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Mahdi WA, Absar MS, Choi S, Yang VC, Kwon YM. Enhanced control of bioactivity of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) through domain-directed enzymatic oxidation of terminal galactose. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2022; 12:479-486. [PMID: 36644546 PMCID: PMC9809136 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2022.23477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In targeted enzyme prodrug constructs, it is critical to control the bioactivity of the drug in its prodrug form. The preparation of such constructs often involves conjugation reactions directed to functional groups on amino acid side chains of the protein, which result in random conjugation and incomplete control of bioactivity of a prodrug, which may result in significant nontarget effect. Thus, more specific method of modification is desired. If the drug is a glycoprotein, enzymatic oxidation may offer an alternative approach for therapeutic glycoproteins. Methods: Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a model glycoprotein enzyme, was treated with galactose oxidase (GO) and horseradish peroxidase, followed by thiolation reaction and conjugation with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). The LMWH-tPA conjugate was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography followed by centrifugal filtration. The conjugate was characterized for its fibrinolytic activity and for its plasminogen activation through an indirect amidolytic assay with a plasmin-specific substrate S-2251 when LMWH-tPA conjugate is complexed with protamine-albumin conjugate, followed by triggered activation in the presence of heparin. Results: LMWH-tPA conjugate prepared via enzymatic oxidation retained ~95% of its fibrinolytic activity with respect to native tPA. Upon complexation with protamine-albumin conjugate, the activity of LMWH-tPA was effectively inhibited (~90%) whereas the LMWH-tPA prepared by random thiolation exhibited ~55% inhibition. Addition of heparin fully generated the activities of both conjugates. Conclusion: The tPA was successfully modified via enzymatic oxidation by GO, resulting in enhanced control of its activity in the prodrug construct. This approach can be applied to other therapeutic glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A. Mahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad S. Absar
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Suna Choi
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Victor C. Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 300070, China
,University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Young M. Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
,Corresponding author: Young M. Kwon, ykwon1nova.edu
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Kwon YM. Targeted delivery of thrombolytic enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 11:85-86. [PMID: 33842278 PMCID: PMC8022233 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2021.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Although thrombolytic agents have been used for several decades in the treatment of thromboembolic conditions, there is an unmet need for the development of safer thrombolytic agents. The development of new molecules themselves may not be sufficient. This has sparked a growing interest in the design of novel nanoscale drug carrier systems for the delivery of thrombolytic enzymes in an effort to address its fatal side effects. There are numerous proof-of-concept reports on such nanoscale systems that seek to capitalize on the pathophysiologic signatures of thrombosis as well as external biochemical/physical triggers. Although there may be a long road ahead before we have such new nanoscale therapeutics on the bedside, hopes remain high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young M Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University 3200 S. University Dr. Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
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3
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Wang S, Wang R, Meng N, Guo H, Wu S, Wang X, Li J, Wang H, Jiang K, Xie C, Liu Y, Wang H, Lu W. Platelet membrane-functionalized nanoparticles with improved targeting ability and lower hemorrhagic risk for thrombolysis therapy. J Control Release 2020; 328:78-86. [PMID: 32853731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous injection of thrombolytic drugs is the most effective strategy for the treatment of thrombotic diseases. However, the clinical application of most thrombolytic drugs is limited by hemorrhagic risks and narrow therapeutic index. The targeted drug delivery systems may help to address these problems. Inspired by the crucial role of platelets in the process of thrombus, Platelet membrane-coated PLGA cores loading lumbrokinase (PNPs/LBK) were designed for effective thrombolysis with reduced hemorrhagic risk. Using a mouse carotid thrombosis model, the affinity of platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles to the thrombus was confirmed. Also, the PNPs/LBK exhibited excellent thrombolytic efficacy at a low dose, compared with free LBK. More importantly, PNPs/LBK showed less adverse effect on the function of the coagulation system, and thus reduced hemorrhagic risk. These results indicated that a promising thrombus-targeted drug delivery system was achieved by coating PLGA nanoparticles with platelet membrane. Such rationally designed drug delivery system will provide a broad platform for thrombus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Nana Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haiyan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sunyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cao Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Ministry of Education and PLA), Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200041, China; Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Fudan-Minhang Academic Health System, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China.
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4
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Colasuonno M, Palange AL, Aid R, Ferreira M, Mollica H, Palomba R, Emdin M, Del Sette M, Chauvierre C, Letourneur D, Decuzzi P. Erythrocyte-Inspired Discoidal Polymeric Nanoconstructs Carrying Tissue Plasminogen Activator for the Enhanced Lysis of Blood Clots. ACS NANO 2018; 12:12224-12237. [PMID: 30427660 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the sole approved therapeutic molecule for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Yet, only a small percentage of patients could benefit from this life-saving treatment because of medical contraindications and severe side effects, including brain hemorrhage, associated with delayed administration. Here, a nano therapeutic agent is realized by directly associating the clinical formulation of tPA to the porous structure of soft discoidal polymeric nanoconstructs (tPA-DPNs). The porous matrix of DPNs protects tPA from rapid degradation, allowing tPA-DPNs to preserve over 70% of the tPA original activity after 3 h of exposure to serum proteins. Under dynamic conditions, tPA-DPNs dissolve clots more efficiently than free tPA, as demonstrated in a microfluidic chip where clots are formed mimicking in vivo conditions. At 60 min post-treatment initiation, the clot area reduces by half (57 ± 8%) with tPA-DPNs, whereas a similar result (56 ± 21%) is obtained only after 90 min for free tPA. In murine mesentery venules, the intravenous administration of 2.5 mg/kg of tPA-DPNs resolves almost 90% of the blood clots, whereas a similar dose of free tPA successfully recanalizes only about 40% of the treated vessels. At about 1/10 of the clinical dose (1.0 mg/kg), tPA-DPNs still effectively dissolve 70% of the clots, whereas free tPA works efficiently only on 16% of the vessels. In vivo, discoidal tPA-DPNs outperform the lytic activity of 200 nm spherical tPA-coated nanoconstructs in terms of both percentage of successful recanalization events and clot area reduction. The conjugation of tPA with preserved lytic activity, the deformability and blood circulating time of DPNs together with the faster blood clot dissolution would make tPA-DPNs a promising nanotool for enhancing both potency and safety of thrombolytic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Colasuonno
- Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies , Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33 , 56127 Pisa , Italy
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine , Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego, 30 , 16163 Genoa , Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Palange
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine , Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego, 30 , 16163 Genoa , Italy
| | - Rachida Aid
- INSERM U1148 - Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, University Paris 13 , University Paris Diderot, X. Bichat Hospital , 46 rue Henri Huchard , 75018 Paris , France
| | - Miguel Ferreira
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine , Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego, 30 , 16163 Genoa , Italy
| | - Hilaria Mollica
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and System Engineering , University of Genoa , Via Opera Pia, 13 , 16145 Genoa , Italy
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine , Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego, 30 , 16163 Genoa , Italy
| | - Roberto Palomba
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine , Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego, 30 , 16163 Genoa , Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies , Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33 , 56127 Pisa , Italy
- Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio , Via G. Moruzzi, 1 , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Massimo Del Sette
- S.C. Neurologia , E.O. Ospedali Galliera , Mura delle Cappuccine, 14 , 16128 Genova , Italy
| | - Cédric Chauvierre
- INSERM U1148 - Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, University Paris 13 , University Paris Diderot, X. Bichat Hospital , 46 rue Henri Huchard , 75018 Paris , France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- INSERM U1148 - Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, University Paris 13 , University Paris Diderot, X. Bichat Hospital , 46 rue Henri Huchard , 75018 Paris , France
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine , Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego, 30 , 16163 Genoa , Italy
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5
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Wang H, Moon C, Shin MC, Wang Y, He H, Yang VC, Huang Y. Heparin-Regulated Prodrug-Type Macromolecular Theranostic Systems for Cancer Therapy. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:114-130. [PMID: 29071181 PMCID: PMC5646728 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.18292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin is a kind of naturally occurring polymer with excellent biocompatibility and solubility. It is characterized by dense of negative charge, higher than any endogenous components. Heparin can bind with various cationic peptides and proteins, thereby providing a useful noncovalent linkage for building a drug delivery system. As a case in point, heparin/cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) interaction is strong, and remains stable in vivo. They can be used to modify different proteins, respectively, and subsequently, by simply mixing the modified proteins, a protein-protein conjugate can be form via the stable heparin/CPP linkage. This linkage could not be broken unless addition of protamine that bears higher cationic charge density than CPP, and CPP thus can be substituted and released. Of note, heparin is a potent antagonist of CPP, and their binding naturally inhibits CPP-mediated drug cell penetration. Based on this method, we developed a heparin-regulated macromolecular prodrug-type system, termed ATTEMPTS, for drug targeting delivery. In this review article, we mainly summary the application of ATTEMPTS in delivery of various macromolecular drugs for cancer therapy, and also introduce the heparin-regulated nanoprobes for tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheol Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Meong Cheol Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaping Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Huining He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Victor C Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 300070, China.,University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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6
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Pan Y, Ren X, Wang S, Li X, Luo X, Yin Z. Annexin V-Conjugated Mixed Micelles as a Potential Drug Delivery System for Targeted Thrombolysis. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:865-876. [PMID: 28240872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To alleviate the hemorrhagic side effect of thrombolysis therapy, a thrombus targeted drug delivery system based on the specific affinity of Annexin V to phosphatidylserine exposed on the membrane surface of activated platelet was developed. The amphiphilic and biodegradable biomaterial, polycaprolactone-block-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PCL-b-PDMAEMA-b-PHEMA (PCDH)) triblock polymer, was synthesized via ring opening polymerization (ROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to use as the nanocarriers of thrombolytic drug. In order to conjugate Annexin V to the polymer, PCDH was modified by succinic anhydride via ring-opening reaction to introduce the carboxyl group (PCDH-COOH). After preparation of PCDH/PCDH-COOH (9/1, m/m) mixed micelles, Annexin V was coupled with the micelles using carbodiimide chemistry. The blood clot lysis assay in vitro confirmed that lumbrokinase-loaded targeted micelles (LKTM) had stronger thrombolysis potency than free lumbrokinase (LK) and LK-loaded nontargeted micelles (LKM, P < 0.05). In vivo thrombolytic assay, multispectral, optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) was used to assess the target ability of LKTM. The results of MSOT images indicated the fluorescence intensity of the LKTM group located in the blood clot position were significantly stronger than the LKM group. A 5 mm of carotid artery containing blood clot was cut out 24 h later after administration to assess the degree of thrombolysis. The results of thrombolytic assay in vivo were consistent with the assay in vitro, which the differences between LK, LKM, and LKTM groups were both statistically significant. All the results of thrombolysis assays above proved that the capacity of thrombolysis in the LKTM group was optimal. It suggested that Annexin V-conjugated micelles will be a potential drug delivery system for targeted thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoting Ren
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xianglin Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zongning Yin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, China
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7
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Absar S, Gupta N, Nahar K, Ahsan F. Engineering of plasminogen activators for targeting to thrombus and heightening thrombolytic efficacy. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1545-56. [PMID: 26074048 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thrombotic occlusion of the coronary artery, which triggers acute myocardial infarction, is one of the major causes of death in the USA. Currently, arterial occlusions are treated with intravenous plasminogen activators (PAs), which dissolve the clot by activating plasminogen. However, PAs indiscriminately generate plasmin, which depletes critical clotting factors (fibrinogen, factor V, and factor VIII), precipitates a lytic state in the blood, and produces bleeding complications in a large patient population. PAs have been extensively investigated to achieve thrombus specificity, to attenuate the bleeding risk, and to widen their clinical applications. In this review, we discuss various strategies that have been pursued since the beginning of thrombolytic therapy. We review the biotechnological approaches that have been used to develop mutant and chimeric PAs for thrombus selectivity, including the use of specific antibodies for targeting thrombi. We discuss particulate carrier-based systems and triggered-release concepts. We propose new hypotheses and strategies to spur future studies in this research arena. Overall, we describe the approaches and accomplishments in the development of patient-friendly and workable delivery systems for thrombolytic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Absar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - N Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - K Nahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - F Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Tang Z, Li D, Wang X, Gong H, Luan Y, Liu Z, Brash JL, Chen H. A t-PA/nanoparticle conjugate with fully retained enzymatic activity and prolonged circulation time. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:977-982. [PMID: 32261976 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01625d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A major issue in the therapeutic use of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) for the treatment of thrombotic diseases is its very short half-life in the circulation due to the effects of inhibitors. The present study aims to resolve the issue using a t-PA/gold nanoparticle (t-PA/AuNP) conjugate prepared via bio-affinity ligation under physiological conditions. The ligation is based on the specific interactions between t-PA and ε-lysine (a ligand that has affinity to a specific domain in t-PA) immobilized on the AuNP surface through polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a spacer. The conjugate can not only retain almost full enzymatic activity and clot dissolving efficiency, but also protect t-PA from inhibition by PAI-1 to some extent as compared with free t-PA in vitro. Moreover, the conjugate showed prolonged circulation time in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengchao Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Chemistry, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Rd, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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9
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15 years of ATTEMPTS: a macromolecular drug delivery system based on the CPP-mediated intracellular drug delivery and antibody targeting. J Control Release 2014; 205:58-69. [PMID: 25483423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, any drug intended for combating the tumor would distribute profoundly to other organs and tissues as lack of targeting specificity, thus resulting in limited therapeutic effects toward the tumor but severe drug-induced toxic side effects. To prevail over this obstacle of drug-induced systemic toxicity, a novel approach termed "ATTEMPTS" (antibody targeted triggered electrically modified prodrug type strategy) was designed, which directly introduces both of the targeting and prodrug features onto the protein drugs. The ATTEMPTS system is composed of the antibody targeting component consisting of antibodies linked with heparin, and the cell penetrating peptide (CPP) modified drug component. The two components mentioned above self-assembled into a tight complex via the charge to charge interaction between the anionic heparin and cationic CPP. Once accumulated at the targeting site, the CPP modified drug is released from the blockage by a second triggering agent, while remaining inactive in the circulation during tumor targeting thus aborting its effect on normal tissues. We utilized the heparin-induced inhibition on the cell-penetrating activity of CPP to create the prodrug feature, and subsequently the protamine-induced reversal of heparin inhibition to resume cell transduction of the protein drug via the CPP function. Our approach is the first known system to overcome this selectivity issue, enabling CPP-mediated cellular drug delivery to be practically applicable clinically. In this review, we thoroughly discussed the historical and novel progress of the "ATTEMPTS" system.
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10
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El-Sherbiny IM, Elkholi IE, Yacoub MH. Tissue plasminogen activator-based clot busting: Controlled delivery approaches. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2014; 2014:336-49. [PMID: 25780787 PMCID: PMC4352685 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thrombosis, the formation of blood clot (thrombus) in the circulatory system obstructing the blood flow, is one of the main causes behind various ischemic arterial syndromes such as ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction, as well as vein syndromes such as deep vein thrombosis, and consequently, pulmonary emboli. Several thrombolytic agents have been developed for treating thrombosis, the most common being tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), administrated systemically or locally via IV infusion directly proximal to the thrombus, with the aim of restoring and improving the blood flow. TPA triggers the dissolution of thrombi by inducing the conversion of plasminogen to protease plasmin followed by fibrin digestion that eventually leads to clot lysis. Although tPA provides powerful thrombolytic activity, it has many shortcomings, including poor pharmacokinetic profiles, impairment of the reestablishment of normal coronary flow, and impairment of hemostasis, leading to life-threatening bleeding consequences. The bleeding consequence is ascribed to the ability of tPA to circulate throughout the body and therefore can lysis all blood clots in the circulation system, even the good ones that prevent the bleeding and promote injury repair. This review provides an overview of the different delivery approaches for tPA including: liposomes, ultrasound-triggered thrombolysis, anti-fibrin antibody-targeted tPA, camouflaged-tPA, tpA-loaded microcarriers, and nano-modulated delivery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Zewail City of Science and Technology, Center for Materials Science, University of Science and Technology, 6th October City, 12588 Giza, Egypt
| | - Islam E Elkholi
- Medical Experimental Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Magdi H Yacoub
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
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Minko T. Soluble polymer conjugates for drug delivery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 2:15-20. [PMID: 24981750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of water-soluble polymeric conjugates as drug carriers offers several possible advantages. These advantages include: (1) improved drug pharmacokinetics; (2) decreased toxicity to healthy organs; (3) possible facilitation of accumulation and preferential uptake by targeted cells; (4) programmed profile of drug release. In this review, we will consider the main types of useful polymeric conjugates and their role and effectiveness as carriers in drug delivery systems.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
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12
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Absar S, Kwon YM, Ahsan F. Bio-responsive delivery of tissue plasminogen activator for localized thrombolysis. J Control Release 2014; 177:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Absar S, Nahar K, Choi S, Ahsan F, Yang VC, Kwon YM. Serum albumin-protamine conjugate for biocompatible platform for targeted delivery of therapeutic macromolecules. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2481-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Absar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; 1300 Coulter St Amarillo Texas 79106
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; 1300 Coulter St Amarillo Texas 79106
| | - Suna Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; 1300 Coulter St Amarillo Texas 79106
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; 1300 Coulter St Amarillo Texas 79106
| | - Victor C. Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan; 428 Church St Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - Young M. Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; 1300 Coulter St Amarillo Texas 79106
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University; 3200 S. University Dr. Fort Lauderdale Florida 33328 USA
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Absar S, Nahar K, Kwon YM, Ahsan F. Thrombus-targeted nanocarrier attenuates bleeding complications associated with conventional thrombolytic therapy. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1663-76. [PMID: 23468049 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that thrombus-specific tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-loaded nanocarriers enhance thrombolytic efficacy and attenuate hemorrhagic complications. METHODS A series of pegylated and non-pegylated tPA-loaded liposomes were prepared and their surfaces were decorated with the peptide sequence (CQQHHLGGAKQAGDV) of fibrinogen gamma-chain that binds with GPIIb/IIIa expressed on activated platelets. All formulations were characterized for physical properties, stability and in vitro release profile. The thrombolytic activities of tPA-loaded liposomes were tested by visual end-point detection, fibrin agar-plate and human blood clot-lysis assays. The thrombus-specificity of the peptide-modified-liposomes was evaluated by studying the binding of fluorescent peptide-liposomes with activated platelets. The pharmacokinetic profile and thrombolytic efficacy were evaluated in healthy rats and an inferior vena-cava rat model of thrombosis, respectively. RESULTS Both pegylated and non-pegylated peptide-modified-liposomes showed favorable physical characteristics and colloidal stability. Formulations exhibited an initial burst release (40-50% in 30 min) followed by a continuous release of tPA (80-90% in 24 h) in vitro. Encapsulated tPA retained >90% fibrinolytic activity as compared to that of native tPA. Peptide-grafted-liposomes containing tPA demonstrated an affinity to bind with activated platelets. The half-life of tPA was extended from 7 to 103 and 141 min for non-pegylated and pegylated liposomes, respectively. Compared to native tPA, liposomal-tPA caused a 35% increase in clot-lysis, but produced a 4.3-fold less depletion of circulating fibrinogen. CONCLUSIONS tPA-loaded homing-peptide-grafted-liposomes demonstrate enhanced thrombolytic activity with reduced hemorrhagic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Absar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter St., Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
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15
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Preparation and characterization of anionic oligopeptide-modified tissue plasminogen activator for triggered delivery: An approach for localized thrombolysis. Thromb Res 2013; 131:e91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang F. Intracellular transduction and potential of Tat PTD and its analogs: from basic drug delivery mechanism to application. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:457-72. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.663351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Heparin-triggered release of camouflaged tissue plasminogen activator for targeted thrombolysis. J Control Release 2011; 157:46-54. [PMID: 21930168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A targetable, heparin-triggered release system for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was designed to prevent the excessive 'lytic' state associated with the current tPA therapy for acute thrombotic conditions, such as myocardial infarction (MI). The strategy is, upon target accumulation, to trigger tPA release from a prodrug construct by a usual heparin dose. A relatively inactive form of tPA was constructed by conjugating tPA with low-molecular weight heparin followed by complexation with albumin-protamine conjugate, termed 'camouflage'. The modified tPA was ~97% as active as native tPA. The prodrug construct of tPA significantly masked the enzymatic activity, which was fully recovered upon heparin addition. The camouflaged tPA was stable in human blood for at least 30min and was able to trigger enzyme activation in vitro at heparin level of 0.4U/mL. In vivo studies on jugular vein rat thrombosis model showed that the clot lysis of the heparin-triggered camouflaged tPA group was equivalent to the tPA+heparin group without prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) before and after the treatment. This proof-of-principle study suggests that the activity of the tPA prodrug construct can be triggered at the thrombus site at therapeutic heparin concentration conjunctively used for MI with reduced bleeding risk.
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Construction of thrombus-targeted microbubbles carrying tissue plasminogen activator and their in vitro thrombolysis efficacy: a primary research. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2010; 30:29-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-010-0450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yurko Y, Maximov V, Andreozzi E, Thompson GL, Vertegel AA. Design of biomedical nanodevices for dissolution of blood clots. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kwon YM, Li Y, Naik S, Liang JF, Huang Y, Park YJ, Yang VC. The ATTEMPTS delivery systems for macromolecular drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:1255-66. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240802498059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kwon YM, Li YT, Liang JF, Park YJ, Chang LC, Yang VC. PTD-modified ATTEMPTS system for enhanced asparaginase therapy: a proof-of-concept investigation. J Control Release 2008; 130:252-8. [PMID: 18652856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular drugs such as proteins and gene products are presumably the most desirable therapeutic agents due to their unmatched substrate specificity and reaction efficiency. Yet, clinical use of these drugs has met with limited success, primarily due to the impermeable nature of the cell membrane that restricts cellular drug uptake to only small (<600 Da) and hydrophobic molecules. The recent discovery of the protein transduction domain (PTD) membrane-penetrating peptides, such as HIV-TAT, has finally offered the possibility of resolving this cell-membrane barrier for macromolecular drug delivery. Via covalent linkages, these PTD peptides have been shown to ferry the attached macromolecular species across membranes of all cell types, both in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, the lack of selectivity for PTD-mediated internalization restricts the application of this cell uptake method in clinical practice, due to concerns of inducing systemic toxicity caused by the carried drugs. Presented herein is a modified version of our previously established "ATTEMPTS" approach in delivery of macromolecular drugs, which integrates the cell-penetrating PTDs into a heparin/protamine-regulated delivery system. In vitro findings using asparaginase (ASNase) as a model macromolecular anti-tumor agent were able to validate the feasibility of this delivery system. The chemically constructed TAT-ASNase conjugates not only were able to translocate into the MOLT-4 cells and elicit the cytotoxic effects, but also this PTD-mediated intracellular drug uptake could be regulated (with on/off control) by the addition of heparin and protamine. This modified ATTEMPTS system therefore presents a new avenue of treatment of various types of cancers and other diseases with macromolecular drugs. In vitro characterization and a preliminary proof-of-concept animal investigation that demonstrates the feasibility of this PTD-mediated ASNase therapeutic system is subsequently described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Kwon
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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Sandros MG, Sarraf CB, Tabrizian M. Prodrugs in cardiovascular therapy. Molecules 2008; 13:1156-78. [PMID: 18560335 PMCID: PMC6245309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13051156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are biologically inactive derivatives of an active drug intended to solve certain problems of the parent drug such as toxicity, instability, minimal solubility and non-targeting capabilities. The majority of drugs for cardiovascular diseases undergo first-pass metabolism, resulting in drug inactivation and generation of toxic metabolites, which makes them appealing targets for prodrug design. Since prodrugs undergo a chemical reaction to form the parent drug once inside the body, this makes them very effective in controlling the release of a variety of compounds to the targeted site. This review will provide the reader with an insight on the latest developments of prodrugs that are available for treating a variety of cardiovascular diseases. In addition, we will focus on several drug delivery methodologies that have merged with the prodrug approach to provide enhanced target specificity and controlled drug release with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella G. Sandros
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A2B4
- Center for Biorecognition and Biosensors, McGill Institute for Advanced Materials, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A2B4
| | - Chady B. Sarraf
- Department of Medical Education, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- St. Michael’s Medical Center, 111 Central Avenue, Newark, NJ 070102, USA
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A2B4
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2B2
- Center for Biorecognition and Biosensors, McGill Institute for Advanced Materials, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A2B4
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
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Minko T, Khandare JJ, Vetcher AA, Soldatenkov VA, Garbuzenko OB, Saad M, Pozharov VP. Multifunctional Nanotherapeutics for Cancer. MULTIFUNCTIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL NANOCARRIERS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76554-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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