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Righetti L, Vanara F, Bruni R, Sardella C, Blandino M, Dall’Asta C. Investigating Metabolic Plant Response toward Deoxynivalenol Accumulation in Four Winter Cereals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3200-3209. [PMID: 38315448 PMCID: PMC10870777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a phytotoxic agent supporting the spread of fungal diseases in cereals worldwide, i.e., fusarium head blight. It is known that DON accumulation may elicit changes in plant secondary metabolites in response to pathogen attack. This study maps the changes in selected secondary metabolite classes upon DON contamination occurring in fifteen Triticum spp. genotypes, among them emmer, spelt, and soft wheat, and 2 tritordeum varieties, cultivated in two different sites and over two harvest years. The main phenolic classes (i.e., alkylresorcinols, soluble, and cell-wall bound phenolic acids) were targeted analyzed, while changes in the lipidome signature were collected through untargeted HRMS experiments. The results, obtained across multiple Triticum species and in open fields, confirmed the modulation of first-line biological pathways already described in previous studies involving single cereal species or a limited germplasm, thus reinforcing the involvement of nonspecific chemical defenses in the plant response to pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research, Wageningen University
& Research, Wageningen 6700 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Vanara
- Department
of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Sardella
- Department
of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Massimo Blandino
- Department
of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Gozzi M, Blandino M, Bruni R, Capo L, Righetti L, Dall'Asta C. Mycotoxin occurrence in kernels and straws of wheat, barley, and tritordeum. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:203-210. [PMID: 38236484 PMCID: PMC10834653 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Thirty-two varieties of common and durum wheat, hordeum, barley, and tritordeum collected over two harvesting years (2020 and 2021) were investigated for the presence of multiple Fusarium-related mycotoxins in asymptomatic plants. DON, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, T-2, HT-2, and ZEN together with the emerging mycotoxin ENN B and the major modified form of DON, namely DON3Glc, were quantified by means of UHPLC-MS/MS. Overall, DON and ENN B were the most frequently detected mycotoxins, albeit large inter-year variability was observed and related to different climate and weather conditions. Straws had higher mycotoxin contents than kernels and regarding DON occurrence tritordeum was found to be the most contaminated group on average for both harvesting years, while barley was the less contaminated one. Emerging mycotoxin ENN B showed comparable contents in kernels compared to straw, with a ratio close to 1 for tritordeum and barley. Regarding the occurrence of the other evaluated mycotoxins, T-2 and HT-2 toxins have been spotted in a few tritordeum samples, while ZEN has been frequently found only in straw from the harvesting year 2020. The data collected confirms the occurrence of multiple Fusarium mycotoxins in straws also from asymptomatic plants, highlighting concerns related to feed safety and animal health. The susceptibility of Tritordeum, hereby reported for the first time, suggests that careful measures in terms of monitoring, breeding, and cultural choices should be applied when dealing with his emerging crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gozzi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/a, 43100, Parma, Italy.
| | - Massimo Blandino
- Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/a, 43100, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Capo
- Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Laura Righetti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area Delle Scienze 27/a, 43100, Parma, Italy
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Torrijos R, Righetti L, Cirlini M, Calani L, Mañes J, Meca G, Dall’Asta C. Phytochemical profiling of volatile and bioactive compounds in yellow mustard (Sinapis alba) and oriental mustard (Brassica juncea) seed flour and bran. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Acuña-Gutiérrez C, Jiménez VM, Müller J. Occurrence of mycotoxins in pulses. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4002-4017. [PMID: 35876644 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pulses, dry grains of the Fabaceae family used for food and feed, are particularly important agricultural products with increasing commercial and nutritional relevance. Similar to other plant commodities, pulses can be affected by fungi in the field and during postharvest. Some of these fungi produce mycotoxins, which can seriously threaten human and animal health by causing acute poisoning and chronic effects. In this review, information referring to the analysis and occurrence of these compounds in pulses is summarized. An overview of the aims pursued, and of the methodologies employed for mycotoxin analysis in the different reports is presented, followed by a comprehensive review of relevant articles on mycotoxins in pulses, categorized according to the geographical region, among other considerations. Moreover, special attention was given to the effect of climatic conditions on microorganism infestation and mycotoxin accumulation. Furthermore, the limited literature available was considered to look for possible correlations between the degree of fungal infection and the mycotoxin incidence in pulses. In addition, the potential effect of certain phenolic compounds on reducing fungi infestation and mycotoxin accumulation was reviewed with examples on beans. Emphasis was also given to a specific group of mycotoxins, the phomopsins, that mainly impact lupin. Finally, the negative consequences of mycotoxin accumulation on the physiology and development of contaminated seeds and seedlings are presented, focusing on the few reports available on pulses. Given the agricultural and nutritional potential that pulses offer for human well-being, their promotion should be accompanied by attention to food safety issues, and mycotoxins might be among the most serious threats. Practical Application: According to the manuscript template available in the website, this section is for "JFS original research manuscripts ONLY; optional". Since we are publishing in CRFSFS this requirement will not be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Acuña-Gutiérrez
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Tropics and Subtropics Group (440e), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,CIGRAS, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Víctor M Jiménez
- CIGRAS, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.,IIA, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Joachim Müller
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Tropics and Subtropics Group (440e), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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The Role of Resorcinolic Lipids of Caryopsis Surface in the Process of Cereal Infection by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium culmorum. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cereal caryopses are rich in 5-n-alk(en)ylresorcinols, antimicrobial compounds. In this paper, the correlation between the presence of resorcinolic lipids on the surface of cereal grains and the susceptibility of their seedlings to infection by Rhizoctonia solani or Fusarium culmorum was evaluated. The declines in length of both the roots and coleoptiles were observed in barley seedlings of Scarlett and Rabel cultivars grown from the wax-impoverished seeds infected with F92 and F93 strains of Rhizoctonia solani, respectively. Regarding wheat, R. solani F93 significantly reduced only the coleoptile growth. Resorcinolic lipids, being the mixture of homologues with C17–C25 carbon chains, were the only compounds washed off wheat caryopses by chloroform. Moreover, the better anti-Rhizoctonia solani F93 activity of 5-n-alk(en)ylresorcinols of wheat grains than that of rye caryopsis lipids was proven by the poisoned medium technique. Two saturated homologues (C21:0 and C23:0) were the most effective inhibitors of the mycelial growth of this fungus. Thus, the susceptibilities of barley and wheat seedlings to some fungal pathogens have been found to be related to the content and composition of 5-n-alk(en)ylresorcinols in the waxy layer of cereal grains, confirming the protective role of these compounds, during the early stages of cereal development.
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Pedrazzani C, Vanara F, Bhandari DR, Bruni R, Spengler B, Blandino M, Righetti L. 5- n-Alkylresorcinol Profiles in Different Cultivars of Einkorn, Emmer, Spelt, Common Wheat, and Tritordeum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14092-14102. [PMID: 34793147 PMCID: PMC8640985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
5-n-Alkylresorcinols (AR) are bioactive compounds found in the edible parts of many cereals. Here, saturated and unsaturated homologues, including the oxidized forms 5-(2'-oxo) AR and their plant metabolites, were profiled by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility separation-high-resolution mass spectrometry in 18 cultivars of einkorn, emmer, spelt, common wheat, and tritordeum, cultivated in two consecutive years under uniform agronomic conditions. The average content of AR ranged between 672.5 ± 129.8 and 1408.9 ± 528.0 mg/kg, exceeding 2380 mg/kg in some samples and highlighting a superior content in tritordeum and in modern cultivars with respect to old wheat genotypes. By evaluating the effect of environmental and agronomic factors on the different variables, the harvest year resulted to be always significant, while location and variety influenced AR abundance only for some homologues. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of AR was investigated by mass spectrometry imaging using transversal cross sections of wheat kernels. Our results show that AR homologues are mainly localized in the testa and in the outer pericarp of wheat kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Pedrazzani
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Francesca Vanara
- Department
of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Dhaka Ram Bhandari
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus
Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus
Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Massimo Blandino
- Department
of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini, 2, Grugliasco 10095, Italy
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
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Ciccoritti R, Taddei F, Gazza L, Nocente F. Influence of kernel thermal pre-treatments on 5-n-alkylresorcinols, polyphenols and antioxidant activity of durum and einkorn wheat. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kowalska I, Jędrejek D. Benzoxazinoid and alkylresorcinol content, and their antioxidant potential, in a grain of spring and winter wheat cultivated under different production systems. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2020.103063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Leggieri MC, Lanubile A, Dall’Asta C, Pietri A, Battilani P. The impact of seasonal weather variation on mycotoxins: maize crop in 2014 in northern Italy as a case study. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of mycotoxins differs greatly from year to year and this variation has been attributed to climate variability. The aim of this study was to consider the variability of fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination on a small geographic scale as a possible result of local weather conditions. The presence of Fusarium spp. and Aspergillus spp. and their related mycotoxins was investigated in 51 maize fields grown in 2014 in the Emilia Romagna region, in northern Italy; information regarding the cropping system was collected for all the fields. Samples collected at harvest were analysed for fumonisins, aflatoxins and trichothecenes. Hourly meteorological data were collected from nine stations and fields were clustered with the stations based on the shortest distance principle. Fusarium spp. and Aspergillus spp. incidence varied between 17.6-46.0% and 0.6-6.3%, respectively. Fumonisins ranged between 1,718 and 106,054 μg/kg and aflatoxin B1 between <limit of quantification and 93.8 μg/kg, with a wide variability also with short distanced fields. Deoxynivalenol was detected with a considerable incidence (59%), but only three samples exceeded 1,750 μg/kg. Therefore, climate variability and related uncertainties, commonly stressed on a large scale, are not only a matter for policymakers, but also for farmers facing every day the impact on fungi and mycotoxin occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Camardo Leggieri
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - A. Lanubile
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - C. Dall’Asta
- Department of Food Science, Università di Parma, Viale della Scienza 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - A. Pietri
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - P. Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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