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Eslami Z, Elkoun S, Robert M, Adjallé K. A Review of the Effect of Plasticizers on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Alginate-Based Films. Molecules 2023; 28:6637. [PMID: 37764413 PMCID: PMC10534897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing attempt to manipulate various properties of biodegradable materials to use them as alternatives to their synthetic plastic counterparts. Alginate is a polysaccharide extracted from seaweed or soil bacteria that is considered one of the most promising materials for numerous applications. However, alginate potential for various applications is relatively limited due to brittleness, poor mechanical properties, scaling-up difficulties, and high water vapor permeability (WVP). Choosing an appropriate plasticizer can alleviate the situation by providing higher flexibility, workability, processability, and in some cases, higher hydrophobicity. This review paper discusses the main results and developments regarding the effects of various plasticizers on the properties of alginate-based films during the last decades. The plasticizers used for plasticizing alginate were classified into different categories, and their behavior under different concentrations and conditions was studied. Moreover, the drawback effects of plasticizers on the mechanical properties and WVP of the films are discussed. Finally, the role of plasticizers in the improved processing of alginate and the lack of knowledge on some aspects of plasticized alginate films is clarified, and accordingly, some recommendations for more classical studies of the plasticized alginate films in the future are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Eslami
- Center for Innovation in Technological Ecodesign (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (Z.E.); (M.R.)
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Saïd Elkoun
- Center for Innovation in Technological Ecodesign (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (Z.E.); (M.R.)
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Robert
- Center for Innovation in Technological Ecodesign (CITE), University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; (Z.E.); (M.R.)
- Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Kokou Adjallé
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Eau Terre Environnement Research Centre, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Quebec, QC G1K 9A9, Canada;
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Rather SA, Akhter R, Masoodi F, Gani A, Wani S. Effect of double alginate microencapsulation on in vitro digestibility and thermal tolerance of Lactobacillus plantarum NCDC201 and L. casei NCDC297. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Shi Y, Ma C, Du Y, Yu G. Microwave-responsive polymeric core–shell microcarriers for high-efficiency controlled drug release. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3541-3549. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00235a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A general drug carrier with a unique conjugated polymer/PNIPAM core–shell structure is synthesized for high-efficiency controlled drug release under microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Shi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Texas Materials Institute
- The University of Texas at Austin
- USA
| | - Chongbo Ma
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Texas Materials Institute
- The University of Texas at Austin
- USA
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
| | - Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Texas Materials Institute
- The University of Texas at Austin
- USA
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Fareez IM, Lim SM, Mishra RK, Ramasamy K. Chitosan coated alginate–xanthan gum bead enhanced pH and thermotolerance of Lactobacillus plantarum LAB12. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:1419-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wong TW. Electrical, magnetic, photomechanical and cavitational waves to overcome skin barrier for transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release 2014; 193:257-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Emerging Trends in Noninvasive Insulin Delivery. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS 2014; 2014:378048. [PMID: 26556194 PMCID: PMC4590826 DOI: 10.1155/2014/378048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with various aspects of oral insulin delivery system. Insulin is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by the elevated glucose level (above the normal range) in the blood stream, that is, hyperglycemia. Oral route of administration of any drug is the most convenient route. Development of oral insulin is still under research. Oral insulin will cause the avoidance of pain during the injection (in subcutaneous administration), anxiety due to needle, and infections which can be developed. Different types of enzyme inhibitors, like sodium cholate, camostat, mesilate, bacitracin, leupeptin, and so forth, have been used to prevent insulin from enzymatic degradation. Subcutaneous route has been used for administration of insulin, but pain and itching at the site of administration can occur. That is why various alternative routes of insulin administration like oral route are under investigation. In this paper authors summarized advancement in insulin delivery with their formulation aspects.
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López-Córdoba A, Deladino L, Martino M. Release of yerba mate antioxidants from corn starch–alginate capsules as affected by structure. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 99:150-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schulz K, Oberdieck U, Backensfeld T, Weitschies W. Changes in recovery due to drug product matrix ageing as a source of mass imbalances. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 74:117-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nor Khaizan A, Wong TW. MICROWAVE: EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2528/pier13061604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cascone S, Lamberti G, Titomanlio G, Barba AA, d’Amore M. Microencapsulation effectiveness of small active molecules in biopolymer by ultrasonic atomization technique. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 38:1486-93. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.653814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wong TW. Alginate graft copolymers and alginate-co-excipient physical mixture in oral drug delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:1497-512. [PMID: 22060280 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Use of alginate graft copolymers in oral drug delivery reduces dosage form manufacture complexity with reference to mixing or coating processes. It is deemed to give constant or approximately steady weight ratio of alginate to covalently attached co-excipient in copolymers, thereby leading to controllable matrix processing and drug release. This review describes various grafting approaches and their outcome on oral drug release behaviour of alginate graft copolymeric matrices. It examines drug release modulation mechanism of alginate graft copolymers against that of co-excipients in non-grafted formulations. KEY FINDINGS Drug release from alginate matrices can be modulated through using either co-excipients or graft copolymers via changing their swelling, erosion, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, porosity and/or drug adsorption capacity. However, it is not known if the drug delivery performance of formulations prepared using alginate graft copolymers is superior to those incorporating graft-equivalent co-excipient physically in a dosage form without grafting but at the corresponding graft weight, owing to limited studies being available. CONCLUSIONS The value of alginate graft copolymers as the potential alternative to alginate-co-excipient physical mixture in oral drug delivery cannot be entirely defined by past and present research. Such an issue is complicated by the lack of green chemistry graft copolymer synthesis approach, high grafting process cost, complications and hazards, and the formed graft copolymers having unknown toxicity. Future research will need to address these matters to achieve a widespread commercialization and industrial application of alginate graft copolymers in oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Wui Wong
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre and Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Auriemma G, Del Gaudio P, Barba AA, d’Amore M, Aquino RP. A combined technique based on prilling and microwave assisted treatments for the production of ketoprofen controlled release dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2011; 415:196-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mardziah RE, Wong TW. Effects of microwave on drug-release responses of spray-dried alginate microspheres. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 36:1149-67. [PMID: 20380595 DOI: 10.3109/03639041003695063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Microspheres prepared from rigid guluronic acid- (MG) and flexible mannuronic acid-rich (MC) alginate will undergo different drug release changes with respect to the influence of microwave on the matrix. An in-depth understanding of their differences in drug release changes is attainable through investigating cross-linking agent-free alginate microspheres prepared by spray-drying technique. OBJECTIVE The behavior of MG and MC alginate in controlling drug release responses of spray-dried microspheres against microwave was investigated. Sodium diclofenac was used as a model water-soluble drug. The formed microspheres were subjected to drug release, drug content, size, shape, surface morphology, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffractometry analysis. RESULTS MC microspheres required a shorter period of microwave irradiation to reduce drug release extent than MG microspheres. In response to microwave, the drug release profiles of 1:1 MG-MC microspheres resembled MC microspheres. DISCUSSION The state of polymer-polymer and drug-polymer interaction via O-H and/or N-H moiety of microspheres was affected by alginate chain flexibility under the influence of microwave. It then governed the drug release responses of microspheres. CONCLUSION The drug release property of alginate microspheres can be modified by microwave irradiation, and its changes are a function of alginate conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radman Ekha Mardziah
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ashikin WHNS, Wong TW, Law CL. Plasticity of hot air-dried mannuronate- and guluronate-rich alginate films. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Heng PW, Loh Z, Liew CV, Lee C. Dielectric properties of pharmaceutical materials relevant to microwave processing: Effects of field frequency, material density, and moisture content. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:941-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cirri M, Maestrelli F, Mennini N, Mura P. Influence of the preparation method on the physical–chemical properties of ketoprofen–cyclodextrin–phosphatidylcholine ternary systems. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:690-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wong TW, Wahab S, Anthony Y. Effects of Microwave on Drug Release Property of Poly(Methyl Vinyl Ether-co-Maleic Acid) Matrix. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:737-46. [PMID: 17654022 DOI: 10.1080/03639040601015513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The drug release behavior of beads made of poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) was investigated with respect to the influence of microwave irradiation. The beads were prepared by an extrusion method with sodium diclofenac as a model water-soluble drug. The beads were subjected to microwave irradiation at 80 W for 5 and 20 min, and at 300 W for 1 min 20 s and 5 min 20 s. The profiles of drug dissolution, drug content, drug-polymer interaction, and polymer-polymer interaction were determined by using dissolution testing, drug content assay, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. Keeping the level of supplied irradiation energy identical, treatment of beads by microwave at varying intensities of irradiation did not bring about similar drug release profiles. The extent and rate of drug released from beads were markedly enhanced through treating the samples by microwave at 80 W as a result of loss of polymer-polymer interaction via the (CH(2))(n) moiety, but decreased upon treating the beads by microwave at 300 W following polymer-polymer interaction via the O-H, COOH, and COO(-) moieties as well as drug-polymer interaction via the N-H, O-H, COO(-), and C-O moieties. The beads treated by microwave at 300 W exhibited a higher level of drug release retardation capacity than those that were treated by microwave at 80 W in spite of polymer-polymer interaction via the (CH(2))(n) moiety was similarly reduced in the matrix. The mechanism of drug release of both microwave-treated and untreated beads tended to follow zero order kinetics. The drug release was markedly governed by the state of polymer relaxation of the matrix and was in turn affected by the state of polymer-polymer and/or drug-polymer interaction in beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Wui Wong
- Particle Design Research Group, Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Microwave-assisted drying of pharmaceutical granules and its impact on drug stability. Int J Pharm 2008; 359:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wong TW, Nurjaya S. Drug release property of chitosan–pectinate beads and its changes under the influence of microwave. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 69:176-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gupta KC, Jabrail FH. Effect of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation on controlled release of isoniazid from chitosan microspheres. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Coviello T, Matricardi P, Marianecci C, Alhaique F. Polysaccharide hydrogels for modified release formulations. J Control Release 2007; 119:5-24. [PMID: 17382422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are three-dimensional, hydrophilic, polymeric networks, with chemical or physical cross-links, capable of imbibing large amounts of water or biological fluids. Among the numerous macromolecules that can be used for hydrogel formation, polysaccharides are extremely advantageous compared to synthetic polymers being widely present in living organisms and often being produced by recombinant DNA techniques. Coming from renewable sources, polysaccharides also have frequently economical advantages over synthetic polymers. Polysaccharides are usually non-toxic, biocompatible and show a number of peculiar physico-chemical properties that make them suitable for different applications in drug delivery systems. We review here a selection of the most important polysaccharides that have been studied and exploited in several fields related to pharmaceutics. Particular attention has been focused on the techniques used for the hydrogel network preparation, on the drug delivery results, on clinical applications as well as on the possible use of such systems as scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Anuar NK, Wui WT, Ghodgaonkar DK, Taib MN. Characterization of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose films using microwave non-destructive testing technique. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:549-57. [PMID: 16978823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of microwave non-destructive testing (NDT) technique in characterization of matrix property of pharmaceutical films was investigated. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and loratadine were selected as model matrix polymer and drug, respectively. Both blank and drug loaded hydroxypropylmethylcellulose films were prepared using the solvent-evaporation method and were conditioned at the relative humidity of 25, 50 and 75% prior to physicochemical characterization using microwave NDT technique as well as ultraviolet spectrophotometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The results indicated that blank hydroxypropylmethylcellulose film exhibited a greater propensity of polymer-polymer interaction at the O-H and C-H domains of the polymer chains upon conditioned at a lower level of relative humidity. In the case of loratadine loaded films, a greater propensity of polymer-polymer and/or drug-polymer interaction via the O-H moiety was mediated in samples conditioned at the lower level of relative humidity, and via the C-H moiety when 50% relative humidity was selected as the condition for sample storage. Apparently, the absorption and transmission characteristics of both blank and drug loaded films for microwave varied with the state of polymer-polymer and/or drug-polymer interaction involving the O-H and C-H moieties. The measurement of microwave NDT test at 8GHz was sensitive to the chemical environment involving O-H moiety while it was greatly governed by the C-H moiety in test conducted at a higher frequency band of microwave. Similar observation was obtained with respect to the profiles of microwave NDT measurements against the state of polymer-polymer and/or drug-polymer interaction of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose films containing chlorpheniramine maleate. The microwave NDT measurement is potentially suitable for use as an apparent indicator of the state of polymer-polymer and drug-polymer interaction of the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Khaizan Anuar
- Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Coviello T, Matricardi P, Alhaique F. Drug delivery strategies using polysaccharidic gels. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 3:395-404. [PMID: 16640499 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.3.3.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymeric networks, with chemical or physical crosslinks, that are capable of swell and can retain a large amount of water. Among the numerous types of macromolecules that can be used for hydrogel formation, polysaccharides show very attractive advantages in comparison to synthetic polymers. They are widely present in living organisms, are usually abundant and show a number of peculiar physicochemical properties; furthermore, these macromolecules are, in most cases, non-toxic, biocompatible and can be obtained from renewable sources. For these reasons, polysaccharides seem to be particularly suitable for different applications in the wide field of pharmaceutics. As examples of the studies that have been carried out on this topic, this review will focus on two polysaccharides, alginate and xyloglucan. Alginate has been, and still is, extensively investigated and has numerous industrial applications, whereas xyloglucan was chosen because, although it has been much less studied, it shows interesting properties that should find important practical uses in the near future. The possible advantages of physical gels over those that are chemically crosslinked are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommasina Coviello
- University La Sapienza, Faculty of Pharmacy, P le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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