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Tang Y, Zhang Y, Zou L, Sun C, Tang W, Zou Y, Zhou A, Fu W, Wang F, Li K, Zhang Q, Zhang X. Review of 3D-printed bioceramic/biopolymer composites for bone regeneration: fabrication methods, technologies and functionalized applications. Biofabrication 2025; 17:032002. [PMID: 40215996 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/adcbd7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/23/2025]
Abstract
Biomaterials for orthopedic applications must have biocompatibility, bioactivity, and optimal mechanical performance. A suitable biomaterial formulation is critical for creating desired devices. Bioceramics with biopolymer composites and biomimetics with components similar to that of bone tissue, have been recognized as an area of research for orthopedic applications. The combination of bioceramics with biopolymers has the advantage of satisfying the need for robust mechanical support and extracellular matrices at the same time. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a powerful method for restoring large bone defects and skeletal abnormalities owing to the favorable merits of preparing large, porous, patient-specific, and other intricate architectures. Bioceramic/biopolymer composites produced using 3D printing technology have several advantages, including desirable optimal architecture, enhanced tissue mimicry, and improved biological and physical properties. This review describes various 3D printing bioceramic/biopolymer composites for orthopedic applications. We hope that these technologies will inspire the future design and fabrication of 3D printing bioceramic/biopolymer composites for clinical and commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Tang
- Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics Industry Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chongqing 400031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengli Sun
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhe Tang
- Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics Industry Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chongqing 400031, People's Republic of China
| | - Youce Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Fu
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery/Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyou Wang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Li
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Sichuan Service Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Chengdu 610042, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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2
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Khan MUA, Aslam MA, Abdullah MFB, Abdal-Hay A, Gao W, Xiao Y, Stojanović GM. Recent advances of bone tissue engineering: carbohydrate and ceramic materials, fundamental properties and advanced biofabrication strategies ‒ a comprehensive review. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:052005. [PMID: 39105493 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad6b8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that can always regenerate itself through remodeling to maintain biofunctionality. This tissue performs several vital physiological functions. However, bone scaffolds are required for critical-size damages and fractures, and these can be addressed by bone tissue engineering. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has the potential to develop scaffolds for repairing critical-size damaged bone. BTE is a multidisciplinary engineered scaffold with the desired properties for repairing damaged bone tissue. Herein, we have provided an overview of the common carbohydrate polymers, fundamental structural, physicochemical, and biological properties, and fabrication techniques for bone tissue engineering. We also discussed advanced biofabrication strategies and provided the limitations and prospects by highlighting significant issues in bone tissue engineering. There are several review articles available on bone tissue engineering. However, we have provided a state-of-the-art review article that discussed recent progress and trends within the last 3-5 years by emphasizing challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Muhammad Azhar Aslam
- Department of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 39161, Pakistan
| | - Mohd Faizal Bin Abdullah
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, School of Dental Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Abdalla Abdal-Hay
- Department of Engineering Materials and Mechanical Design, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Wendong Gao
- School of Medicine and Dentistry , Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- School of Medicine and Dentistry , Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Goran M Stojanović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. D. Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Tolmacheva N, Bhattacharyya A, Noh I. Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials for 3D Bioprinting in Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:95. [PMID: 38392140 PMCID: PMC10886915 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional bioprinting is a promising technology for bone tissue engineering. However, most hydrogel bioinks lack the mechanical and post-printing fidelity properties suitable for such hard tissue regeneration. To overcome these weak properties, calcium phosphates can be employed in a bioink to compensate for the lack of certain characteristics. Further, the extracellular matrix of natural bone contains this mineral, resulting in its structural robustness. Thus, calcium phosphates are necessary components of bioink for bone tissue engineering. This review paper examines different recently explored calcium phosphates, as a component of potential bioinks, for the biological, mechanical and structural properties required of 3D bioprinted scaffolds, exploring their distinctive properties that render them favorable biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. The discussion encompasses recent applications and adaptations of 3D-printed scaffolds built with calcium phosphates, delving into the scientific reasons behind the prevalence of certain types of calcium phosphates over others. Additionally, this paper elucidates their interactions with polymer hydrogels for 3D bioprinting applications. Overall, the current status of calcium phosphate/hydrogel bioinks for 3D bioprinting in bone tissue engineering has been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Tolmacheva
- Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Amitava Bhattacharyya
- Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
- Medical Electronics Research Center, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Insup Noh
- Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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Vinogradova TI, Serdobintsev MS, Korzhikova-Vlakh EG, Korzhikov-Vlakh VA, Kaftyrev AS, Blum NM, Semenova NY, Esmedlyaeva DS, Dyakova ME, Nashchekina YA, Dogonadze MZ, Zabolotnykh NV, Yablonsky PK. Comparison of Autografts and Biodegradable 3D-Printed Composite Scaffolds with Osteoconductive Properties for Tissue Regeneration in Bone Tuberculosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2229. [PMID: 37626725 PMCID: PMC10452435 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the major health problems worldwide. Besides the lungs, tuberculosis affects other organs, including bones and joints. In the case of bone tuberculosis, current treatment protocols include necrectomy in combination with conventional anti-tuberculosis therapy, followed by reconstruction of the resulting bone defects. In this study, we compared autografting and implantation with a biodegradable composite scaffold for bone-defect regeneration in a tuberculosis rabbit model. Porous three-dimensional composite materials were prepared by 3D printing and consisted of poly(ε-caprolactone) filled with nanocrystalline cellulose modified with poly(glutamic acid). In addition, rabbit mesenchymal stem cells were adhered to the surface of the composite scaffolds. The developed tuberculosis model was verified by immunological subcutaneous test, real-time polymerase chain reaction, biochemical markers and histomorphological study. Infected animals were randomly divided into three groups, representing the infection control and two experimental groups subjected to necrectomy, anti-tuberculosis treatment, and plastic surgery using autografts or 3D-composite scaffolds. The lifetime observation of the experimental animals and analysis of various biochemical markers at different time periods allowed the comparison of the state of the animals between the groups. Micro-computed tomography and histomorphological analysis enabled the evaluation of osteogenesis, inflammation and cellular changes between the groups, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana I. Vinogradova
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ligovskiy pr. 2–4, St. Petersburg 191036, Russia; (T.I.V.); (M.S.S.); (A.S.K.); (D.S.E.); (M.E.D.); (M.Z.D.); (N.V.Z.); (P.K.Y.)
| | - Mikhail S. Serdobintsev
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ligovskiy pr. 2–4, St. Petersburg 191036, Russia; (T.I.V.); (M.S.S.); (A.S.K.); (D.S.E.); (M.E.D.); (M.Z.D.); (N.V.Z.); (P.K.Y.)
| | - Evgenia G. Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia;
| | - Viktor A. Korzhikov-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia;
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy pr. 26, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Kaftyrev
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ligovskiy pr. 2–4, St. Petersburg 191036, Russia; (T.I.V.); (M.S.S.); (A.S.K.); (D.S.E.); (M.E.D.); (M.Z.D.); (N.V.Z.); (P.K.Y.)
| | - Natalya M. Blum
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Botkinskaya str. 21/2, St. Petersburg 194044, Russia;
| | - Natalya Yu. Semenova
- Interregional Medical Center, Oleko Dundich str. 8/2, St. Petersburg 192283, Russia;
| | - Dilyara S. Esmedlyaeva
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ligovskiy pr. 2–4, St. Petersburg 191036, Russia; (T.I.V.); (M.S.S.); (A.S.K.); (D.S.E.); (M.E.D.); (M.Z.D.); (N.V.Z.); (P.K.Y.)
| | - Marina E. Dyakova
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ligovskiy pr. 2–4, St. Petersburg 191036, Russia; (T.I.V.); (M.S.S.); (A.S.K.); (D.S.E.); (M.E.D.); (M.Z.D.); (N.V.Z.); (P.K.Y.)
| | - Yulia A. Nashchekina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhorezkii pr. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia;
| | - Marine Z. Dogonadze
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ligovskiy pr. 2–4, St. Petersburg 191036, Russia; (T.I.V.); (M.S.S.); (A.S.K.); (D.S.E.); (M.E.D.); (M.Z.D.); (N.V.Z.); (P.K.Y.)
| | - Natalia V. Zabolotnykh
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ligovskiy pr. 2–4, St. Petersburg 191036, Russia; (T.I.V.); (M.S.S.); (A.S.K.); (D.S.E.); (M.E.D.); (M.Z.D.); (N.V.Z.); (P.K.Y.)
| | - Petr K. Yablonsky
- Saint-Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ligovskiy pr. 2–4, St. Petersburg 191036, Russia; (T.I.V.); (M.S.S.); (A.S.K.); (D.S.E.); (M.E.D.); (M.Z.D.); (N.V.Z.); (P.K.Y.)
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Paul D L B, Praveen AS, Čepová L, Elangovan M. Rheological Behavior and Printability Study of Tri-Calcium Phosphate Ceramic Inks for Direct Ink Writing Method. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061433. [PMID: 36987213 PMCID: PMC10057610 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the biomedical industry, tricalcium phosphate is a bioceramic substance that is frequently employed in the fabrication of scaffolds and bone structures. Fabrication of porous ceramic structures using conventional manufacturing techniques is very challenging because of the brittle nature of the ceramics, which has led to a newly adapted direct ink writing additive manufacturing method. This work investigates the rheology and extrudability of TCP inks to produce near-net-shape structures. Viscosity and extrudability tests found that stable TCP: Pluronic ink of 50 vol.% was more reliable compared to other tested inks prepared from a functional polymer group polyvinyl alcohol. A line study was carried out to identify the printing parameters suitable for printing structures from the selected ink with lesser dimensional error. Printing speed 5 mm/s and extrusion pressure 3 bar was found suitable to print a scaffold through a nozzle of 0.6 mm, keeping the stand-off distance equal to the nozzle diameter. The printed scaffold was further investigated for its physical and morphological structure of the green body. A suitable drying behavior was studied to remove the green body without cracking and wrapping before the sintering of the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Paul D L
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi 600 062, India;
- Correspondence: (B.P.D.L.); (M.E.)
| | - Ayyappan Susila Praveen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi 600 062, India;
| | - Lenka Čepová
- Department of Machining, Assembly and Engineering Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
| | - Muniyandy Elangovan
- Department of R&D, Bond Marine Consultancy, London EC1V 2NX, UK
- Correspondence: (B.P.D.L.); (M.E.)
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6
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Francisco I, Basílio Â, Ribeiro MP, Nunes C, Travassos R, Marques F, Pereira F, Paula AB, Carrilho E, Marto CM, Vale F. Three-Dimensional Impression of Biomaterials for Alveolar Graft: Scoping Review. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:76. [PMID: 36826875 PMCID: PMC9961517 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial bone defects are one of the biggest clinical challenges in regenerative medicine, with secondary autologous bone grafting being the gold-standard technique. The development of new three-dimensional matrices intends to overcome the disadvantages of the gold-standard method. The aim of this paper is to put forth an in-depth review regarding the clinical efficiency of available 3D printed biomaterials for the correction of alveolar bone defects. A survey was carried out using the following databases: PubMed via Medline, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and gray literature. The inclusion criteria applied were the following: in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and clinical studies; and studies that assessed bone regeneration resorting to 3D printed biomaterials. The risk of bias of the in vitro and in vivo studies was performed using the guidelines for the reporting of pre-clinical studies on dental materials by Faggion Jr and the SYRCLE risk of bias tool, respectively. In total, 92 publications were included in the final sample. The most reported three-dimensional biomaterials were the PCL matrix, β-TCP matrix, and hydroxyapatite matrix. These biomaterials can be combined with different polymers and bioactive molecules such as rBMP-2. Most of the included studies had a high risk of bias. Despite the advances in the research on new three-dimensionally printed biomaterials in bone regeneration, the existing results are not sufficient to justify the application of these biomaterials in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Francisco
- Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (ICBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ângela Basílio
- Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Madalena Prata Ribeiro
- Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Nunes
- Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Travassos
- Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Marques
- Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávia Pereira
- Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela Baptista Paula
- Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (ICBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3030-370 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eunice Carrilho
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (ICBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3030-370 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Miguel Marto
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (ICBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3030-370 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Vale
- Institute of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (ICBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory for Evidence-Based Sciences and Precision Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
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Tut TA, Cesur S, Ilhan E, Sahin A, Yildirim OS, Gunduz O. Gentamicin-loaded polyvinyl alcohol/whey protein isolate/hydroxyapatite 3D composite scaffolds with drug delivery capability for bone tissue engineering applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang J, He M, Du M, Zhu C, Jiang Y, Zhuang Y, Qi L, Liu Z, Li Y, Liu L, Feng G, Wang D, Zhang L. Three‐dimensional printing
hydrogel scaffold with bioactivity and shape‐adaptability for potential application in irregular bone defect regeneration. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Meiling He
- Analytical and Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Meixuan Du
- Analytical and Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Ce Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yuling Jiang
- Analytical and Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yi Zhuang
- Analytical and Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Lin Qi
- Analytical and Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Analytical and Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yubao Li
- Analytical and Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Ganjun Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Danqing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Li Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center Sichuan University Chengdu China
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