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Cao X, Xu YJ, Long G, Wu P, Liu Z. Dissolved carbon in effluent of wastewater treatment plants and its potential impacts in the receiving karst river. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118570. [PMID: 38417655 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The dissolved carbon cycling in river system fueled by wastewater treatment plant effluent have been a research hotspot. However, the composition of dissolved carbon (DC) in wastewater effluents from karst regions remains poorly understood, resulting in a lack of clarity regarding its impact on the dynamics of dissolved carbon in karst rivers. To address this knowledge gap, this study investigated variations of dissolved inorganic (DIC) and organic C (DOC) components in effluent in karst regions and preliminarily discussed their influence on the DC cycling in karst rivers. The results showed that bicarbonate (HCO3-) in WWTP effluents makes more than 90% of the total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The partial pressure of aqueous CO2 (pCO2) of the effluent reached 14450 ± 10084μtam, and pCO2 level declined with increasing river distance from the effluent discharge, effluent acted as a strong CO2 emitter to the atmosphere. Stable carbon isotope and water chemistry evidence revealed that organic matter degradation made important contributions to the high CO2 concentrations in effluent. PHREEQC mixing simulation together with filed samples data indicated that the DIC species can be changed, and pCO2 increased in receiving karst river water after mixed with effluent. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of effluent contained humic-like and protein-tryptophan-like, both of them appeared important and recent autochthonous, which could interfere the distinguish the sources of DOC in receiving karst river water. Thus, these findings highlight that the effluent can be an essential factor for the changes of the karst riverine DC pool, which advance our understanding on karst riverine DC evolution under anthropogenic activities. As more than 30% of the earth surface in China, northern America, and Europe are covered by carbonate rocks, this study has relevant implications for other karst regions as it underscores the influence of WWTP effluents on the carbon cycle in karst rivers. Such information and knowledge are valuable for monitoring and managing effluent-receiving river in other karst regions in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Cao
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Y Jun Xu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA; Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Guangxi Long
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pan Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zhangxing Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China
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Xingchun J, Wei Z, Jing P, Guohui L, Dian C, Zhaohe Z, Yiran Z. The occurrence, spatial distribution, and well-depth dependence of PFASs in groundwater from a reclaimed water irrigation area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165904. [PMID: 37527708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
With the growing development of modern agriculture and industry, groundwater is facing more and more complex contaminants. One such contaminant is per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which pose a potential risk to human health, particularly for those who rely on groundwater as their primary source of drinking water. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation on the occurrence, spatial distribution, and source apportionment of PFASs in shallow (<60 m) and deep (>80 m) groundwater samples from a reclaimed water irrigation area in Beijing's suburbs. Our results showed that the average total PFAS concentration (∑10PFAS) for all samples was 10.55 ± 7.77 ng/L, ranging from 1.05 to 34.28 ng/L. The dominant congeners were PFBA, PFOA, and PFBS. No significant linear relationship was observed between PFAS concentrations and the well depth. However, the averaged ΣPFASs in groundwater were highest in the uppermost layer and declined sharply to a few ng/L in the deep aquifer below 80 m. PFASs showed elevated concentration in shallow aquifers in 9 out of 11 paired wells, indicating an overall descending trend of PFASs with increasing aquifer depth. The spatial distribution of PFASs was highly heterogeneous and showed different patterns in shallow and deep groundwater, which may be related to the complicated attenuation behavior of PFAS compounds when they transport and diffuse through overlapping aquifer layers. The influence of the landfill on groundwater PFASs was most pronounced within a 5 km radius. Source apportionment results indicated that reclaimed water irrigation is the main non-point source of PFASs in shallow groundwater. In contrast, deep groundwater is primarily subject to point sources and lateral recharge flow. This investigation of PFASs in shallow and deep wells provides a foundation for further exploration of PFASs transportation and risk prevention in regions where groundwater is a major water resource for domestic and industrial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xingchun
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, China.
| | - Zhao Wei
- Beijing Institute of Geological Environment Monitoring, China
| | - Pan Jing
- Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, China
| | - Lu Guohui
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, China
| | - Chen Dian
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Zhaohe
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Yiran
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, China
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Liu Y, Ye Y, Li Y. Experimental and numerical study on Zn and Pb migration in the farmland soil under wastewater irrigation conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6371-6386. [PMID: 37310650 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-term wastewater irrigation may lead to the accumulation, transformation, and migration of heavy metals in the farmland soil, increasing the risk of groundwater pollution. However, it is currently uncertain whether using wastewater for irrigation would lead to the migration of heavy metals zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) into deeper layers of soil, in the local undeveloped wastewater irrigation farmland. In this study, the migration characteristics of Zn and Pb from irrigation wastewater in local farmland soil were investigated through a series of experiments including adsorption experiments, tracer, and heavy metals breakthrough experiments, as well as numerical simulations using HYDRUS-2D software. The results revealed that the Langmuir adsorption model, CDE model, and TSM model were effective in fitting the required adsorption and solute transport parameters for the simulations. Furthermore, both the soil experiments and simulation results showed that in the test soil, Pb had a stronger affinity for adsorption sites than Zn, while Zn exhibited greater mobility than Pb. After 10 years of wastewater irrigation, it was found that Zn had migrated to a maximum depth of 32.69 cm underground and Pb had only migrated to 19.59 cm. Despite their migration, the two heavy metals have not yet reached the groundwater zone. Instead, they had accumulated to higher concentrations in the local farmland soil. Moreover, the proportion of active forms of Zn and Pb decreased after flooded incubation. The present results can improve understanding of the environmental behavior of Zn and Pb in the farmland soil and can be used as a basis for risk assessment of Zn and Pb polluting groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Road #126, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanyong Ye
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Road #126, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Road #126, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
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Xia Q, He J, Li B, He B, Huang J, Guo M, Luo D. Hydrochemical evolution characteristics and genesis of groundwater under long-term infiltration (2007-2018) of reclaimed water in Chaobai River, Beijing. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119222. [PMID: 36274353 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of reclaimed water (RW) for river ecological restoration in global water-shortage regions has inevitably brought some potential risks for groundwater. However, little is known about the effects of reclaimed water on the hydrochemical evolution of groundwater especially under long-term infiltration conditions. Herein, 11-years monitoring data (2007-2018) of reclaimed water and groundwater were adopted to analyze the characteristics and genesis of groundwater hydrochemical evolution under long-term infiltration of reclaimed water from Jian River to Chaobai River in Beijing. The results showed that the hydrochemical components in groundwater totally performed a significant increase in Na+, Cl-, and K+and decrease in Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3- concentration after long-term infiltration of reclaimed water. Meanwhile, a significant hydrochemical evolution difference between the groundwater of Jian River and Chaobai River was observed. In Jian River, the hydrochemical type in groundwater shifted gradually from HCO3-Ca·Mg to the type of HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca approaching reclaimed water. In contrast, the hydrochemical evolution in the Chaobai River shows an obvious opposite trend from HCO3-Ca·Mg to HCO3·Cl-Na·Mg and finally deviating reclaimed water type of Cl·HCO3·SO4-Na. PHREEQC simulation indicated that the differences in hydrochemical evolution were mediated synergically by sediment thickness and geochemical processes (e.g. mixing and sulfate reduction). In such mediators, thinner sediment and strong mixing in the Jian River were confirmed to be the genesis of groundwater hydrochemical evolution progressively approaching reclaimed water. Different from the Jian River, multiple regression analyses revealed that the genesis of groundwater hydrochemical evolution in the Chaobai River was divided into two stages according to the increase of sediment thickness. Reclaimed water quality and infiltration amount are the leading proposed cause in the initial stage (2007-2008) due to thinner sediment formation, contributing 53.5% and 29.8% within the 95% confidence interval, respectively. Subsequently, the rise in sediment thickness is proved to play a crucial role in groundwater hydrochemical evolution trend away from reclaimed water (2009-2018), with a contribution of 41.6% within the 95% confidence interval. It is mainly attributed to the reduced reclaimed water infiltration rate and favorable sulfate reduction conditions. These findings advance our understanding on groundwater hydrochemical evolution under long-term infiltration of reclaimed water and also guide future prediction of evolution trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Xia
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing Engineering Technique Research Center for Exploration and Utilization of Non-Conventional Water Resources and Water Use Efficiency, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiangtao He
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Binghua Li
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing Engineering Technique Research Center for Exploration and Utilization of Non-Conventional Water Resources and Water Use Efficiency, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Baonan He
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junxiong Huang
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing Engineering Technique Research Center for Exploration and Utilization of Non-Conventional Water Resources and Water Use Efficiency, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Minli Guo
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing Engineering Technique Research Center for Exploration and Utilization of Non-Conventional Water Resources and Water Use Efficiency, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing Engineering Technique Research Center for Exploration and Utilization of Non-Conventional Water Resources and Water Use Efficiency, Beijing 100048, China
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5
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Reclaimed Water Reuse for Groundwater Recharge: A Review of Hot Spots and Hot Moments in the Hyporheic Zone. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14121936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As an alternative resource, reclaimed water is rich in the various nutrients and organic matter that may irreparably endanger groundwater quality through the recharging process. During groundwater recharge with reclaimed water, hot spots and hot moments (HSHMs) in the hyporheic zones, located at the groundwater–reclaimed water interface, play vital roles in cycling and processing energy, carbon, and nutrients, drawing increasing concern in the fields of biogeochemistry, environmental chemistry, and pollution treatment and prevention engineering. This paper aims to review these recent advances and the current state of knowledge of HSHMs in the hyporheic zone with regard to groundwater recharge using reclaimed water, including the generation mechanisms, temporal and spatial characteristics, influencing factors, and identification indicators and methods of HSHMs in the materials cycle. Finally, the development prospects of HSHMs are discussed. It is hoped that this review will lead to a clearer understanding of the processes controlling water flow and pollutant flux, and that further management and control of HSHMs can be achieved, resulting in the development of a more accurate and safer approach to groundwater recharge with reclaimed water.
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Yang S, Feng W, Wang S, Chen L, Zheng X, Li X, Zhou D. Farmland heavy metals can migrate to deep soil at a regional scale: A case study on a wastewater-irrigated area in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 281:116977. [PMID: 33799205 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal risks to human health in farmland of wastewater-irrigated areas have long been recognized. It remains to be shown whether farmland heavy metals from wastewater irrigation can migrate to deeper soil at a regional scale. In this study, nine soil cores deep to 30 m from three transects (A, B and C) of a linear wastewater reservoir and the adjacent farmland topsoils and wheat grains were sampled. Heavy metals including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the soils and wheat grains were determined, and the grains' health risks were assessed using the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ). Considerably high contents of heavy metals in both total and soluble forms were detected in deep soils, especially for the transect B where total As of 73.0 mg kg-1 at 29 m, Cd of 3.80 mg kg-1 at 13 m and Pb of 214 mg kg-1 at 30 m were detected. The silty clayey and silty layers of the transect B had higher contents of As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn compared with the sandy layers. Across the studied area, 19.5%-34.1% of the topsoil samples were contaminated by As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, and 34.1% and 19.5% of the wheat grains were contaminated by Cd and Pb, respectively. Wheat grains from all the sampling sites had a combined target hazard quotient (TTHQ) value of >1, with As and Cd being the most important contributors. Our study revealed a wider and deeper risk of typical heavy metals originated from long-term wastewater irrigation in the sampling area, which may pose substantial health risks to the local residents via wheat grains and groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Centre for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenzhao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Centre for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shiqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Centre for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Centre for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Centre for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Centre for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050021, China; Yancheng Institute of Soil Ecology, Yancheng, 22400, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Wu W, Liao R, Hu Y, Wang H, Liu H, Yin S. Quantitative assessment of groundwater pollution risk in reclaimed water irrigation areas of northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114173. [PMID: 32078883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The application of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation can effectively reduce the use of freshwater resources including groundwater, addressing the increasingly severe challenge of water shortage. However, reclaimed water irrigation will cause potential pollution risks to groundwater, which needs to be further studied to ensure the safety of reclaimed water irrigation. An integrated quantitative assessment system including the modified DRASTIC model was developed to evaluate the pollution risks caused by reclaimed water irrigation and scientific strategies were offered for the development of reclaimed water irrigation in water shortage areas to avoid groundwater pollution. The groundwater intrinsic vulnerability index, the hazards of the characteristic pollutants, and the groundwater values were quantified to obtain the pollution risks distribution map. In the Beijing plain of north China, the low groundwater pollution risk areas were located in the midstream of Chaobai river baisin, Beiyun river basin, and Yongding river basin, accounting for 48.3% of the total study area. These areas in low pollution risk can be considered as safety areas for reclaimed water irrigation. The moderate groundwater pollution risk areas accounting for 46.9% of the total study area were suggested to apply water-saving irrigation measures for preventing groundwater pollution. The reclaimed water irrigation should be prohibited in the high groundwater pollution risk areas, which accounted for 4.8% of the total study area. This study highlights the reasonable strategy for the development of reclaimed water irrigation in water shortage areas and lay a foundation for finding alternative water sources for agricultural irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Renkuan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100048, China; Department of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.
| | - Yaqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Honglu Liu
- Engineering Technique Research Center for the Exploration and Utilization of Non-Conventional Water Resources and Water Use Efficiency, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shiyang Yin
- Engineering Technique Research Center for the Exploration and Utilization of Non-Conventional Water Resources and Water Use Efficiency, Beijing, 100048, China
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Gu X, Xiao Y, Yin S, Liu H, Men B, Hao Z, Qian P, Yan H, Hao Q, Niu Y, Huang H, Pei Q. Impact of Long-Term Reclaimed Water Irrigation on the Distribution of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil: An In-Situ Experiment Study in the North China Plain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040649. [PMID: 30813230 PMCID: PMC6406732 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of reclaimed water has alleviated the water resource crisis worldwide, but long-term use of reclaimed water for irrigation, especially in agricultural countries, might threaten the soil environment and further affect groundwater quality. An in-situ experiment had been carried out in the North China Plain, which aimed to reveal the impact of long-term reclaimed water irrigation on soil properties and distribution of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Zn and Pb) in the soil profile as well as shallow groundwater. Four land plots were irrigated with different quantity of reclaimed water to represent 0, 13, 22 and 35 years’ irrigation duration. Pollution Load Index (PLI) values of each soil layer were calculated to further assess the pollution status of irrigated soils by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Results showed that long-term reclaimed water irrigation caused appreciable increase of organic matter content, and might improve the soil quality. High soil organic matter concentrations conduced to high adsorption and retention capacity of the soils toward PTEs, which could reduce the risk of PTEs leaching into deep layers or shallow groundwater. Highest levels of Cr, Pb and Zn were observed at 200–240 cm and 460–500 cm horizons in plots. Longer irrigation time (35 years and 22 years) resulted in a decreasing trend of As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn in lower part of soil profiles (>540 cm) compared with that with 13-years’ irrigation years. Long-term reclaimed water irrigation still brought about increases in concentrations of some elements in deep soil layer although their content in soils and shallow groundwater was below the national standard. Totally speaking, proper management for reclaimed water irrigation, such as reduction of irrigation volume and rate of reclaimed water, was still needed when a very long irrigation period was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Gu
- School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China.
| | - Yong Xiao
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
| | - Shiyang Yin
- School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Honglu Liu
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Baohui Men
- School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Zhongyong Hao
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Peng Qian
- School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China.
| | - Huijun Yan
- Geological Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Qinghai Province, Xining 810008, China.
| | - Qichen Hao
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.
| | - Yong Niu
- Forestry College of Shangong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Nantong Vocational University, Nantong 226007, China.
| | - Qiuming Pei
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
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Wang S, Zheng W, Currell M, Yang Y, Zhao H, Lv M. Relationship between land-use and sources and fate of nitrate in groundwater in a typical recharge area of the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:607-620. [PMID: 28763658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Identification of different nitrate sources in groundwater is challenging in areas with diverse land use and multiple potential inputs. An area with mixed land-uses, typical of the piedmont-plain recharge area of the North China Plain, was selected to investigate different nitrate sources and the impact of land use on nitrate distribution in groundwater. Multiple environmental tracers were examined, including major ions, stable isotopes of water (δ2H-H2O, δ18O-H2O) and nitrate (δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3-). Groundwater was sampled from four land-use types; natural vegetation (NV), farmland (FL), economic forestland (EF) and residential areas (RA). A mixing model using δ18O and Cl- concentrations showed that groundwater recharge predominantly comprises precipitation and lateral groundwater flow from areas of natural vegetation in the upper catchment, while irrigation return water and wastewater from septic tanks were major inputs in farmland and residential areas, respectively. Land use variation is the major contributing factor to different nitrate concentrations. In total, 80%, 49% and 86% of samples from RA, FL and EF, respectively exceeded the WHO standard (50mg/L NO3-), compared to 6.9% of samples from NV. Isotopes of δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- verified that nitrate in groundwater of the NV (with δ15N ranging from 1.7‰ to 4.7‰) was sourced from soil and precipitation. Examination of δ15N-NO3- vs δ18O-NO3- values along with multivariate statistical analysis (principle component and cluster analysis) helped identify sources with overlapping isotopic values in other land-use areas (where δ15N values range from 2.5‰ to 10.2‰). Manure and septic waste were dominant sources for most groundwater with high NO3- and Cl- concentrations in both farmland and residential areas. The lack of de-nitrification and fact that the area is a recharge zone for the North China Plain highlight the importance of controlling nitrate sources through careful application of manure and fertilizers, and control of septic leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China.
| | - Wenbo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Matthew Currell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Yonghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Satellite Environment Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Mengyu Lv
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Investigation of Geochemical Characteristics and Controlling Processes of Groundwater in a Typical Long-Term Reclaimed Water Use Area. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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