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Yang H, Hu R, Ruppert H, Noubactep C. Modeling porosity loss in Fe 0-based permeable reactive barriers with Faraday's law. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16998. [PMID: 34417542 PMCID: PMC8379187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96599-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid iron corrosion products (FeCPs), continuously generated from iron corrosion in Fe0-based permeable reactive barriers (PRB) at pH > 4.5, can lead to significant porosity loss and possibility of system's failure. To avoid such failure and to estimate the long-term performance of PRBs, reliable models are required. In this study, a mathematical model is presented to describe the porosity change of a hypothetical Fe0-based PRB through-flowed by deionized water. The porosity loss is solely caused by iron corrosion process. The new model is based on Faraday's Law and considers the iron surface passivation. Experimental results from literature were used to calibrate the parameters of the model. The derived iron corrosion rates (2.60 mmol/(kg day), 2.07 mmol/(kg day) and 1.77 mmol/(kg day)) are significantly larger than the corrosion rate used in previous modeling studies (0.4 mmol/(kg day)). This suggests that the previous models have underestimated the impact of in-situ generated FeCPs on the porosity loss. The model results show that the assumptions for the iron corrosion rates on basis of a first-order dependency on iron surface area are only valid when no iron surface passivation is considered. The simulations demonstrate that volume-expansion by Fe0 corrosion products alone can cause a great extent of porosity loss and suggests careful evaluation of the iron corrosion process in individual Fe0-based PRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichen Yang
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Angewandte Geologie, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Hu
- grid.257065.30000 0004 1760 3465School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Fo Cheng Xi Road 8, Nanjing, 211100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hans Ruppert
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Department of Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chicgoua Noubactep
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Angewandte Geologie, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Centre for Modern Indian Studies (CeMIS), University of Göttingen, Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Niño de Guzmán GT, Hapeman CJ, Millner PD, McConnell LL, Jackson D, Kindig D, Torrents A. Using a high-organic matter biowall to treat a trichloroethylene plume at the Beaver Dam Road landfill. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8735-8746. [PMID: 29327189 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a highly effective industrial degreasing agent and known carcinogen. It was frequently buried improperly in landfills and has subsequently become one of the most common groundwater and soil contaminants in the USA. A common strategy to remediate TCE-contaminated sites and to prevent movement of the TCE plumes into waterways is to construct biowalls which consist of biomaterials and amendments to enhance biodegradation. This approach was chosen to contain a TCE plume emanating from a closed landfill in Maryland. However, predicting the effectiveness of biowalls is often site specific. Therefore, we conducted an extensive series of batch reactor studies at 12 °C as opposed to the typical room temperature to examine biowall fill-material combinations including the effects of zero-valent iron (ZVI) and glycerol amendments. No detectable TCE was observed after several months in the laboratory study when using the unamended 4:3 mulch-to-compost combination. In the constructed biowall, this mixture reduced the upstream TCE concentration by approximately 90% and generated ethylene downstream, an indication of successful reductive dechlorination. However, the more toxic degradation product vinyl chloride (VC) was also detected downstream at levels approximately ten times greater than the maximum contaminant level. This indicates that incomplete degradation also occurred. In the laboratory, ZVI reduced VC formation. A hazard quotient was calculated for the landfill site with and without the biowall. The addition of the biowall decreased the hazard quotient by 88%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Patricia D Millner
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Laura L McConnell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Dana Jackson
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Yirsaw BD, Megharaj M, Chen Z, Naidu R. Environmental application and ecological significance of nano-zero valent iron. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 44:88-98. [PMID: 27266305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity studies considering both the bare and stabilized forms of zero valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) could be timely, given that ecological risks identified are minimized through modification or with substitution of approaches in the synthesis, development and environmental application of the nanoparticles before succeeding to volume production. This review is focused on the fate, transport and toxicological implications of the bare nZVI and surface modified particles used for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruck D Yirsaw
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia and CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRCCARE), Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia.
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia and CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRCCARE), Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia
| | - Zuliang Chen
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia and CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRCCARE), Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia and CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRCCARE), Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia
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Hwang HT, Jeen SW, Sudicky EA, Illman WA. Determination of rate constants and branching ratios for TCE degradation by zero-valent iron using a chain decay multispecies model. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2015; 177-178:43-53. [PMID: 25827100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of a newly-developed chain-decay multispecies model (CMM) was validated by obtaining kinetic rate constants and branching ratios along the reaction pathways of trichloroethene (TCE) reduction by zero-valent iron (ZVI) from column experiments. Changes in rate constants and branching ratios for individual reactions for degradation products over time for two columns under different geochemical conditions were examined to provide ranges of those parameters expected over the long-term. As compared to the column receiving deionized water, the column receiving dissolved CaCO3 showed higher mean degradation rates for TCE and all of its degradation products. However, the column experienced faster reactivity loss toward TCE degradation due to precipitation of secondary carbonate minerals, as indicated by a higher value for the ratio of maximum to minimum TCE degradation rate observed over time. From the calculated branching ratios, it was found that TCE and cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) were dominantly dechlorinated to chloroacetylene and acetylene, respectively, through reductive elimination for both columns. The CMM model, validated by the column test data in this study, provides a convenient tool to determine simultaneously the critical design parameters for permeable reactive barriers and natural attenuation such as rate constants and branching ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoun-Tae Hwang
- Aquanty Inc., 564 Weber Street North, Unit 12, Waterloo, ON N2L 5C6, Canada; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sung-Wook Jeen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea; The Earth and Environmental Science System Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Edward A Sudicky
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Walter A Illman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Obiri-Nyarko F, Kwiatkowska-Malina J, Malina G, Kasela T. Geochemical modelling for predicting the long-term performance of zeolite-PRB to treat lead contaminated groundwater. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2015; 177-178:76-84. [PMID: 25863218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using geochemical modelling to predict the performance of a zeolite-permeable reactive barrier (PRB) for treating lead (Pb(2+)) contaminated water was investigated in this study. A short-term laboratory column experiment was first performed with the zeolite (clinoptilolite) until the elution of 50 PV (1 PV=ca. 283 mL). Geochemical simulations of the one-dimensional transport of the Pb(2+), considering removal processes including: ion-exchange, adsorption and complexation; the concomitant release of exchangeable cations (Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Na(+), and K(+)) and the changes in pH were subsequently performed using the geochemical model PHREEQC. The results showed a reasonable agreement between the experimental results and the numerical simulations, with the exception of Ca(2+) for which a great discrepancy was observed. The model also indicated the formation of secondary mineral precipitates such as goethite and hematite throughout the experiment, of which the effect on the hydraulic conductivity was found to be negligible. The results were further used to extrapolate the long-term performance of the zeolite. We found the capacity would be completely exhausted at PV=250 (ca. 3 days). The study, thus, generally demonstrates the applicability of PHREEQC to predict the short and long-term performance of zeolite-PRBs. Therefore, it can be used to assist in the design and for management purposes of such barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Obiri-Nyarko
- Department of Geology and Environmental Protection, Hydrogeotechnika Sp z o.o., ul.Sciegiennego 262A, 25-112 Kielce, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Kwiatkowska-Malina
- Department of Spatial Planning and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Malina
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kasela
- Department of Geology and Environmental Protection, Hydrogeotechnika Sp z o.o., ul.Sciegiennego 262A, 25-112 Kielce, Poland
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Olson MR, Sale TC. Implications of soil mixing for NAPL source zone remediation: Column studies and modeling of field-scale systems. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2015; 177-178:206-219. [PMID: 25981955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil remediation is often inhibited by subsurface heterogeneity, which constrains contaminant/reagent contact. Use of soil mixing techniques for reagent delivery provides a means to overcome contaminant/reagent contact limitations. Furthermore, soil mixing reduces the permeability of treated soils, thus extending the time for reactions to proceed. This paper describes research conducted to evaluate implications of soil mixing on remediation of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) source zones. The research consisted of column studies and subsequent modeling of field-scale systems. For column studies, clean influent water was flushed through columns containing homogenized soils, granular zero valent iron (ZVI), and trichloroethene (TCE) NAPL. Within the columns, NAPL depletion occurred due to dissolution, followed by either column-effluent discharge or ZVI-mediated degradation. Complete removal of TCE NAPL from the columns occurred in 6-8 pore volumes of flow. However, most of the TCE (>96%) was discharged in the column effluent; less than 4% of TCE was degraded. The low fraction of TCE degraded is attributed to the short hydraulic residence time (<4 days) in the columns. Subsequently, modeling was conducted to scale up column results. By scaling up to field-relevant system sizes (>10 m) and reducing permeability by one-or-more orders of magnitude, the residence time could be greatly extended, potentially for periods of years to decades. Model output indicates that the fraction of TCE degraded can be increased to >99.9%, given typical post-mixing soil permeability values. These results suggest that remediation performance can be greatly enhanced by combining contaminant degradation with an extended residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R Olson
- Colorado State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1320 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1320, United States.
| | - Tom C Sale
- Colorado State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1320 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1320, United States
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Obiri-Nyarko F, Grajales-Mesa SJ, Malina G. An overview of permeable reactive barriers for in situ sustainable groundwater remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:243-59. [PMID: 24997925 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are one of the innovative technologies widely accepted as an alternative to the 'pump and treat' (P&T) for sustainable in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater. The concept of the technology involves the emplacement of a permeable barrier containing reactive materials across the flow path of the contaminated groundwater to intercept and treat the contaminants as the plume flows through it under the influence of the natural hydraulic gradient. Since the invention of PRBs in the early 1990s, a variety of materials has been employed to remove contaminants including heavy metals, chlorinated solvents, aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticides. Contaminant removal is usually accomplished via processes such as adsorption, precipitation, denitrification and biodegradation. Despite wide acknowledgment, there are still unresolved issues about long term-performance of PRBs, which have somewhat affected their acceptability and full-scale implementation. The current paper presents an overview of the PRB technology, which includes the state of art, the merits and limitations, the reactive media used so far, and the mechanisms employed to transform or immobilize contaminants. The paper also looks at the design, construction and the long-term performance of PRBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Obiri-Nyarko
- Hydrogeotechnika Sp z oo, Department of Environmental Protection and Cartography, ul. Sciegiennego 262A, 25-112, Kielce, Poland
| | - S Johana Grajales-Mesa
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Malina
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
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Velimirovic M, Carniato L, Simons Q, Schoups G, Seuntjens P, Bastiaens L. Corrosion rate estimations of microscale zerovalent iron particles via direct hydrogen production measurements. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 270:18-26. [PMID: 24525160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the aging behavior of microscale zerovalent iron (mZVI) particles was investigated by quantifying the hydrogen gas generated by anaerobic mZVI corrosion in batch degradation experiments. Granular iron and nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles were included in this study as controls. Firstly, experiments in liquid medium (without aquifer material) were performed and revealed that mZVI particles have approximately a 10-30 times lower corrosion rate than nZVI particles. A good correlation was found between surface area normalized corrosion rate (RSA) and reaction rate constants (kSA) of PCE, TCE, cDCE and 1,1,1-TCA. Generally, particles with higher degradation rates also have faster corrosion rates, but exceptions do exists. In a second phase, the hydrogen evolution was also monitored during batch tests in the presence of aquifer material and real groundwater. A 4-9 times higher corrosion rate of mZVI particles was observed under the natural environment in comparison with the aquifer free artificial condition, which can be attributed to the low pH of the aquifer and its buffer capacity. A corrosion model was calibrated on the batch experiments to take into account the inhibitory effects of the corrosion products (dissolved iron, hydrogen and OH(-)) on the iron corrosion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Velimirovic
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Bio-Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Luca Carniato
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Queenie Simons
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Gerrit Schoups
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Piet Seuntjens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Bio-Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Soil Management, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Leen Bastiaens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Johnson RL, Nurmi JT, O'Brien Johnson GS, Fan D, O'Brien Johnson RL, Shi Z, Salter-Blanc AJ, Tratnyek PG, Lowry GV. Field-scale transport and transformation of carboxymethylcellulose-stabilized nano zero-valent iron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1573-80. [PMID: 23311327 DOI: 10.1021/es304564q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fate of nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) during subsurface injection was examined using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) stabilized nZVI in a very large three-dimensional physical model aquifer with detailed monitoring using multiple, complementary detection methods. A fluorescein tracer test in the aquifer plus laboratory column data suggested that the very-aggressive flow conditions necessary to achieve 2.5 m of nZVI transport could be obtained using a hydraulically constrained flow path between injection and extraction wells. However, total unoxidized nZVI was transported only about 1 m and <2% of the injected nZVI concentration reached that distance. The experimental data also indicated that groundwater flow changed during injection, likely due to hydrogen bubble formation, which diverted the nZVI away from the targeted flow path. The leading edge of the iron plume became fully oxidized during transport. However, within the plume, oxidation of nZVI decreased in a fashion consistent with progressive depletion of aquifer "reductant demand". To directly quantify the extent of nZVI transport, a spectrophotometric method was developed, and the results indicated that deployment of unoxidized nZVI for groundwater remediation will likely be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Johnson
- Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, 20000 NW Walker Road, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, United States.
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Eljamal O, Sasaki K, Hirajima T. Sorption Kinetic of Arsenate as Water Contaminant on Zero Valent Iron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2013.56057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Eljamal O, Sasaki K, Tsuruyama S, Hirajima T. Kinetic Model of Arsenic Sorption onto Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12403-010-0030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nurul Amin M, Kaneco S, Kato T, Katsumata H, Suzuki T, Ohta K. Removal of thiobencarb in aqueous solution by zero valent iron. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 70:511-515. [PMID: 17963816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A cost-effective method with zero valent iron (ZVI) powder was developed for the purification of thiobencarb (TB)-contaminated water. The removal treatment was performed in the batch system. A sample solution of 10 ml containing 10 microg ml(-1) of TB could be almost completely treated by 100mg of ZVI at 25 degrees C for 12h of treatment time. Since the formation of chloride ion in the aqueous solution during the treatment of TB was observed, the removal of TB with ZVI may contain two processes: reduction (degradation) and adsorption. Because the present treatment for TB is simple, easy handling and cheap, the developed technology with ZVI can contribute to the treatment of agricultural wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Amin
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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