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Shapiro JR, Andreani G, Dubé C, Berubé M, Bussière D, Couture MMJ, Dargis M, Hendin HE, Landry N, Lavoie PO, Pillet S, Ward BJ, D'Aoust MA, Trépanier S. Development and characterization of a plant-derived norovirus-like particle vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:6008-6016. [PMID: 37625992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus (NoV) is the most common cause of diarrheal episodes globally. Issues with in vitro cultivation systems, genetic variation, and animal models have hindered vaccine development. Plant-derived virus-like particles (VLPs) may address some of these concerns because they are highly immunogenic, can be administered by different routes, and can be rapidly produced to accommodate emerging viral strains. METHODS NoV VLPs (NoVLP) composed of the surface viral protein (VP) 1 of the GI and GII genogroups were produced in Nicotiana benthamiana using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-based recombinant transient expression system. Leaves from infiltrated plants were harvested and NoVLPs were extracted and purified. The safety and immunogenicity of the GII.4 NoVLP, the genotype currently causing most human disease, were subsequently examined in rabbits and mice. RESULTS Fifteen GI and GII NoVLPs were successfully expressed in N. benthamiana and were structurally similar to NoV virions, as determined by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. The NoVLP was well-tolerated, with no local or systemic signs of toxicity in rabbits. Three intramuscular doses of the GII.4 NoVLP adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide induced robust IgG titers, IgG-secreting cells, histo-blood group antigen blocking titers, and IFNγ-secreting T cells in mice. In addition to circulating antibodies, oral administration of the NoVLP in mice induced significant IgA levels in feces, indicative of a mucosal response. CONCLUSIONS The plant-made NoVLP vaccine was safe and immunogenic in mice and rabbits. Multi-modal vaccination, combining oral and intramuscular administration could be considered for future clinical development to maximize systemic and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna R Shapiro
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Charlotte Dubé
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Berubé
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Diane Bussière
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Michèle Dargis
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Hilary E Hendin
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Landry
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Stéphane Pillet
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sonia Trépanier
- Medicago Inc., 2552 boul. du Parc-Technologique, Québec, QC, Canada.
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2
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Waerlop G, Janssens Y, Jacobs B, Jarczowski F, Diessner A, Leroux-Roels G, Klimyuk V, Leroux-Roels I, Thieme F. Immune responses in healthy adults elicited by a bivalent norovirus vaccine candidate composed of GI.4 and GII.4 VLPs without adjuvant. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188431. [PMID: 37435073 PMCID: PMC10331465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an efficacious vaccine against norovirus is of paramount importance given its potential to reduce the global burden of norovirus-associated morbidity and mortality. Here, we report a detailed immunological analysis of a phase I, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial performed on 60 healthy adults, ages 18 to 40. Total serum immunoglobulin and serum IgA against vaccine strains and cross-reactive serum IgG against non-vaccine strains were measured by enzyme immunoassays, whereas cell-mediated immune responses were quantified using intracellular cytokine staining by flow cytometry. A significant increase in humoral and cellular responses, e.g., IgA and CD4+ polypositive T cells, was triggered by the GI.4 Chiba 407 (1987) and GII.4 Aomori 2 (2006) VLP-based norovirus vaccine candidate rNV-2v, which is formulated without adjuvant. No booster effect was observed after the second administration in the pre-exposed adult study population. Furthermore, a cross-reactive immune response was elicited, as shown by IgG titers against GI.3 (2002), GII.2 OC08154 (2008), GII.4 (1999), GII.4 Sydney (2012), GII.4 Washington (2018), GII.6 Maryland (2018), and GII.17 Kawasaki 308 (2015). Due to viral infection via mucosal gut tissue and the high variety of potentially relevant norovirus strains, a focus should be on IgA and cross-protective humoral and cell-mediated responses in the development of a broadly protective, multi-valent norovirus vaccine. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT05508178. EudraCT number: 2019-003226-25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn Waerlop
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yorick Janssens
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Jacobs
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Thieme
- Icon Genetics GmbH, a Denka Company, Halle, Germany
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3
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Ning J, Wang Q, Chen Y, He T, Zhang F, Chen X, Shi L, Zhai A, Li B, Wu C. Immunodominant SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses elicited by inactivated vaccines in healthy adults. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28743. [PMID: 37185843 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Safety profiles and humoral responses to inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have been previously assessed, but cellular immune responses to inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines remain understudied. Here, we report the comprehensive characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses elicited by the BBIBP-CorV vaccine. A total of 295 healthy adults were recruited, and SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses were detected after stimulation with overlapping peptide pools spanning the entire length of the envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N), and spike (S) proteins. Robust and durable CD4+ (p < 0.0001) and CD8+ (p < 0.0001) T-cell responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 were detected following the third vaccination, with an increase in specific CD8+ T-cells, compared to CD4+ T-cells. Cytokine profiles showed that interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor-α were predominantly expressed with the negligible expression of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, indicating a Th1- or Tc1-biased response. Compared to E and M proteins, N and S activated a higher proportion of specific T-cells with broader functions. The predominant frequency of the N antigen (49/89) was highest for CD4+ T-cell immunity. Furthermore, N19-36 and N391-408 were identified to contain dominant CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitopes, respectively. In addition, N19-36 -specific CD8+ T-cells were mainly effector memory CD45RA cells, whereas N391-408 -specific CD4+ T-cells were mainly effector memory cells. Therefore, this study reports comprehensive features of T-cell immunity induced by the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BBIBP-CorV and proposes highly conserved candidate peptides which may be beneficial in vaccine optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ning
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinjin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Taojun He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aixia Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Strohmeier V, Andrieux G, Unger S, Pascual-Reguant A, Klocperk A, Seidl M, Marques OC, Eckert M, Gräwe K, Shabani M, von Spee-Mayer C, Friedmann D, Harder I, Gutenberger S, Keller B, Proietti M, Bulashevska A, Grimbacher B, Provaznik J, Benes V, Goldacker S, Schell C, Hauser AE, Boerries M, Hasselblatt P, Warnatz K. Interferon-Driven Immune Dysregulation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency-Associated Villous Atrophy and Norovirus Infection. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:371-390. [PMID: 36282455 PMCID: PMC9892141 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE About 15% of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) develop a small intestinal enteropathy, which resembles celiac disease with regard to histopathology but evolves from a distinct, poorly defined pathogenesis that has been linked in some cases to chronic norovirus (NV) infection. Interferon-driven inflammation is a prominent feature of CVID enteropathy, but it remains unknown how NV infection may contribute. METHODS Duodenal biopsies of CVID patients, stratified according to the presence of villous atrophy (VA), IgA plasma cells (PCs), and chronic NV infection, were investigated by flow cytometry, multi-epitope-ligand cartography, bulk RNA-sequencing, and RT-qPCR of genes of interest. RESULTS VA development was connected to the lack of intestinal (IgA+) PC, a T helper 1/T helper 17 cell imbalance, and increased recruitment of granzyme+CD8+ T cells and pro-inflammatory macrophages to the affected site. A mixed interferon type I/III and II signature occurred already in the absence of histopathological changes and increased with the severity of the disease and in the absence of (IgA+) PCs. Chronic NV infection exacerbated this signature when compared to stage-matched NV-negative samples. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that increased IFN signaling and T-cell cytotoxicity are present already in mild and are aggravated in severe stages (VA) of CVID enteropathy. NV infection preempts local high IFN-driven inflammation, usually only seen in VA, at milder disease stages. Thus, revealing the impact of different drivers of the pathological mixed IFN type I/III and II signature may allow for more targeted treatment strategies in CVID enteropathy and supports the goal of viral elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Strohmeier
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Unger
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Pascual-Reguant
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adam Klocperk
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, 2Nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital in Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Otavio Cabral Marques
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy and Postgraduate Program of Health and Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Marleen Eckert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Gräwe
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Shabani
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Caroline von Spee-Mayer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Friedmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ina Harder
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Gutenberger
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michele Proietti
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alla Bulashevska
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Provaznik
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sigune Goldacker
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Immune Dynamics, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hasselblatt
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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5
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Hou W, Lv L, Wang Y, Xing M, Guo Y, Xie D, Wei X, Zhang X, Liu H, Ren J, Zhou D. 6-Valent Virus-Like Particle-Based Vaccine Induced Potent and Sustained Immunity Against Noroviruses in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906275. [PMID: 35711416 PMCID: PMC9197435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and no vaccine is currently available. The genetic and antigenic diversity of Norovirus presents challenges for providing broad immune protection, which calls for a multivalent vaccine application. In this study, we investigated the possibility of developing a virus-like particle (VLP)-based 6-valent Norovirus vaccine candidate (Hexa-VLPs) that covers GI.1, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17 genotypes. Hexa-VLPs (30 µg) adjuvanted with 500 µg of aluminum hydroxide (alum) were selected as the optimal immunization dose after a dose-escalation study. Potent and long-lasting blockade antibody responses were induced by 2-or 3-shot Hexa-VLPs, especially for the emerging GII.P16-GII.2 and GII.17 (Kawasaki 2014) genotypes. Hexa-VLPs plus alum elicited Th1/Th2 mixed yet Th2-skewed immune responses, characterized by an IgG1-biased subclass profile and significant IL-4+ T-cell activation. Notably, simultaneous immunization with a mixture of six VLPs revealed no immunological interference among the component antigens. These results demonstrate that Hexa-VLPs are promising broad-spectrum vaccines to provide immunoprotection against major GI/GII epidemic strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bio resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihui Lv
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Man Xing
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Xie
- R&D Centre, Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wei
- R&D Centre, Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Liu
- R&D Centre, Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Dongming Zhou, ; Jiling Ren, ; Hui Liu,
| | - Jiling Ren
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Dongming Zhou, ; Jiling Ren, ; Hui Liu,
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Dongming Zhou, ; Jiling Ren, ; Hui Liu,
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6
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Lucero Y, Matson DO, Ashkenazi S, George S, O’Ryan M. Norovirus: Facts and Reflections from Past, Present, and Future. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122399. [PMID: 34960668 PMCID: PMC8707792 DOI: 10.3390/v13122399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Norovirus is currently the main viral cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGEs) in most countries worldwide. Nearly 50 years after the discovery of the "Norwalk virus" by Kapikian and colleagues, the scientific and medical community continue to generate new knowledge on the full biological and disease spectrum of Norovirus infection. Nevertheless, several areas remain incompletely understood due to the serious constraints to effectively replicate and propagate the virus. Here, we present a narrated historic perspective and summarize our current knowledge, including insights and reflections on current points of interest for a broad medical community, including clinical and molecular epidemiology, viral-host-microbiota interactions, antivirals, and vaccine prototypes. We also include a reflection on the present and future impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Norovirus infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Lucero
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (Y.L.); (S.G.)
- Hospital Dr. Roberto del Río Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery (Northern Campus), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380418, Chile
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad del Desarrollo-Clínica Alemana, Santiago 7650568, Chile
| | - David O. Matson
- Eastern Shore Health Department, Virginia Department of Public Health, Accomack County, VA 23301, USA;
| | - Shai Ashkenazi
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
- Department of Pediatrics A, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49202, Israel
| | - Sergio George
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (Y.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Miguel O’Ryan
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (Y.L.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Kocher J, Castellucci TB, Wen K, Li G, Yang X, Lei S, Jiang X, Yuan L. Simvastatin Reduces Protection and Intestinal T Cell Responses Induced by a Norovirus P Particle Vaccine in Gnotobiotic Pigs. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070829. [PMID: 34357979 PMCID: PMC8308729 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. P particles are a potential vaccine candidate against NoV. Simvastatin is a cholesterol-reducing drug that is known to increase NoV infectivity. In this study, we examined simvastatin’s effects on P particle-induced protective efficacy and T-cell immunogenicity using the gnotobiotic pig model of human NoV infection and diarrhea. Pigs were intranasally inoculated with three doses (100 µg/dose) of GII.4/VA387-derived P particles together with monophosphoryl lipid A and chitosan adjuvants. Simvastatin-fed pigs received 8 mg/day orally for 11 days prior to challenge. A subset of pigs was orally challenged with 10 ID50 of a NoV GII.4/2006b variant at post-inoculation day (PID) 28 and monitored for 7 days post-challenge. Intestinal and systemic T cell responses were determined pre- and postchallenge. Simvastatin abolished the P particle’s protection and significantly increased diarrhea severity after NoV infection. Simvastatin decreased proliferation of virus-specific and non-specific CD8 T cells in duodenum and virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in spleen and significantly reduced numbers of intestinal mononuclear cells in vaccinated pigs. Furthermore, simvastatin significantly decreased numbers of duodenal CD4+IFN-γ+, CD8+IFN-γ+ and regulatory T cells and total duodenal activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccinated pigs pre-challenge at PID 28. Following challenge, simvastatin prevented the IFN-γ+ T cell response in spleen of vaccinated pigs. These results indicate that simvastatin abolished P particle vaccine-induced partial protection through, at least in part, impairing T cell immunity. The findings have specific implications for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies against NoV gastroenteritis, especially for the elderly population who takes statin-type drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kocher
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Tammy Bui Castellucci
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Ke Wen
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Guohua Li
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Shaohua Lei
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.K.); (T.B.C.); (K.W.); (G.L.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Lee S, Baldridge MT. Crossing the T's on Norovirus. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1543-1544. [PMID: 33617792 PMCID: PMC8099678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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