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Scalia S, Bertoni S, Dozzo A, Rimessi A, Pinton P, Passerini N, Albertini B. Glyceryl Tristearate-Based Lipid Microparticles Loaded with the Tattoo Colorant, Acid Red 87: Colorant Retention Capacity in Excised Porcine Skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 33:323-330. [PMID: 33494089 DOI: 10.1159/000512643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing diffusion of tattooing, the photolability of tattoo inks has become a critical issue, as available data indicated that several tattoo colorants are unstable under sunlight, generating potentially toxic photodegradation products. Therefore, it is desirable to enhance the photostability of coloring agents contained in tattoo inks. AIMS Lipid microparticles (LMs) highly loaded with Acid Red 87 (C.I. 45380), a colorant used in tattoo inks, were evaluated for their effect on the colorant photoinstability. In addition, the capacity of the LMs to retain the incorporated C.I. 45380 colorant after their intradermal administration in excised porcine skin was investigated. METHODS LMs loaded with C.I. 45380 were prepared using glyceryl tristearate as the lipidic material and phosphatidylcholine as the surfactant. Non-encapsulated C.I. 45380 or the colorant-loaded LMs were irradiated with a solar simulator for photodecomposition studies or introduced in the excised porcine skin mounted in Franz diffusion cells for stability evaluation in the dermal tissue. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The colorant content of the microparticles was 17.7%, and their size ranged from 25 to 170 μm. The light-induced degradation of C.I. 45380 was significantly decreased by its incorporation in the LMs from 20.2 ± 5.8% to 1.9 ± 2.1%. Moreover, after intradermal injection of free or microencapsulated C.I. 45380 in the excised pig skin, the LMs reduced by 93.7% (from 24.6 to 1.5%) the quantity of the colorant diffused and hence lost in the Franz cell receptor fluid. Hence, the LM carrier efficiently retained the entrapped C.I. 45380 following incubation in the dermal region of the isolated porcine skin, which is in favor of a long-lasting tattoo. Based on these data, the incorporation of C.I. 45380 in the LMs could represent a potentially useful strategy to reduce the photodecomposition of the tattoo colorant and its harmful interactions with the skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Scalia
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy,
| | - Serena Bertoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nadia Passerini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Albertini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Spray congealed solid lipid microparticles as a sustained release delivery system for Gonadorelin [6-D-Phe]: Production, optimization and in vitro release behavior. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:18-32. [PMID: 32599272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sustained release lipid microparticles for a potential veterinary application were produced by the means of spray congealing using saturated triglycerides with respective surfactants. The spray congealing process was optimized using unloaded and loaded microparticles, revealing the highest impact of the spray flow on material loss. Yield could be optimized by increasing the spray flow as well as a reduction of the melt temperature from 90 to 75 °C. For the delivery system developed in this study, a release of around 15 days was targeted. The release profile was in first hand determined with the use of model substances (aspartame and tryptophan), before incorporating the decapeptide Gonadorelin [6-D-Phe]. Release could be controlled between 2 and 28 d, which was dependent on stability of microparticles upon incubation, type and concentration of emulsifier, as well as the used triglyceride. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction confirmed the crystallization behavior of C14 and C16-triglycerides in combination with various emulsifiers in different modification without impact on release.
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Scalia S, Dozzo A, Magli S, Scarcella G. Incorporation in Lipid Microparticles of Acid Red 87, a Colorant Used in Tattoo Inks: Effect on Photodegradation Under Simulated Sunlight and Laser Radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:998-1004. [PMID: 32125693 DOI: 10.1111/php.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tattoo colorants decompose under solar radiation and when exposed to laser light for their removal, leading to the accumulation in the dermis of toxic products. Aim of this study was to develop lipid microparticles (LMs) loaded with the colorant, Acid Red 87 (C.I. 45380) used in tattoo inks, and to investigate the effect of this system on the photostability of the colorant under simulated sunlight or laser irradiation. LMs loaded with C.I. 45380 were prepared by melt emulsification using tristearin and phosphatidylcholine as excipients. They were characterized by optical microscopy, laser diffraction, X-ray diffraction and release studies. Free C.I. 45380 and the colorant-loaded LMs were irradiated with a solar simulator or a Q-switched laser. Irradiation with a solar simulator demonstrated that photodecomposition of C.I. 45380 was markedly reduced by incorporation of the dye in the LMs, from 20.5 ± 4.6% to 1.3 ± 1.8%. Conversely, the laser-induced degradation of the colorant (30.1 ± 6.6%) was not significantly influenced by encapsulation in the LMs (the encapsulated C.I. 45380 loss was 27.4 ± 5.5%). Incorporation of C.I. 45380 in lipid microparticles enhances the photostability under sunlight of tattoo inks containing this colorant, without affecting its laser-induced degradation and hence laser removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Scalia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Sofia Magli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Secret E, Andrew JS. Enzyme-responsive Drug Delivery Systems. STIMULI-RESPONSIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788013536-00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
One major challenge in the pharmaceutical industry is how to deliver drugs locally and specifically to a target area. One way to accomplish this is to develop drug delivery vehicles that respond to biomarkers or other cues that are indicative of a disease state. Over the past several years, enzymes have become key targets for bio-recognition due to their role in both healthy and diseased tissues. This has led to the development of drug delivery vehicles that release their cargo via either carrier degradation, shape change, or bond cleavage due to enzymes over-expressed at the disease site. This chapter will focus on the use of both oxidoreductases and hydrolases as triggers for enzyme-responsive drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Secret
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jennifer S. Andrew
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
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Ngan CL, Asmawi AA. Lipid-based pulmonary delivery system: a review and future considerations of formulation strategies and limitations. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:1527-1544. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Wolska E, Sznitowska M, Chorążewicz J, Szerkus O, Radwańska A, Markuszewski MJ, Kaliszan R, Raczyńska K. Ocular irritation and cyclosporine A distribution in the eye tissues after administration of Solid Lipid Microparticles in the rabbit model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 121:95-105. [PMID: 29777856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo effect of Solid Lipid Microparticles (SLM), proposed for topical ocular administration of cyclosporine, on the rabbit eye. SLM carrier is an aqueous dispersion of lipid microparticles (20% w/w) with a size up to 15 μm. Cyclosporine was dissolved in the formulation in the concentration of 0.5 or 2.0% (w/w). Ocular tolerance of microsphere dispersion was assessed in rabbit model by the Draize eye test (SLM was compared with emulsion and oily solution), and cyclosporine distribution in ocular tissues was evaluated after multiple application of tested formulations (SLM dispersions, emulsions and oily solution) for 7 days. Good tolerance of cyclosporine-SLM formulation was demonstrated in the rabbit model. Concentration of cyclosporine in the precorneal tissues, such as cornea and conjunctiva, was much higher than the therapeutic value (8.4 ng/mg and 3.2 ng/mg, respectively). After SLM administration, the cyclosporine concentrations determined in the anterior ocular tissues, were also significantly higher compared to those obtained after the application of other tested carriers (emulsions and oily solution). The obtained results prove that the recognized SLM dispersions are safe formulations for ophthalmic use. It can be concluded that lipid microparticles are highly promising for an efficient ophthalmic drug delivery, when compared to other conventional dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Wolska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Sznitowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Juliusz Chorążewicz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Oliwia Szerkus
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Radwańska
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał J Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Roman Kaliszan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Raczyńska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
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Wang J, Liu X, Wang XD, Dong T, Zhao XY, Zhu D, Mei YY, Wu GH. Selective synthesis of human milk fat-style structured triglycerides from microalgal oil in a microfluidic reactor packed with immobilized lipase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 220:132-141. [PMID: 27566521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human milk fat-style structured triacylglycerols were produced from microalgal oil in a continuous microfluidic reactor packed with immobilized lipase for the first time. A remarkably high conversion efficiency was demonstrated in the microreactor with reaction time being reduced by 8 times, Michaelis constant decreased 10 times, the lipase reuse times increased 2.25-fold compared to those in a batch reactor. In addition, the content of palmitic acid at sn-2 position (89.0%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids at sn-1, 3 positions (81.3%) are slightly improved compared to the product in a batch reactor. The increase of melting points (1.7°C) and decrease of crystallizing point (3°C) implied higher quality product was produced using the microfluidic technology. The main cost can be reduced from $212.3 to $14.6 per batch with the microreactor. Overall, the microfluidic bioconversion technology is promising for modified functional lipids production allowing for cost-effective approach to produce high-value microalgal coproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China.
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Xu-Dong Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Tao Dong
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Xing-Yu Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Dan Zhu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Yi-Yuan Mei
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Guo-Hua Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China.
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Li Z, Cao J, Hu B, Li H, Liu H, Han F, Liu Z, Tong C, Li S. Studies on the in vitro and in vivo degradation behavior of amino acid derivative-based organogels. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 42:1732-41. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2016.1171333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jinxu Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Beibei Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Heran Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Hongzhuo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Fei Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zhenyun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Chao Tong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Sanming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
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Engert J. Implants as Sustained Release Delivery Devices for Vaccine Antigens. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1417-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Scalia S, Young PM, Traini D. Solid lipid microparticles as an approach to drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:583-99. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.980812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Solid lipid particles for oral delivery of peptide and protein drugs I – Elucidating the release mechanism of lysozyme during lipolysis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:473-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Studies on the lipase-induced degradation of lipid-based drug delivery systems. Part II – Investigations on the mechanisms leading to collapse of the lipid structure. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 84:456-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Sax G, Winter G. Mechanistic studies on the release of lysozyme from twin-screw extruded lipid implants. J Control Release 2012; 163:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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In-vivo biodegradation of extruded lipid implants in rabbits. J Control Release 2012; 163:195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Release pathways of interferon α2a molecules from lipid twin screw extrudates revealed by single molecule fluorescence microscopy. J Control Release 2012; 162:295-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dufresne MH, Marouf E, Kränzlin Y, Gauthier MA, Leroux JC. Lipase is essential for the study of in vitro release kinetics from organogels. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1803-11. [PMID: 22510056 DOI: 10.1021/mp3001099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro drug release studies remain indispensable in the development of drug delivery systems, even if correlations between in vitro and in vivo results are often imperfect. In this work, an improved in vitro analysis method for studying in situ-forming lipid-based implants was developed. More specifically, lipase was found to be an essential additive for evidencing differences in drug release kinetics from organogels of different amino acid-based organogelators, organogelator concentrations, drug loadings, and volumes. Lipases are thought to participate in the degradation of and release from amino acid-based organogel implants in vivo. Our experimental conditions allowed for the rapid and reliable screening of in vitro parameters that may be optimized to slow or accelerate drug release, once preliminary in vivo data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Dufresne
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), Wolfgang-Pauli Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Mathematical modeling of drug release from lipid dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2011; 418:42-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Drug release mechanisms of cast lipid implants. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:394-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shukla D, Chakraborty S, Singh S, Mishra B. Lipid-based oral multiparticulate formulations – advantages, technological advances and industrial applications. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:207-24. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.547469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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