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Zhang L, Kao G, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Kim HS, Shi X, Cheng Q, Hou T, Lenz HJ, Zhang Y. Genetically reprogrammed exosomes for immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Mol Ther 2025; 33:1091-1104. [PMID: 39815621 PMCID: PMC11897778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 11/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 01/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain challenging and are characterized by poor clinical outcomes. Exosomes, cell-derived membranous vesicles, have been emerging as a new modality of therapy. Here, we designed and generated genetically reprogrammed exosomes with surface-displayed antibodies and immunoregulatory proteins, namely programmed immune-engaging exosomes (PRIME Exos). By simultaneously targeting T cells and AML cells expressing C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL-1), PRIME Exos can elicit tumor-specific immune responses and sustain cellular immunity against AML by modulating programmed death 1 (PD-1)- and CD27-mediated immune checkpoint pathways. In preclinical models of AML, PRIME Exos have shown promising efficacy and safety for suppressing leukemia expansion. This study developed a new exosome-based approach for AML immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Exosomes/genetics
- Exosomes/metabolism
- Exosomes/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Humans
- Animals
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Mice
- Cell Line, Tumor
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Guoyun Kao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yuanteng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Hyo Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiaojing Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qinqin Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tianling Hou
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Research Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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2
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Li X, Dai J, Shi Y, Chen J, Zhou F, Qian X, Wang P, Fu X, Tan W. Bispecific Aptamer-Drug Conjugates Selectively Eliminate Malignant Hematologic Cells for Treating Acute Myeloid Leukemia. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2025; 41:2580-2590. [PMID: 39841114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c04350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2025]
Abstract
Surface antigen-directed immunotherapy is a curative treatment modality for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that is characterized by the abundance and stability expression of surface antigens. However, current surface antigen-directed immunotherapies have shown poor outcomes and undesirable mortality rates in treating AML patients, primarily due to acquired resistance that arises from using single-target therapies to address the heterogeneous expression of surface antigens. Hence, in order to improve the efficacy of antigen-specific therapies for treating AML, we designed a bispecific aptamer-drug conjugate. In particular, cell-SELEX incorporating cell lysate-SELEX for aptamers with HEL cells yielded AptCD117, which specifically binds to CD117 (a highly expressed marker on both hematopoietic stem cells and primary AML cells) and has excellent performance in targeting human AML cells. Combined with CD71-binding aptamer LXD-11b (another broadly expressed surface antigen on leukemia cells), bispecific aptamers were designed to couple with monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) for fabricating aptamer-drug conjugates. Results demonstrated that bispecific aptamer-MMAF conjugates efficiently kill different CD117 and CD71 expression levels of target AML cell lines in vitro. Importantly, the exposure of AML marrow specimens to bispecific aptamer-MMAF conjugates resulted in the selective elimination of primary AML cells in vitro and had no effect on healthy lymphocytes within the same specimens. Thus, these results provide a proof of concept for the generation of bispecific aptamer-drug conjugates directed against human AML cells, which hold the promise of advancing treatment strategies and improving AML patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Nucleic Acids, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Jiacheng Dai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Yuenan Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Nucleic Acids, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Xu Qian
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Nucleic Acids, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Nucleic Acids, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Xiaoyi Fu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Nucleic Acids, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Nucleic Acids, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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3
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Kao G, Zhang XN, Nasertorabi F, Katz BB, Li Z, Dai Z, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Louie SG, Cherezov V, Zhang Y. Nicotinamide Riboside and CD38: Covalent Inhibition and Live-Cell Labeling. JACS AU 2024; 4:4345-4360. [PMID: 39610739 PMCID: PMC11600175 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/30/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is required for a myriad of metabolic, signaling, and post-translational events in cells. Its levels in tissues and organs are closely associated with health conditions. The homeostasis of NAD+ is regulated by biosynthetic pathways and consuming enzymes. As a membrane-bound protein with robust NAD+ hydrolase activity, cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) is a major degrader of NAD+. Deficiency or inhibition of CD38 enhances NAD+ levels in vivo, resulting in various therapeutic benefits. As a metabolic precursor of NAD+, nicotinamide mononucleotide can be rapidly hydrolyzed by CD38, whereas nicotinamide riboside (NR) lacks CD38 substrate activity. Given their structural similarities, we explored the inhibition potential of NR. To our surprise, NR exhibits marked inhibitory activity against CD38 by forming a stable ribosyl-ester bond with the glutamate residue 226 at the active site. Inspired by this discovery, we designed and synthesized a clickable NR featuring an azido substitution at the 5'-OH position. This cell-permeable NR analogue enables covalent labeling and imaging of both extracellular and intracellular CD38 in live cells. Our work discovers an unrecognized molecular function of NR and generates a covalent probe for health-related CD38. These findings offer new insights into the role of NR in modulating NAD+ metabolism and CD38-mediated signaling as well as an innovative tool for in-depth studies of CD38 in physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyun Kao
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Xiao-Nan Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Fariborz Nasertorabi
- Departments
of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Bridge Institute, Michelson
Center for Convergent Bioscience, USC Structure Biology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Benjamin B. Katz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zeyang Li
- Titus
Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zhefu Dai
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Stan G. Louie
- Titus
Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Bridge
Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Norris
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Research
Center for Liver Diseases, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Kim HS, Hariri K, Zhang X, Chen L, Katz BB, Pei H, Louie SG, Zhang Y. Synthesis of site-specific Fab-drug conjugates using ADP-ribosyl cyclases. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4924. [PMID: 38501590 PMCID: PMC10949397 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of small-molecule drugs via covalent attachments to monoclonal antibodies has proved successful in clinic. For this purpose, full-length antibodies are mainly used as drug-carrying vehicles. Despite their flexible conjugation sites and versatile biological activities, intact immunoglobulins with conjugated drugs, which feature relatively large molecular weights, tend to have restricted tissue distribution and penetration and low fractions of payloads. Linking small-molecule therapeutics to other formats of antibody may lead to conjugates with optimal properties. Here, we designed and synthesized ADP-ribosyl cyclase-enabled fragment antigen-binding (Fab) drug conjugates (ARC-FDCs) by utilizing CD38 catalytic activity. Through rapidly forming a stable covalent bond with a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ )-based drug linker at its active site, CD38 genetically fused with Fab mediates robust site-specific drug conjugations via enzymatic reactions. Generated ARC-FDCs with defined drug-to-Fab ratios display potent and antigen-dependent cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells. This work demonstrates a new strategy for developing site-specific FDCs. It may be applicable to different antibody scaffolds for therapeutic conjugations, leading to novel targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kimia Hariri
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xiao‐Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Liang‐Chieh Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Benjamin B. Katz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hua Pei
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stan G. Louie
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Research Center for Liver DiseasesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Yin X, Zhuang Y, Song H, Xu Y, Zhang F, Cui J, Zhao L, Yu Y, Zhang Q, Ye J, Chen Y, Han Y. Antibody-platinum (IV) prodrugs conjugates for targeted treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:389-400. [PMID: 38618248 PMCID: PMC11010626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a new type of targeting antibodies that conjugate with highly toxic anticancer drugs via chemical linkers to exert high specificity and efficient killing of tumor cells, thereby attracting considerable attention in precise oncology therapy. Cetuximab (Cet) is a typical antibody that offers the benefits of good targeting and safety for individuals with advanced and inoperable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC); however, its anti-tumor activity is limited to a single use. Cisplatin (CisPt) shows good curative effects; however, its adverse effects and non-tumor-targeting ability are major drawbacks. In this study, we designed and developed a new ADC based on a new cytotoxic platinum (IV) prodrug (C8Pt(IV)) and Cet. The so-called antibody-platinum (IV) prodrugs conjugates, named Cet-C8Pt(IV), showed excellent tumor targeting in cSCC. Specifically, it accurately delivered C8Pt(IV) into tumor cells to exert the combined anti-tumor effect of Cet and CisPt. Herein, metabolomic analysis showed that Cet-C8Pt(IV) promoted cellular apoptosis and increased DNA damage in cSCC cells by affecting the vitamin B6 metabolic pathway in tumor cells, thereby further enhancing the tumor-killing ability and providing a new strategy for clinical cancer treatment using antibody-platinum (IV) prodrugs conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangye Yin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yingjie Zhuang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Haiqin Song
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200023, China
| | - Yujian Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jianxin Cui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yingjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qixu Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Youbai Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
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Yu PW, Kao G, Dai Z, Nasertorabi F, Zhang Y. Rational design of humanized antibody inhibitors for cathepsin S. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 751:109849. [PMID: 38061628 PMCID: PMC10872949 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS) is involved in pathogenesis of many human diseases. Inhibitors blocking its protease activity hold therapeutic potential. In comparison to small-molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies capable of inhibiting CTSS enzymatic activity may possess advantageous pharmacological properties. Here we designed and produced inhibitory antibodies targeting human CTSS by genetically fusing the propeptide of procathepsin S (proCTSS) with antibodies in clinic. The resulting antibody fusions in full-length or fragment antigen-binding format could be stably expressed and potently inhibit CTSS proteolytic activity in high specificity. These fusion antibodies not only demonstrate a new approach for facile synthesis of antibody inhibitors against CTSS, but also represent novel anti-CTSS therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wen Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Guoyun Kao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Zhefu Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Fariborz Nasertorabi
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, USC Structure Biology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Research Center for Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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Shariatinia Z. Big family of nano- and microscale drug delivery systems ranging from inorganic materials to polymeric and stimuli-responsive carriers as well as drug-conjugates. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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