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Shewry P. Wheat grain proteins: Past, present, and future. Cereal Chem 2023; 100:9-22. [PMID: 37064052 PMCID: PMC10087814 DOI: 10.1002/cche.10585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Research on wheat grain proteins is reviewed, including achievements over the past century and priorities for future research. The focus is on three groups of proteins that have major impacts on wheat quality and utilization: the gluten proteins which determine dough viscoelasticity but also trigger celiac disease in susceptible individuals, the puroindolines which are major determinants of grain texture and the amylase/trypsin inhibitors which are food and respiratory allergens and are implicated in triggering celiac disease and nonceliac wheat sensitivity. Findings Although earlier work focused on protein structure and properties, the development of genomics and high-sensitivity proteomics has resulted in the availability of a vast amount of information on the amino acid sequences of individual wheat proteins, including allelic variants of gluten proteins which are associated with good processing quality and of puroindolines, which are associated with a hard or soft grain texture, and on protein expression and polymorphism. Conclusions However, our ability to exploit this knowledge is limited by a lack of detailed understanding of the structure:function relationships of wheat proteins. In particular, we need to understand how the three-dimensional structures of the individual proteins determine their interactions with other grain components (to determine functional properties) and with the immune systems of susceptible consumers (to trigger adverse responses), how these interactions are affected by allelic variation, and how they can be manipulated. Significance and Novelty The article, therefore, identifies priorities for future research which should enable the adoption of a more rational approach to improving the quality of wheat grain proteins.
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Chen Q, Yang C, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Chen Y, Rossi V, Chen W, Xin M, Su Z, Du J, Guo W, Hu Z, Liu J, Peng H, Ni Z, Sun Q, Yao Y. Unprocessed wheat γ-gliadin reduces gluten accumulation associated with the endoplasmic reticulum stress and elevated cell death. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:146-164. [PMID: 35714031 PMCID: PMC9544600 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Along with increasing demands for high yield, elite processing quality and improved nutrient value in wheat, concerns have emerged around the effects of gluten in wheat-based foods on human health. However, knowledge of the mechanisms regulating gluten accumulation remains largely unexplored. Here we report the identification and characterization of a wheat low gluten protein 1 (lgp1) mutant that shows extremely low levels of gliadins and glutenins. The lgp1 mutation in a single γ-gliadin gene causes defective signal peptide cleavage, resulting in the accumulation of an excessive amount of unprocessed γ-gliadin and a reduced level of gluten, which alters the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structure, forms the autophagosome-like structures, leads to the delivery of seed storage proteins to the extracellular space and causes a reduction in starch biosynthesis. Physiologically, these effects trigger ER stress and cell death. This study unravels a unique mechanism that unprocessed γ-gliadin reduces gluten accumulation associated with ER stress and elevated cell death in wheat. Moreover, the reduced gluten level in the lgp1 mutant makes it a good candidate for specific diets for patients with diabetes or kidney diease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Changfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhaoheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Vincenzo Rossi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial CropsI‐24126BergamoItaly
| | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhenqi Su
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jinkun Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Weilong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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Wieser H, Koehler P, Scherf KA. Chemistry of wheat gluten proteins: Qualitative composition. Cereal Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Wieser
- Hamburg School of Food ScienceUniversity of HamburgGrindelallee 11720146HamburgGermany
| | - Peter Koehler
- Biotask AGSchelztorstrasse 54‐5673728EsslingenGermany
| | - Katharina Anne Scherf
- Department of Bioactive and Functional Food ChemistryInstitute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Adenauerring 20 a76131KarlsruheGermany
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Vitale A, Pedrazzini E. StresSeed: The Unfolded Protein Response During Seed Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:869008. [PMID: 35432435 PMCID: PMC9008589 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.869008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During seed development, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) takes care of the synthesis and structural maturation of very high amounts of storage proteins in a relatively short time. The ER must thus adjust its extension and machinery to optimize this process. The major signaling mechanism to maintain ER homeostasis is the unfolded protein response (UPR). Both storage proteins that assemble into ER-connected protein bodies and those that are delivered to protein storage vacuoles stimulate the UPR, but its extent and features are specific for the different storage protein classes and even for individual members of each class. Furthermore, evidence exists for anticipatory UPR directly connected to the development of storage seed cells and for selective degradation of certain storage proteins soon after their synthesis, whose signaling details are however still largely unknown. All these events are discussed, also in the light of known features of mammalian UPR.
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Matsuoka Y, Yamada T, Maruyama N. Wheat α-gliadin and high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit accumulate in different storage compartments of transgenic soybean seed. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:43-58. [PMID: 34427836 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wheat seed storage proteins (prolamins) are important for the grain quality because they provide a characteristic texture to wheat flour products. In wheat endosperm cells, prolamins are transported from the Endoplasmic reticulum to Protein storage vacuoles through two distinct pathways-a conventional pathway passing through the Golgi apparatus and an unconventional Golgi-bypassing pathway during which prolamins accumulate in the ER lumen, forming Protein bodies. Unfortunately, transport studies conducted previously achieved limited success because of the seed-specificity of the latter pathway and the multigene architecture of prolamins. To overcome this difficulty, we expressed either of the two families of wheat prolamins, namely α-gliadin or High-molecular-weight subunit of glutenin, in soybean seed, which naturally lacks prolamin-like proteins. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated the successful expression of recombinant wheat prolamins in transgenic soybean seeds. Their accumulation states were quite different-α-gliadin accumulated with partial fragmentation whereas the HMW-glutenin subunit formed disulfide-crosslinked polymers without fragmentation. Immunoelectron microscopy of seed sections revealed that α-gliadin was transported to PSVs whereas HMW-glutenin was deposited in novel ER-derived compartments distinct from PSVs. Observation of a developmental stage of seed cells showed the involvement of post-Golgi Prevacuolar compartments in the transport of α-gliadin. In a similar stage of cells, deposits of HMW-glutenin surrounded by membranes studded with ribosomes were observed confirming the accumulation of this prolamin as ER-derived PBs. Subcellular fractionation analysis supported the electron microscopy observations. Our results should help in better understanding of molecular events during the transport of prolamins in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita9 Nishi9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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Brocca L, Zuccaro M, Frugis G, Mainieri D, Marrano C, Ragni L, Klein EM, Vitale A, Pedrazzini E. Two γ-zeins induce the unfolded protein response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1428-1444. [PMID: 34618077 PMCID: PMC8566291 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid, massive synthesis of storage proteins that occurs during seed development stresses endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, which activates the ER unfolded protein response (UPR). However, how different storage proteins contribute to UPR is not clear. We analyzed vegetative tissues of transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants constitutively expressing the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) soluble vacuolar storage protein PHASEOLIN (PHSL) or maize (Zea mays) prolamins (27-kDa γ-zein or 16-kDa γ-zein) that participate in forming insoluble protein bodies in the ER. We show that 16-kDa γ-zein significantly activates the INOSITOL REQUIRING ENZYME1/BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER 60 (bZIP60) UPR branch-but not the bZIP28 branch or autophagy-leading to induction of major UPR-controlled genes that encode folding helpers that function inside the ER. Protein blot analysis of IMMUNOGLOBULIN-BINDING PROTEIN (BIP) 1 and 2, BIP3, GLUCOSE REGULATED PROTEIN 94 (GRP94), and ER-localized DNAJ family 3A (ERDJ3A) polypeptides confirmed their higher accumulation in the plant expressing 16-kDa γ-zein. Expression of 27-kDa γ-zein significantly induced only BIP3 and ERDJ3A transcription even though an increase in GRP94 and BIP1/2 polypeptides also occurred in this plant. These results indicate a significant but weaker effect of 27-kDa γ-zein compared to 16-kDa γ-zein, which corresponds with the higher availability of 16-kDa γ-zein for BIP binding, and indicates subtle protein-specific modulations of plant UPR. None of the analyzed genes was significantly induced by PHSL or by a mutated, soluble form of 27-kDa γ-zein that traffics along the secretory pathway. Such variability in UPR induction may have influenced the evolution of storage proteins with different tissue and subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Brocca
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Melania Zuccaro
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma 00016, Italy
| | - Davide Mainieri
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Claudia Marrano
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Laura Ragni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Eva Maria Klein
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pedrazzini
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano 20133, Italy
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Wang Y, Shewry PR, Hawkesford MJ, Qi P, Wan Y. High molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) 1Dx5 is concentrated in small protein bodies when overexpressed in wheat starchy endosperm. J Cereal Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Sahli L, Boire A, Solé-Jamault V, Rogniaux H, Giuliani A, Roblin P, Renard D. New exploration of the γ-gliadin structure through its partial hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:654-664. [PMID: 32991891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The partial enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat gliadins constitutes an interesting tool to unravel their structural specificity. In this work, the structure and conformation of γ-gliadin were investigated through its limited chymotrypsic digestion. Using a combination of computational, biochemical and biophysical tools, we studied each of its N and C terminal domains. Our results reveal that γ-gliadin is a partially disordered protein with an unfolded N-terminal domain surprisingly resistant to chymotrypsin and a folded C-terminal domain. Using spectroscopic tools, we showed that structural transitions occured over the disordered N-terminal domain for decreasing ethanol/water ratios. Using SAXS measurements, low-resolution 3D structures of γ-gliadin were proposed. To relate the repeated motifs of the N-terminal domain of γ-gliadin to its structure, engineered peptide models PQQPY/F were also studied. Overall results demonstrated similarities between the N-terminal domain and its derived model peptides. Our findings support the use of these peptides as general templates for understanding the wheat protein assembly and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Sahli
- INRAE, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Adeline Boire
- INRAE, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44300 Nantes, France
| | | | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRAE, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44300 Nantes, France; INRAE, BIBS Platform, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Alexandre Giuliani
- DISCO Beamline, Synchrotron Soleil, l'Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France; UAR 1008, Transform, INRAE, BP 71627, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Roblin
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique and Fédération de Recherche FERMAT, 4 allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Renard
- INRAE, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44300 Nantes, France.
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Zhao L, Li L, Song L, Liu Z, Li X, Li X. HMW-GS at Glu-B1 Locus Affects Gluten Quality Possibly Regulated by the Expression of Nitrogen Metabolism Enzymes and Glutenin-Related Genes in Wheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5426-5436. [PMID: 32314918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) on gluten quality and glutenin synthesis based on the cytological, physicochemical, and transcriptional levels using Xinong1718 and its three near-isogenic lines (NILs). Cytological observations showed that the endosperm of Glu-1Bh with Bx14+By15 accumulated more abundant and larger protein bodies at 10 and 16 days after anthesis than the other NILs. Glu-1Bh exhibited higher nitrogen metabolism enzyme gene expression and activity levels. The transcriptional levels of genes encoding HMW-GSs, protein folding, and transcription factors differed significantly among the NILs, and they were highest in Glu-1Bh. Our results demonstrate that variations in the expression patterns of nitrogen metabolism and glutenin synthesis-related genes may account for the differences in the accumulation of glutenin, glutenin macropolymers, and protein bodies, thereby affecting the structural and thermal stability of gluten. These findings provide novel insights into how different HMW-GSs might improve the quality of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Liqun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Lijun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
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Guo D, Hou Q, Zhang R, Lou H, Li Y, Zhang Y, You M, Xie C, Liang R, Li B. Over-Expressing TaSPA-B Reduces Prolamin and Starch Accumulation in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) Grains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3257. [PMID: 32380646 PMCID: PMC7247331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch and prolamin composition and content are important indexes for determining the processing and nutritional quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. Several transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression during starch and protein biosynthesis in wheat. Storage protein activator (TaSPA), a member of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family, has been reported to activate glutenin genes and is correlated to starch synthesis related genes. In this study, we generated TaSPA-B overexpressing (OE) transgenic wheat lines. Compared with wild-type (WT) plants, the starch content was slightly reduced and starch granules exhibited a more polarized distribution in the TaSPA-B OE lines. Moreover, glutenin and ω- gliadin contents were significantly reduced, with lower expression levels of related genes (e.g., By15, Dx2, and ω-1,2 gliadin gene). RNA-seq analysis identified 2023 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The low expression of some DEGs (e.g., SUSase, ADPase, Pho1, Waxy, SBE, SSI, and SS II a) might explain the reduction of starch contents. Some TFs involved in glutenin and starch synthesis might be regulated by TaSPA-B, for example, TaPBF was reduced in TaSPA-B OE-3 lines. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that both TaSPA-B and TaPBF could transactivate the promoter of ω-1,2 gliadin gene. These results suggest that TaSPA-B regulates a complex gene network and plays an important role in starch and protein biosynthesis in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Qiling Hou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Hybrid Wheat, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Hongyao Lou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Yinghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Mingshan You
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Chaojie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Rongqi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
| | - Baoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.G.); (Q.H.); (R.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.Y.); (C.X.); (R.L.)
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Zhang Z, Deng Y, Zhang W, Wu Y, Messing J. Towards coeliac-safe bread. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1056-1065. [PMID: 31585498 PMCID: PMC7061869 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gluten-free foods cannot substitute for products made from wheat flour. When wheat products are digested, the remaining peptides can trigger an autoimmune disease in 1% of the North American and European population, called coeliac disease. Because wheat proteins are encoded by a large gene family, it has been impossible to use conventional breeding to select wheat varieties that are coeliac-safe. However, one can test the properties of protein variants by expressing single genes in coeliac-safe cereals like maize. One source of protein that can be considered as coeliac-safe and has bread-making properties is teff (Eragrostis tef), a grain consumed in Ethiopia. Here, we show that teff α-globulin3 (Etglo3) forms storage vacuoles in maize that are morphologically similar to those of wheat. Using transmission electron microscopy, immunogold labelling shows that Etglo3 is almost exclusively deposited in the storage vacuole as electron-dense aggregates. Of maize seed storage proteins, 27-kDa γ-zein is co-deposited with Etglo3. Etglo3 polymerizes via intermolecular disulphide bonds in maize, similar to wheat HMW glutenins under non-reducing conditions. Crossing maize Etglo3 transgenic lines with α-, β- and γ-zein RNA interference (RNAi) lines reveals that Etglo3 accumulation is only dramatically reduced in γ-zein RNAi background. This suggests that Etglo3 and 27-kDa γ-zein together cause storage vacuole formation and behave similar to the interactions of glutenins and gliadins in wheat. Therefore, expression of teff α-globulins in maize presents a major step in the development of a coeliac-safe grain with bread-making properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhang
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Yiting Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology & EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology & EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Joachim Messing
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
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13
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Song L, Li L, Zhao L, Liu Z, Xie T, Li X. Absence of Dx2 at Glu-D1 Locus Weakens Gluten Quality Potentially Regulated by Expression of Nitrogen Metabolism Enzymes and Glutenin-Related Genes in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041383. [PMID: 32085665 PMCID: PMC7073084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Absence of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) Dx2 weakens the gluten quality, but it is unclear how the absence of Dx2 has these effects. Thus, we investigated the gluten quality in terms of cytological, physicochemical, and transcriptional characteristics using two near-isogenic lines with Dx2 absent or present at Glu-D1 locus. Cytological observations showed that absence of Dx2 delayed and decreased the accumulation of protein bodies (PBs), where fewer and smaller PBs formed in the endosperm. The activity and gene expression levels of nitrogen assimilation and proteolysis enzymes were lower in HMW-D1a without Dx2 than HMW-D1p with Dx2, and thus less amino acid was transported for protein synthesis in the grains. The expression pattern of genes encoding Glu-1Dx2+1Dy12 was similar to those of three transcription factors, where these genes were significantly down-regulated in HMW-D1a than HMW-D1p. Three genes involving with glutenin polymerization were also down-regulated in HMW-D1a. These results may explain the changes in the glutenin and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) levels during grain development. Therefore, we suggest that the lower nitrogen metabolism capacity and expression levels of glutenin synthesis-related genes in HMW-D1a accounted for the lower accumulation of glutenin, GMP, and PBs, thereby weakening the structural‒thermal properties of gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xuejun Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-29-8708-2022
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14
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Sahli L, Renard D, Solé-Jamault V, Giuliani A, Boire A. Role of protein conformation and weak interactions on γ-gliadin liquid-liquid phase separation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13391. [PMID: 31527735 PMCID: PMC6746847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat storage proteins, gliadins, were found to form in vitro condensates in 55% ethanol/water mixture by decreasing temperature. The possible role of this liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) process on the in vivo gliadins storage is elusive and remains to be explored. Here we use γ-gliadin as a model of wheat proteins to probe gliadins behavior in conditions near physiological conditions. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that γ-gliadin is a hybrid protein with N-terminal domain predicted to be disordered and C-terminal domain predicted to be ordered. Spectroscopic data highlight the disordered nature of γ-gliadin. We developed an in vitro approach consisting to first solubilize γ-gliadin in 55% ethanol (v/v) and to progressively decrease ethanol ratio in favor of increased aqueous solution. Our results show the ability of γ-gliadin to self-assemble into dynamic droplets through LLPS, with saturation concentrations ranging from 25.9 µM ± 0.85 µM (35% ethanol (v/v)) to 3.8 µM ± 0.1 µM (0% ethanol (v/v)). We demonstrate the importance of the predicted ordered C-terminal domain of γ-gliadin in the LLPS by highlighting the protein condensates transition from a liquid to a solid state under reducing conditions. We demonstrate by increasing ionic strength the role displayed by electrostatic interactions in the phase separation. We also show the importance of hydrogen bonds in this process. Finally, we discuss the importance of gliadins condensates in their accumulation and storage in the wheat seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Sahli
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - Denis Renard
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44300, Nantes, France
| | | | - Alexandre Giuliani
- DISCO beamline, Synchrotron Soleil, l'Orme des Merisiers, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France
- UAR 1008, CEPIA, INRA, BP 71627, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Adeline Boire
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44300, Nantes, France
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15
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Abstract
Wheat gluten has an immense impact on human nutrition as it largely determines the processing properties of wheat flour, and in particular the ability to make leavened breads, other baked products, pasta and noodles. However, there has been increasing interest in wheat gluten over the past two decades because of its well-established role in triggering coeliac disease, and its perceived role in other adverse reactions to wheat. The literature on wheat gluten is vast and extends back over two centuries, with most studies focusing on the structures of gluten proteins and their role in determining the functional properties of wheat flour and dough. This article provides a concise account of wheat gluten, focusing on properties, and features which are relevant to its role in triggering coeliac disease and, to a lesser extent, other gluten-related disorders. It includes descriptions of the biological role of the gluten proteins, the structures and relationships of gluten protein families, and the presence of related types of protein which may also contribute to functional properties and impacts on health. It therefore provides an understanding of the gluten protein system at the level required by those focusing on its impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Shewry
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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16
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Boire A, Sanchez C, Morel MH, Lettinga MP, Menut P. Dynamics of liquid-liquid phase separation of wheat gliadins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14441. [PMID: 30262869 PMCID: PMC6160421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During wheat seeds development, storage proteins are synthetized and subsequently form dense protein phases, also called Protein Bodies (PBs). The mechanisms of PBs formation and the supramolecular assembly of storage proteins in PBs remain unclear. In particular, there is an apparent contradiction between the low solubility in water of storage proteins and their high local dynamics in dense PBs. Here, we probe the interplay between short-range attraction and long-range repulsion of a wheat gliadin isolate by investigating the dynamics of liquid-liquid phase separation after temperature quench. We do so using time-resolved small angle light scattering, phase contrast microscopy and rheology. We show that gliadins undergo liquid-liquid phase separation through Nucleation and Growth or Spinodal Decomposition depending on the quench depth. They assemble into dense phases but remain in a liquid-like state over an extended range of temperatures and concentrations. The analysis of phase separation kinetics reveals that the attraction strength of gliadins is in the same order of magnitude as other proteins. We discuss the respective role of competing interactions, protein intrinsic disorder, hydration and polydispersity in promoting local dynamics and providing this liquid-like behavior despite attractive forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Boire
- UMR IATE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, CIRAD, 2, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France. .,INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - Christian Sanchez
- UMR IATE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, CIRAD, 2, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Morel
- UMR IATE, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, CIRAD, 2, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France
| | - Minne Paul Lettinga
- Soft Condensed Matter Group ICS3, Jülich Forschungscentrum, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Menut
- UMR IATE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, CIRAD, 2, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 1, France.,Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300, Massy, France
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17
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Liu G, Wang J, Hou Y, Huang YB, Li CZ, Li L, Hu SQ. Improvements of Modified Wheat Protein Disulfide Isomerases with Chaperone Activity Only on the Processing Quality of Flour. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-016-1840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Tyler AM, Bhandari DG, Poole M, Napier JA, Jones HD, Lu C, Lycett GW. Gluten quality of bread wheat is associated with activity of RabD GTPases. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:163-76. [PMID: 25047236 PMCID: PMC4345403 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the developing endosperm of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), seed storage proteins are produced on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported to protein bodies, specialized vacuoles for the storage of protein. The functionally important gluten proteins of wheat are transported by two distinct routes to the protein bodies where they are stored: vesicles that bud directly off the ER and transport through the Golgi. However, little is known about the processing of glutenin and gliadin proteins during these steps or the possible impact on their properties. In plants, the RabD GTPases mediate ER-to-Golgi vesicle transport. Available sequence information for Rab GTPases in Arabidopsis, rice, Brachypodium and bread wheat was compiled and compared to identify wheat RabD orthologs. Partial genetic sequences were assembled using the first draft of the Chinese Spring wheat genome. A suitable candidate gene from the RabD clade (TaRabD2a) was chosen for down-regulation by RNA interference (RNAi), and an RNAi construct was used to transform wheat plants. All four available RabD genes were shown by qRT-PCR to be down-regulated in the transgenic developing endosperm. The transgenic grain was found to produce flour with significantly altered processing properties when measured by farinograph and extensograph. SE-HPLC found that a smaller proportion of HMW-GS and large proportion of LMW-GS are incorporated into the glutenin macropolymer in the transgenic dough. Lower protein content but a similar protein profile on SDS-PAGE was seen in the transgenic grain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chungui Lu
- University of NottinghamLoughborough, UK
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19
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Zheng Y, Wang Z. Protein accumulation in aleurone cells, sub-aleurone cells and the center starch endosperm of cereals. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1607-15. [PMID: 25023874 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
There are mainly three endosperm storage tissues in the cereal endosperm: aleurone cells, sub-aleurone cells and the center starch endosperm. The protein accumulation is very different in the three endosperm storage tissues. The aleurone cells accumulate protein in aleurone granules. The sub-aleurone cells and the center starch endosperm accumulate protein in endoplasmic reticulum-derived protein bodies and vacuolar protein bodies. Proteins are deposited in different patterns within different endosperm storage tissues probably because of the special storage properties of these tissues. There are several special genes and other molecular factors to mediate the protein accumulation in these tissues. Different proteins have distinct functions in the protein body formation and the protein interactions determine protein body assembly. There are both cooperation and competition relationships between protein, starch and lipid in the cereal endosperm. This paper reviews the latest investigations on protein accumulation in aleurone cells, sub-aleurone cells and the center starch endosperm. Useful information will be supplied for future investigations on the cereal endosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Zheng
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
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20
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Oszvald M, Tamas L, Shewry PR, Tosi P. The trafficking pathway of a wheat storage protein in transgenic rice endosperm. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:807-815. [PMID: 24603605 PMCID: PMC3962248 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The trafficking of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of plant cells is a topic of considerable interest since this organelle serves as an entry point for proteins destined for other organelles, as well as for the ER itself. In the current work, transgenic rice was used to study the pattern and pathway of deposition of the wheat high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin sub-unit (GS) 1Dx5 within the rice endosperm using specific antibodies to determine whether it is deposited in the same or different protein bodies from the rice storage proteins, and whether it is located in the same or separate phases within these. METHODS The protein distribution and the expression pattern of HMW sub-unit 1Dx5 in transgenic rice endosperm at different stages of development were determined using light and electron microscopy after labelling with antibodies. KEY RESULTS The use of HMW-GS-specific antibodies showed that sub-unit 1Dx5 was expressed mainly in the sub-aleurone cells of the endosperm and that it was deposited in both types of protein body present in the rice endosperm: derived from the ER and containing prolamins, and derived from the vacuole and containing glutelins. In addition, new types of protein bodies were also formed within the endosperm cells. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the HMW 1Dx5 protein could be trafficked by either the ER or vacuolar pathway, possibly depending on the stage of development, and that its accumulation in the rice endosperm could compromise the structural integrity of protein bodies and their segregation into two distinct populations in the mature endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oszvald
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Laszlo Tamas
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter R. Shewry
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, UK
| | - Paola Tosi
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, UK
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21
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Oszvald M, Balázs G, Pólya S, Tömösközi S, Appels R, Békés F, Tamás L. Wheat storage proteins in transgenic rice endosperm. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7606-7614. [PMID: 23802557 DOI: 10.1021/jf402035n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic rice seed expressing wheat HMW glutenin subunit was characterized to study the effects of the wheat prolamin on the protein expression pattern and protein size distribution in the endosperm and the functional and rheological properties of the rice flour and dough. Significant differences were found in the protein expression pattern between the transgenic and wild type samples. Comparing the protein expression profiles of transgenic and nontransgenic plants, combined with proteomic-based studies, indicated increased protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) levels in the transgenic rice lines. The accurate molecular size of HMW-GS in rice endosperm was identified by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. The expressed wheat HMW (subunit 1Dx5) GS showed a positive effect on the functional properties of rice dough by significantly increasing the size distribution of the polymeric protein fraction and modifying the dough mixing parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Oszvald
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Pauly A, Pareyt B, Fierens E, Delcour JA. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum L. ssp. durum) Kernel Hardness: I. Current View on the Role of Puroindolines and Polar Lipids. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 12:413-426. [PMID: 33412687 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wheat hardness has major consequences for the entire wheat supply chain from breeders and millers over manufacturers to, finally, consumers of wheat-based products. Indeed, differences in hardness among Triticum aestivum L. or between T. aestivum L. and T. turgidum L. ssp. durum wheat cultivars determine not only their milling properties, but also the properties of flour or semolina endosperm particles, their preferential use in cereal-based applications, and the quality of the latter. Although the mechanism causing differences in wheat hardness has been subject of research more than once, it is still not completely understood. It is widely accepted that differences in wheat hardness originate from differences in the interaction between the starch granules and the endosperm protein matrix in the kernel. This interaction seems impacted by the presence of either puroindoline a and/or b, polar lipids on the starch granule surface, or by a combination of both. We focus here on wheat hardness and its relation to the presence of puroindolines and polar lipids. More in particular, the structure, properties, and genetics of puroindolines and their interactions with polar lipids are critically discussed as is their possible role in wheat hardness. We also address future research needs as well as the presence of puroindoline-type proteins in other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Pauly
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Pareyt
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Fierens
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan A Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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