcome-relevant medications, and prior major interventions. Incident frailty, the study endpoint, was measured according to a modified FRAIL scale. We used Kaplan–Meier analyses and Cox proportional hazard regression to analyze the association between cumulative muscle relaxant use (⩾ 28 days) and the risk of incident frailty.

Results:

Totally, 11,637 users and matched never-users were enrolled, without significant differences regarding baseline clinical features. Cox proportional hazard regression showed that patients with DKD and received muscle relaxants had a significantly higher risk of incident frailty than never-users [hazard ratio (HR) 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.53]. This increase in frailty risk paralleled that in cumulative muscle relaxant dosages (quartile 1 versus 2 versus 3 versus 4, HR 0.91 versus 1.22 versus 1.38 versus 1.45, p = 0.0013 for trend) and in exposure durations (quartile 1 versus 2 versus 3 versus 4, HR 1.12 versus 1.33 versus 1.23 versus 1.34, p = 0.0145 for trend) of muscle relaxants.

Conclusion:

We found that cumulative muscle relaxant exposure might increase frailty risk. It is prudent to limit muscle relaxant prescription in patients with DKD.

Plain language summary

Does cumulative muscle relaxant exposure increase the risk of incident frailty among patients with diabetic kidney disease?

Background: Frailty denotes a degenerative feature that adversely influences one’s survival and daily function. Patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease are at a higher risk of developing frailty, but whether concurrent medications, especially muscle relaxants, aggravate this risk remains undefined.

Methods: In this population-based study including 11,637 muscle relaxant users and matched never-users with diabetic kidney disease, we used a renowned frailty-assessing tool, FRAIL scale, to assess frailty severity and examined the incidence of frailty brought by muscle relaxant exposure.

Results: We found that users exhibited a 26% higher risk of developing incident frailty compared with never-users, and the probability increased further if users were prescribed higher doses or longer durations of muscle relaxants.

Conclusion: We concluded that in those with diabetic kidney disease, cumulative muscle relaxant use was associated with a higher risk of incident frailty, suggesting that moderation of muscle relaxant use in this population can be of potential importance.

Frailty Predicts Increased Health Care Utilization Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study in China

OBJECTIVES

Frailty, a multidimensional syndrome characterized by vulnerability to stressors, is an emerging public health priority with high prevalence in older adults. Frailty has been identified to predictive negative health outcomes, yet quantified evidence regarding its effect on health care systems is scarce. This study examines how frailty affects health care utilization, and explores whether these associations varied by gender.

DESIGN

Cohort study with a 2-year follow-up.

SETTING

and Participants: Data were derived from 2 waves (2011 and 2013) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, and 3119 community-dwelling participants aged ≥60 years were analyzed.

METHODS

Frailty was assessed by a validated frailty phenotype scale, and measures for health care utilization were self-reported. Panel data approach of mixed-effects regression models was used to examine the associations.

RESULTS

Longitudinal results demonstrated that compared with robustness, prefrailty and frailty were both significantly associated with increased likelihood of outpatient visit, inpatient visit, and inpatient length of stay, even after adjusting for multimorbidity in multivariate analyses (all P < .05). Every 1-component increase in frailty was also found to significantly increase the risk for health care utilization [any outpatient visit: adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-1.48; number of outpatient visits: adjusted incident rate ratio (IRR) 1.34, 95% CI 1.18-1.53; any inpatient visit: adjusted OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.22-1.71; number of inpatient visits: adjusted IRR 1.40, 95% CI 1.20-1.62; inpatient length of stay: adjusted IRR 1.50, 95% CI 1.18-1.92]. The preceding associations were similarly observed irrespective of gender.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Frailty is a significant predictor for increased health care utilization among community-dwelling older adults. These findings have important implications for routine clinical practice and public health investment. Early screening and intervention for potentially modifiable frailty could translate into considerable savings for households and health care systems.

The Impact of and Interaction between Diabetes and Frailty on Psychosocial Wellbeing and Mortality in Ireland

Frailty in middle-aged and older adults is associated with diabetes-related complications. The impact of and interaction between diabetes and frailty on psychosocial wellbeing and mortality in Ireland for adults aged ≥50 years were assessed using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Measures included diabetes status (self-reported), frailty phenotype (≥3/5 criteria), low self-rated health (“fair” or “poor”), depression screening (EURO-D index score ≥4), and low quality of life (QoL) (CASP-12 index score < 35). Among the 970 participants, those with diabetes (n = 87) were more likely to be frail (23% vs. 8%; p < 0.001), have low self-rated health (46% vs. 19%; p < 0.001), depression (25% vs. 17%; p = 0.070), and low QoL (25% vs. 18%, p = 0.085). Adjusting for diabetes, age and sex, frailty independently predicted low self-rated health (OR: 9.79 (5.85–16.36)), depression (9.82 (5.93–16.25)), and low QoL (8.52 (5.19–13.97)). Adjusting for frailty, age and sex, diabetes independently predicted low self-rated health (2.70 (1.63–4.47)). The age-sex adjusted mortality hazard ratio was highest for frailty with diabetes (4.67 (1.08–20.15)), followed by frailty without diabetes (2.86 (1.17–6.99)) and being non-frail with diabetes (1.76 (0.59–5.22)). Frailty independently predicts lower self-reported wellbeing and is associated with reduced survival, underpinning its role as an integral part of holistic diabetes care.

Frailty measurement, prevalence, incidence, and clinical implications in people with diabetes: a systematic review and study-level meta-analysis

Background

Frailty, a state of increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes, is important in diabetes management. We aimed to quantify the prevalence of frailty in people with diabetes, and to summarise the association between frailty and generic outcomes (eg, mortality) and diabetes-specific outcomes (eg, hypoglycaemia).

Methods

In this systematic review and study-level meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science for observational studies published between Jan 1, 2001 (the year of the original publication of the Fried frailty phenotype), to Nov 26, 2019. We included studies that assessed and quantified frailty in adults with diabetes, aged 18 years and older; and excluded conference abstracts, grey literature, and studies not published in English. Data from eligible studies were extracted using a piloted data extraction form. Our primary outcome was the prevalence of frailty in people with diabetes. Secondary outcomes were incidence of frailty and generic and diabetes-specific outcomes. Data were assessed by random-effects meta-analysis where possible and by narrative synthesis where populations were too heterogeneous to allow meta-analysis. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020163109.

Findings

Of the 3038 studies we identified, 118 studies using 20 different frailty measures were eligible for inclusion (n=1 375 373). The most commonly used measures of frailty were the frailty phenotype (69 [58%] of 118 studies), frailty (16 [14%]), and FRAIL scale (10 [8%]). Studies were heterogenous in setting (88 studies were community-based, 18 were outpatient-based, ten were inpatient-based, and two were based in residential care facilities), demographics, and inclusion criteria; therefore, we could not do a meta-analysis for the primary outcome and instead summarised prevalence data using a narrative synthesis. Median community frailty prevalence using frailty phenotype was 13% (IQR 9-21). Frailty was consistently associated with mortality in 13 (93%) of 14 studies assessing this outcome (pooled hazard ratio 1·51 [95% CI 1·30-1·76]), with hospital admission in seven (100%) of seven, and with disability in five (100%) of five studies. Frailty was associated with hypoglycaemia events in one study (<1%), microvascular and macrovascular complications in nine (82%) of 11 studies assessing complications, lower quality of life in three (100%) of three studies assessing quality of life, and cognitive impairment in three (100%) of three studies assessing cognitive impairment. 13 (11%) of 118 studies assessed glycated haemoglobin finding no consistent relationship with frailty.

Interpretation

The identification and assessment of frailty should become a routine aspect of diabetes care. The relationship between frailty and glycaemia, and the effect of frailty in specific groups (eg, middle-aged [aged <65 years] people and people in low-income and lower-middle-income countries) needs to be better understood to enable diabetes guidelines to be tailored to individuals with frailty.

Funding

Medical Research Council.

Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease

Introduction: In the last three decades, health systems have continued to pay increasing attention to the quality of life (QOL) due to definitional changes in the concept of health and disease. The health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is significantly affected, regardless of the stage of CKD. Areas covered: We attempt to thoroughly explore how CKD affects HRQOL domains with a quick primer on HRQOL assessment instruments in patients with CKD. Also, we pointed out the factors affecting HRQOL in patients with CKD as well as the clinical application of HRQOL in CKD management. Expert opinion: The general population enjoys higher HRQOL than patients with CKD in all domains. Similarly, pre-dialysis and kidney-transplant patients have better HRQOL than dialysis population. There are many factors which negatively impact HRQOL in CKD which include for example depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment for the social domain, inactivity, and frailty for the physical domain as well as lack of social support and extroversion in the social domain. Additionally, social disparities and CKD-related factors would influence HRQOL. Of note, there is no global standard HRQOL assessment tool. Finally, HRQOL should be included in future CKD management guidelines.

Associations Between Nutritional Status, Sociodemographic Characteristics, and Health-Related Variables and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Chinese Elderly Patients: A Multicenter Prospective Study

Background: Studies that explore the nutritional status, sociodemographic factors, mental health variables, and physical health variables that affect the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of elderly patients are scarce in China. Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and nutritional status, sociodemographic characteristics, and health-related variables among Chinese elderly patients. Materials and Methods: Participants were recruited from six tertiary-level hospitals in six provinces or municipalities/cities throughout China from October 2018 to February 2019: a total of 9,996 participants aged 65 years and older were enrolled. The nutritional status and HRQoL were measured using the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF) and the EuroQoL Five-Dimension Visual Analog Scale, respectively. BMI was taken using standard measurement protocols. Sociodemographic characteristics included age, sex, education, marital status, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol drinking, and current residence. Mental and physical health variables such as frailty and depression were assessed using validated tested instruments. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze whether the nutritional status, sociodemographic characteristics, and health-related variables were associated with HRQoL. Results: According to the MNA-SF scores at the 30- and 90-day follow-up, 9.7% and 9.1% of participants were malnourished, respectively. Higher MNA-SF scores were related to higher HRQoL scores in older patients (regression coefficient; 95% confidence interval) both at the 30-day (0.660; 0.499-0.821) and 90-day (0.622; 0.434-0.809) follow-up. However, there were no significant associations between the body mass index values and HRQoL. Sociodemographic characteristics (such as age, smoking, and current residence), physical health variables (frailty, urinary function, defecation function, sleeping condition, and falling accidents in the past 12 months), and mental health variables (depression) were the main factors influencing HRQoL in this group. Conclusion: There are several factors associated with HRQoL among the population derived from this investigation of a representative sample of the Chinese hospitalized elderly population in tertiary hospitals. These findings could have major importance for the planning of "active aging" policies and programs. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1800017682, registered August 9, 2018.

Exercise and Type 1 Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine and metabolic disease caused by absolute or insufficient insulin secretion. Under the context of an aging population worldwide, the number of diabetic patients is increasing year by year. Most patients with diabetes have multiple complications that severely threaten their survival and living quality. DM is mainly divided into type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T1DM is caused by absolute lack of insulin secretion, so the current treatment for T1DM patients is exogenous insulin replacement therapy. At present, exercise therapy has been widely recognized in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, and regular aerobic exercise has become an important part of T1DM treatment. At the same time, exercise therapy is also used in conjunction with other treatments in the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications. However, for patients with T1DM, exercise still has the risk of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. T1DM Patients and specialist physician need to fully understand the effects of exercise on metabolism and implement individualized exercise programs. This chapter reviews the related content of exercise and T1DM.

Contributors, risk associates, and complications of frailty in patients with chronic kidney disease: a scoping review

Frailty exhibits diverse influences on health-related outcomes and represents a surrogate of increased susceptibility to harmful injuries. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at a higher risk of accelerated biologic aging, and, in this population, the concept of frailty emerges as an instrumental measurement of physiologic reserves. However, a comprehensive description of known independent contributors to, and risk associates of, frailty in these patients remain unavailable. In the present review, original studies up to 28 February 2019 that assessed frailty in patients with all stages of CKD were retrieved and reviewed, with results extracted and summarized. By pooling 62 original investigations, 58.1% and 49.1% used cohort and cross-sectional designs, respectively. Dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease patients (n = 39; 62.9%) were the most commonly examined population, followed by those with nondialysis CKD (n = 12; 19.4%) and those receiving renal transplantation (n = 11; 17.7%). Contributors to frailty in CKD patients included sociodemographic factors, smoking, CKD severity, organ-specific comorbidities, depression, hypoalbuminemia, and low testosterone levels. Conversely, the development of frailty was potentially associated with the emergence of cardiometabolic, musculoskeletal, and cerebral complications; mental distress; and a higher risk of subsequent functional and quality-of-life impairment. Moreover, frailty in CKD patients increased healthcare utilization and consistently elevated mortality among affected ones. Based on the multitude of contributors to frailty and its diverse health influences, a multifaceted approach to manage CKD patients with frailty is needed, and its potential influences on outcomes besides mortality need to be considered.

Diabetes Management in Older Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Older adults often live with chronic disease including diabetes and its complications. In this review, we examine the complexity and heterogeneity of older adults with diabetes and chronic kidney disease, explore the nuances in their diabetes-related monitoring, and discuss their best diabetes management.

RECENT FINDINGS

Although there remains an overall lack of studies in older adults with diabetes and chronic kidney disease, recent reports have highlighted their vulnerabilities. These individuals face an increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, frailty, dysglycemia, polypharmacy, declining kidney function, and acute kidney injury. Their diabetes management should focus upon safer antihyperglycemic medications, close monitoring, and care individualization. Older adults with diabetes and chronic kidney disease are a complex population who requires careful diabetes management and monitoring. Research efforts might focus on improving the care and outcomes of these patients.