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Khan R, Aslam Khan MU, Stojanović GM, Javed A, Haider S, Abd Razak SI. Fabrication of Bilayer Nanofibrous-Hydrogel Scaffold from Bacterial Cellulose, PVA, and Gelatin as Advanced Dressing for Wound Healing and Soft Tissue Engineering. ACS Omega 2024; 9:6527-6536. [PMID: 38371763 PMCID: PMC10870282 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is currently one of the fastest-growing areas of engineering, requiring the fabrication of advanced and multifunctional materials that can be used as scaffolds or dressings for tissue regeneration. In this work, we report a bilayer material prepared by electrospinning a hybrid material of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and bacterial cellulose (BC NFs) (top layer) over a highly interconnected porous 3D gelatin-PVA hydrogel obtained by a freeze-drying process (bottom layer). The techniques were combined to produce an advanced material with synergistic effects on the physical and biological properties of the two materials. The bilayer material was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a water contact measurement system (WCMS). Studies on swelling, degradability, porosity, drug release, cellular and antibacterial activities were performed using standardized procedures and assays. FTIR confirmed cross-linking of both the top and bottom layers, and SEM showed porous structure for the bottom layer, random deposition of NFs on the surface, and aligned NFs in the cross section. The water contact angle (WCA) showed a hydrophilic surface for the bilayer material. Swelling analysis showed high swelling, and degradation analysis showed good stability. The bilayer material released Ag-sulfadiazine in a sustained and controlled manner and showed good antibacterial activities against severe disease-causing gram + ive and -ive (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial strains. In vitro biological studies were performed on fibroblasts (3T3) and human embryonic kidneys (HEK-293), which showed desirable cell viability, proliferation, and adhesion to the bilayer. Thus, the synergistic effect of NFs and the hydrogel resulted in a potential wound dressing material for wound healing and soft tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawaiz Khan
- Faculty
of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Biomedical
Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- BioInspired
Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical
Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor 81300, Malaysia
| | - Goran M. Stojanović
- Department
of Electronics, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Aneela Javed
- Department
of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta Ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Chemical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired
Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical
Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor 81300, Malaysia
- Sports
Innovation
& Technology Centre, Institute of Human Centred Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor 81300, Malaysia
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Khan IN, Navaid S, Waqar W, Hussein D, Ullah N, Khan MUA, Hussain Z, Javed A. Chitosan-Based Polymeric Nanoparticles as an Efficient Gene Delivery System to Cross Blood Brain Barrier: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:169. [PMID: 38399386 PMCID: PMC10893193 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the field of gene therapy, but effective treatments for brain tumors remain challenging due to their complex nature. Current treatment options have limitations, especially due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and precisely target cancer cells. Therefore options that are safer, more effective, and capable of specifically targeting cancer cells are urgently required as alternatives. This current study aimed to develop highly biocompatible natural biopolymeric chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) as potential gene delivery vehicles that can cross the BBB and serve as gene or drug delivery vehicles for brain disease therapeutics. The efficiency of the CNPs was evaluated via in vitro transfection of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-tagged plasmid in HEK293-293 and brain cancer MG-U87 cell lines, as well as within in vivo mouse models. The CNPs were prepared via a complex coacervation method, resulting in nanoparticles of approximately 260 nm in size. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis revealed that the CNPs had better cell viability (85%) in U87 cells compared to the chemical transfection reagent (CTR) (72%). Moreover, the transfection efficiency of the CNPs was also higher, as indicated by fluorescent emission microscopy (20.56% vs. 17.79%) and fluorescent-activated cell sorting (53% vs. 27%). In vivo assays using Balb/c mice revealed that the CNPs could efficiently cross the BBB, suggesting their potential as efficient gene delivery vehicles for targeted therapies against brain cancers as well as other brain diseases for which the efficient targeting of a therapeutic load to the brain cells has proven to be a real challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaq N. Khan
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
- Cancer Cell Culture & Precision Oncomedicine Lab, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
| | - Shiza Navaid
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Walifa Waqar
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Deema Hussein
- Neurooncology Translational Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Cancer Cell Culture & Precision Oncomedicine Lab, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Zakir Hussain
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Aneela Javed
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
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Khan MUA, Stojanović GM, Abdullah MFB, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Marei HE, Ashammakhi N, Hasan A. Fundamental properties of smart hydrogels for tissue engineering applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127882. [PMID: 37951446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an advanced and potential biomedical approach to treat patients suffering from lost or failed an organ or tissue to repair and regenerate damaged tissues that increase life expectancy. The biopolymers have been used to fabricate smart hydrogels to repair damaged tissue as they imitate the extracellular matrix (ECM) with intricate structural and functional characteristics. These hydrogels offer desired and controllable qualities, such as tunable mechanical stiffness and strength, inherent adaptability and biocompatibility, swellability, and biodegradability, all crucial for tissue engineering. Smart hydrogels provide a superior cellular environment for tissue engineering, enabling the generation of cutting-edge synthetic tissues due to their special qualities, such as stimuli sensitivity and reactivity. Numerous review articles have presented the exceptional potential of hydrogels for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. Still, it is essential to write a comprehensive review article on smart hydrogels that successfully addresses the essential challenging issues in tissue engineering. Hence, the recent development on smart hydrogel for state-of-the-art tissue engineering conferred progress, highlighting significant challenges and future perspectives. This review discusses recent advances in smart hydrogels fabricated from biological macromolecules and their use for advanced tissue engineering. It also provides critical insight, emphasizing future research directions and progress in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | - Goran M Stojanović
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mohd Faizal Bin Abdullah
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | | | - Hany E Marei
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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Khan R, Haider S, Khan MUA, Haider A, Razak SIA, Hasan A, Khan R, Wahit MU. Fabrication of amine-functionalized and multi-layered PAN-(TiO 2)-gelatin nanofibrous wound dressing: In-vitro evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127169. [PMID: 37783243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of advanced multifunctional wound dressings remains a major challenge. Herein, a novel multilayer (ML) electrospun nanofibers (NFs) wound dressing based on diethylenetriamine (DETA) functionalized polyacrylonitrile (PAN), TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) coating (Ct), and bioderived gelatin (Gel) was developed for potential applications in wound healing. The ML PAN-DETA-Ct-Gel membrane was developed by combining electrospinning, chemical functionalization, synthesis, and electrospray techniques, using a layer-by-layer method. The ML PAN-DETA-Ct-Gel membrane is comprised of an outer layer of PAN-DETA as a barrier to external microorganisms and structural support, an interlayer TiO2 NPs (Ct) as antibacterial function, and a contact layer (Gel) to improve biocompatibility and cell viability. The NFs membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface profilometry, BET analysis, and water contact angle techniques to investigate their morphology, surface roughness, porosity, and wettability. The ML PAN-DETA-Ct-Gel wound dressing exhibited good surface roughness, porosity, and better wettability. Cell morphology, proliferation, and viability were determined using fibroblasts (3T3), and antibacterial assays were performed against six pathogens. The ML PAN-DETA-Ct-Gel NFs membrane showed good cell morphology, proliferation, viability, and antibacterial activity compared with other membranes. This new class of ML NFs membranes offers a multifunctional architecture with adequate biocompatibility, cell viability, and antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawaiz Khan
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; King Salman Center for Disability Research, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Adnan Haider
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- Sports Innovation & Technology Centre, Institute of Human Centred Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Raees Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mat Uzir Wahit
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Center for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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5
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Marei HE, Khan MUA, Hasan A. Potential use of iPSCs for disease modeling, drug screening, and cell-based therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:98. [PMID: 38031028 PMCID: PMC10687886 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic illness marked by increasing cognitive decline and nervous system deterioration. At this time, there is no known medication that will stop the course of Alzheimer's disease; instead, most symptoms are treated. Clinical trial failure rates for new drugs remain high, highlighting the urgent need for improved AD modeling for improving understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of disease and improving drug development. The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has made it possible to model neurological diseases like AD, giving access to an infinite number of patient-derived cells capable of differentiating neuronal fates. This advance will accelerate Alzheimer's disease research and provide an opportunity to create more accurate patient-specific models of Alzheimer's disease to support pathophysiological research, drug development, and the potential application of stem cell-based therapeutics. This review article provides a complete summary of research done to date on the potential use of iPSCs from AD patients for disease modeling, drug discovery, and cell-based therapeutics. Current technological developments in AD research including 3D modeling, genome editing, gene therapy for AD, and research on familial (FAD) and sporadic (SAD) forms of the disease are discussed. Finally, we outline the issues that need to be elucidated and future directions for iPSC modeling in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany E Marei
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35116, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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6
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Khan MUA, Stojanović GM, Rehman RA, Moradi AR, Rizwan M, Ashammakhi N, Hasan A. Graphene Oxide-Functionalized Bacterial Cellulose-Gelatin Hydrogel with Curcumin Release and Kinetics: In Vitro Biological Evaluation. ACS Omega 2023; 8:40024-40035. [PMID: 37929099 PMCID: PMC10620874 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymer-based bioactive hydrogels are excellent wound dressing materials for wound healing applications. They have excellent properties, including hydrophilicity, tunable mechanical and morphological properties, controllable functionality, biodegradability, and desirable biocompatibility. The bioactive hydrogels were fabricated from bacterial cellulose (BC), gelatin, and graphene oxide (GO). The GO-functionalized-BC (GO-f-BC) was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and chemically crosslinked with bacterial cellulose and gelatin using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a crosslinker. The structural, morphological, and wettability properties were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a universal testing machine (UTM), respectively. The swelling analysis was conducted in different media, and aqueous medium exhibited maximum hydrogel swelling compared to other media. The Franz diffusion method was used to study curcumin (Cur) release (Max = 69.32%, Min = 49.32%), and Cur release kinetics followed the Hixson-Crowell model. Fibroblast (3T3) cell lines were employed to determine the cell viability and proliferation to bioactive hydrogels. Antibacterial activities of bioactive hydrogels were evaluated against infection-causing bacterial strains. Bioactive hydrogels are hemocompatible due to their less than 0.5% hemolysis against fresh human blood. The results show that bioactive hydrogels can be potential wound dressing materials for wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Biomedical
Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Goran M. Stojanović
- Department
of Electronics, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Roselinda Ab Rehman
- Oral
and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ali-Reza Moradi
- Department
of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies
in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department
of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Quantitative Health
Science & Engineering, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Biomedical
Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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Khan MUA, Al-Arjan WS, Ashammakhi N, Haider S, Amin R, Hasan A. Multifunctional Bioactive Scaffolds from ARX- g-(Zn@rGO)-HAp for Bone Tissue Engineering: In Vitro Antibacterial, Antitumor, and Biocompatibility Evaluations. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2022; 5:5445-5456. [PMID: 36215135 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Advanced biomaterials are required with enhanced antibacterial and anticancer activities to obtain desirable biocompatibility during and after scaffold implantation in tissue engineering. Here, we report the development of a nanosystem by the hydrothermal method using different zinc (Zn) amounts and reduced graphene oxide (GO). Arabinoxylan, the nanosystem (Zn@rGO), and nanohydroxyapatite polymeric nanocomposites ARX-g-(Zn@rGO)/HAp were prepared by the free radical polymerization method, and porous bioactive scaffolds were fabricated via the freeze-drying technique. The structural, morphological, and elemental analyses of the bioactive scaffolds were conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The wetting behavior was studied by a water contact meter and swelling in aqueous and phosphate-buffered saline solutions at 37 °C. The degradation was also studied in the phosphate-buffered saline solution at 37 °C. The increase in Zn content increased the pore size, and hydrophobic behavior shifted to hydrophilic (AGZ-1 = 131.40° at 0 s and 120.60° at 10 s to AGZ-1 = 81.30° at 0 s and 69.20° at 10 s) with the increase in contact time. Maximum swelling was observed in deionized water (AGZ-1 = 52.87%, AGZ-4 = 90.20%), followed by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; AGZ-1 = 44.80%, AGZ-4 = 67.90%) and electrolyte (AGZ-1 = 32.40%, AGZ-4 = 63.47%), and biodegradation in PBS media increased (AGZ-1 = 36.80%, AGZ-4 = 55.92%). Antimicrobial activities against severe infection-causing pathogens and antitumor activity against U87 cell lines showed exceptional results. Cell viability and cell proliferation studies were conducted against preosteoblast cell lines, and increased cell viability and proliferation were observed from AGZ-1 to AGZ-4. Antimicrobial and anticancer activities were enhanced with the increase of Zn content in the Zn@rGO system. The bioactive scaffolds with different formulations could be potential biomaterials to treat and regenerate defected bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha2713, Qatar.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha2713, Qatar
| | - Wafa Shamsan Al-Arjan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan48824, United States
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha2713, Qatar.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha2713, Qatar
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Aslam Khan MU, azak SIAR, Khan R, Haider S, Ali Raza M, Amin R, Shah SA, Hasan A. Centrifugal and Solution Blow Spinning Techniques in Tissue Engineering. Biomaterial Fabrication Techniques 2022:72-102. [DOI: 10.2174/9789815050479122010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibers are a necessary source for fibrous materials and other useful
applications such as tissue engineering, filtration, safety fabrics, batteries for the
production of nanofibers so far. However, due to its low production rate, the wide
commercial use of electrospinning is minimal. Almost all nanofiber fabrication
techniques (e.g., melt blowing, two-component processes, phase splitting, template
synthesis, and self-assembly, etc.) are used to produce nanofibers from a limited
number of polymeric materials. Centrifugal spinning (CS) and solution blow spinning
(SBS) are advanced replacement processes to fabricate nanofibers with full
performance from various low-cost raw materials. This chapter focuses on a
comprehensive overview of CS and SBS as well as various other aspects of the
fabrication of nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rawaiz Khan
- Department of Polymer Engineering,School of Chemical and Energy,Johor,Malaysia
| | | | - Mohsin Ali Raza
- Materials Engineering, University of the Punjab,Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering,Lahore,Pakistan
| | - Rashid Amin
- University of Hafr Al Batin,Department of Biology,,Hafar Al-Batin,Saudi Arabia
| | - Saqlain A. Shah
- Forman Christian College,Department of Physics,Lahore,Pakistan
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Qatar University,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,Doha,Qatar
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Khan MUA, Razak SIA, Rehman S, Hasan A, Qureshi S, Stojanović GM. Bioactive scaffold (sodium alginate)-g-(nHAp@SiO 2@GO) for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:462-472. [PMID: 36155784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Globally, people suffering from bone disorders are steadily increasing and bone tissue engineering is an advanced approach to treating fractured and defected bone tissues. In this study, we have prepared polymeric nanocomposite by free-radical polymerization from sodium alginate, hydroxyapatite, and silica with different GO amounts. The porous scaffolds were fabricated using the freeze drying technique. The structural, morphological, mechanical, and wetting investigation was conducted by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, universal tensile machine, and water contact angle characterization techniques. The swelling, biodegradation, and water retention were also studied. The biological studies were performed (cell viability, cell adherence, proliferation, and mineralization) against osteoblast cell lines. Scaffolds have exhibited different pore morphology SAG-1 (pore size = 414.61 ± 56 μm and porosity = 81.45 ± 2.17 %) and SAG-4 (pore size = 195.97 ± 82 μm and porosity = 53.82 ± 2.45 %). They have different mechanical behavior as SAG-1 has the least compression strength and compression modulus 2.14 ± 2.35 and 16.51 ± 1.27 MPa. However, SAG-4 has maximum compression strength and compression modulus 13.67 ± 2.63 and 96.16 ± 1.97 MPa with wetting behavior 80.70° and 58.70°, respectively. Similarly, SAG-1 exhibited the least and SAG-4 presented maximum apatite mineral formation, cell adherence, cell viability, and cell proliferation against mouse pre-osteoblast cell lines. The increased GO amount provides different multifunctional materials with different characteristics. Hence, the fabricated scaffolds could be potential scaffold materials to treat and regenerate fracture bone tissues in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Sports Innovation & Technology Centre, Institute of Human Centred Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sarish Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Saima Qureshi
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Goran M Stojanović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Khan MUA, Rizwan M, Razak SIA, Hassan A, Rasheed T, Bilal M. Electroactive polymeric nanocomposite BC- g-(Fe 3O 4/GO) materials for bone tissue engineering: in vitro evaluations. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2022; 33:1349-1368. [PMID: 35348037 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2054544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a cutting-edge approach for using advanced biomaterials to treat defective bone to get desired clinical results. In bone tissue engineering, the scaffolds must have the desired physicochemical and biomechanical natural properties in order to regenerate complicated defective bone. For the first time, polymeric nanocomposite material was developed using cellulose and co-dispersed nanosystem (Fe3O4/GO) by free radical polymerization to fabricate porous polymeric scaffolds via freeze drying. Various characterizations techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and universal testing machine (UTM) were used to investigate structural, morphological, and mechanical properties. Swelling, biodegradation, and wetting analysis were also performed to evaluate their physicochemical behavior. Intercalation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles into GO-sheets promoted their dispersion into the polymeric matrix. All porous scaffolds possessed a well-interconnected porous structure, while the synergistic effect of Fe3O4/GO reinforces the mechanical strength of porous scaffolds. The compressive strength and Young's modulus were increased by increasing Fe3O4 amount, and maximum mechanical strength was found in HFG-4 and least in HFG-1. However, these porous scaffolds have different swelling and biodegradation behavior due to the variable Fe3O4 intercalations into GO-sheets. Antibacterial activities of porous scaffolds were studied against severe Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and increased Fe3O4 amount in nanosystem increased the antibacterial activities. The cell viability and morphology of pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell lines were studied against porous scaffolds and increased cell viability and proliferation were observed from HFG-1 to HFG-4. Hence, the electroactive material could be the potential material for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Bioinspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.,Nanosciences and Technology Department (NS and TD), National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of chemistry, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- Bioinspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia.,Centre of Advanced Composite Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Anwarul Hassan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tahir Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
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Khan MUA, Razak SIA, Hassan A, Qureshi S, Stojanović GM, Ihsan-Ul-Haq. Multifunctional Arabinoxylan-functionalized-Graphene Oxide Based Composite Hydrogel for Skin Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:865059. [PMID: 35573248 PMCID: PMC9093069 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.865059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is an important physiological process involving a series of cellular and molecular developments. A multifunctional hydrogel that prevents infection and promotes wound healing has great significance for wound healing applications in biomedical engineering. We have functionalized arabinoxylan and graphene oxide (GO) using the hydrothermal method, through cross-linking GO-arabinoxylan and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to get multifunctional composite hydrogels. These composite hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, SEM, water contact angle, and mechanical testing to determine structural, morphological, wetting, and mechanical behavior, respectively. Swelling and biodegradation were also conducted in different media. The enhanced antibacterial activities were observed against different bacterial strains (E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa); anticancer activities and biocompatibility assays were found effective against U-87 and MC3T3-E1 cell lines due to the synergic effect of hydrogels. In vivo activities were conducted using a mouse full-thickness skin model, and accelerated wound healing was found without any major inflammation within 7 days with improved vascularization. From the results, these composite hydrogels might be potential wound dressing materials for biomedical applications.
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Khan MUA, Razaq SIA, Hasan A, Mannan HA, Haider S, Hussain J. F-GO/sodium alginate composite hydrogels for tissue regeneration and antitumor applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:475-485. [PMID: 35318081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymers have attracted tremendous attention for wound applications. Since sodium alginate is a biopolymer, they offer excellent therapeutic options with long-term drug release and low side effects. To prepare multifunctional composite hydrogels with anticancer and tissue regeneration capabilities, sodium alginate (SA) and graphene oxide (GO) were covalently linked and crosslinked with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) by the solvothermal method. The structural and morphological results show that the hydrogels exhibit the desired functionality and porosity. The swelling of hydrogels in an aqueous and PBS medium was investigated. SGT-4 had the highest swelling in both aqueous and PBS media. Swelling and biodegradation of the hydrogel were inversely related. The drug release of SGT-4 was determined in different pH media (pH 6.4, 7.4, and 8.4) and the kinetics of drug release was determined according to the Higuchi model (R2 = 0.93587). Antibacterial activities were evaluated against severe infectious agents. Uppsala (U87) and osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell lines were used to determine the anticancer and biocompatibility of the composite hydrogels, respectively. These results suggest that the composite hydrogels could be used as wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razaq
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Hafiz Abdul Mannan
- Institute of Polymer and Textile Engineering, University of Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Hussain
- National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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Khan R, Haider S, Razak SIA, Haider A, Khan MUA, Wahit MU, Bukhari N, Ahmad A. Recent advances in renewable polymer/metal oxide systems used for tissue engineering. Renewable Polymers and Polymer-Metal Oxide Composites 2022:395-445. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85155-8.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Khan MUA, Haider S, Raza MA, Shah SA, Razak SIA, Kadir MRA, Subhan F, Haider A. Smart and pH-sensitive rGO/Arabinoxylan/chitosan composite for wound dressing: In-vitro drug delivery, antibacterial activity, and biological activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:820-831. [PMID: 34648803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate polymers are biological macromolecules that have sparked a lot of interest in wound healing due to their outstanding antibacterial properties and sustained drug release. Arabinoxylan (ARX), Chitosan (CS), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets were combined and crosslinked using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a crosslinker to fabricate composite hydrogels and assess their potential in wound dressing for skin wound healing. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and biological assays were used to evaluate the composite hydrogels. FTIR validated the effective fabrication of the composite hydrogels. The rough morphologies of the composite hydrogels were revealed by SEM and AFM (as evident from the Ra values). ATC-4 was discovered to have the roughest surface. TEM revealed strong homogeneous anchoring of the rGO to the polymer matrix. However, with higher amount of rGO agglomeration was detected. The % swelling at various pHs (1-13) revealed that the hydrogels were pH-sensitive. The controlled release profile for the antibacterial drug (Silver sulfadiazine) evaluated at various pH values (4.5, 6.8, and 7.4) in PBS solution and 37 °C using the Franz diffusion method revealed maximal drug release at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. The antibacterial efficacy of the composite hydrogels against pathogens that cause serious skin diseases varied. The MC3T3-E1 cell adhered, proliferated, and differentiated well on the composite hydrogels. MC3T3-E1 cell also illustrated excellent viability (91%) and proper cylindrical morphologies on the composite hydrogels. Hence, the composite hydrogels based on ARX, CS, and rGO are promising biomaterials for treating and caring for skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, P.O. Box. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan; BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O BOX 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsin Ali Raza
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saqlain A Shah
- Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Physics, Forman Christian College (University) Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Rafiq Abdul Kadir
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Fazli Subhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Haider
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Khan MUA, Razaq SIA, Mehboob H, Rehman S, Al-Arjan WS, Amin R. Antibacterial and Hemocompatible pH-Responsive Hydrogel for Skin Wound Healing Application: In Vitro Drug Release. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3703. [PMID: 34771258 PMCID: PMC8588096 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of successive skin wounds necessitates meticulous medical procedures. In the care and treatment of skin wounds, hydrogels produced from natural polymers with controlled drug release play a crucial role. Arabinoxylan is a well-known and widely available biological macromolecule. We produced various formulations of blended composite hydrogels (BCHs) from arabinoxylan (ARX), carrageenan (CG), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using and cross-linked them with an optimal amount of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The structural, morphological, and mechanical behavior of the BCHs samples were determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), mechanical testing, and wetting, respectively. The swelling and degradation assays were performed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution and aqueous media. Maximum swelling was observed at pH 7 and the least swelling in basic pH regions. All composite hydrogels were found to be hemocompatible. In vitro, silver sulfadiazine release profile in PBS solution was analyzed via the Franz diffusion method, and maximum drug release (87.9%) was observed in 48 h. The drug release kinetics was studied against different mathematical models (zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Baker-Lonsdale models) and compared their regression coefficient (R2) values. It was observed that drug release follows the Baker-Lonsdale model, as it has the highest value (0.989) of R2. Hence, the obtained results indicated that, due to optimized swelling, wetting, and degradation, the blended composite hydrogel BCH-3 could be an essential wound dressing biomaterial for sustained drug release for skin wound care and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU),1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China;
- Nanosciences and Technology Department (NS & TD), National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razaq
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU),1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Mehboob
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Rafha Street, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sarish Rehman
- Chemistry Department, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3A0G4, Canada;
| | - Wafa Shamsan Al-Arjan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rashid Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al-Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia;
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Khan MUA, Razak SIA, Ansari MNM, Zulkifli RM, Ahmad Zawawi N, Arshad M. Development of Biodegradable Bio-Based Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Biocompatible Evaluation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3611. [PMID: 34771168 PMCID: PMC8588120 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several significant advancements in the field of bone regenerative medicine have been made in recent years. However, therapeutic options, such as bone grafts, have several drawbacks. There is a need to develop an adequate bone substitute. As a result, significant bone defects/injuries pose a severe challenge for orthopaedic and reconstructive bone tissue. We synthesized polymeric composite material from arabinoxylan (ARX), β-glucan (BG), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp), graphene oxide (GO), acrylic acid (AAc) through free radical polymerization and porous scaffold fabricated using the freeze-drying technique. These fabricated porous scaffolds were then coated with chitosan solution to enhance their biological activities. The complex structure of BG, nHAp, GO was studied through various characterization and biological assays. The structural, morphological, wetting and mechanical analyses were determined using FT-IR, XRD, XPS, SEM/EXD, water contact angle and UTM. The swelling (aqueous and PBS media) and degradation (PBS media) observed their behavior in contact with body fluid. The biological activities were conducted against mouse pre-osteoblast cell lines. The result found that BGH3 has desirable morphological, structural with optimum swelling, degradation, and mechanical behavior. It was also found to be cytocompatible against MC3T3-E1 cell lines. The obtained results confirmed that the fabricated polymeric scaffolds would be a potential bone substitute to regenerate defective bone with different loading bearing applications for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia; (R.M.Z.); (N.A.Z.)
- National Center for Physics, Nanosciences and Technology Department, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia; (R.M.Z.); (N.A.Z.)
- Centre of Advanced Composite Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Razauden Mohamed Zulkifli
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia; (R.M.Z.); (N.A.Z.)
| | - Nurliyana Ahmad Zawawi
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia; (R.M.Z.); (N.A.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- National Center for Physics, Nanosciences and Technology Department, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
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Khan MUA, Iqbal I, Ansari MNM, Razak SIA, Raza MA, Sajjad A, Jabeen F, Riduan Mohamad M, Jusoh N. Development of Antibacterial, Degradable and pH-Responsive Chitosan/Guar Gum/Polyvinyl Alcohol Blended Hydrogels for Wound Dressing. Molecules 2021; 26:5937. [PMID: 34641480 PMCID: PMC8513038 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research is based on the fabrication preparation of CS/PVA/GG blended hydrogel with nontoxic tetra orthosilicate (TEOS) for sustained paracetamol release. Different TEOS percentages were used because of their nontoxic behavior to study newly designed hydrogels' crosslinking and physicochemical properties. These hydrogels were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and wetting to determine the functional, surface morphology, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic properties. The swelling analysis in different media, degradation in PBS, and drug release kinetics were conducted to observe their response against corresponding media. The FTIR analysis confirmed the components added and crosslinking between them, and surface morphology confirmed different surface and wetting behavior due to different crosslinking. In various solvents, including water, buffer, and electrolyte solutions, the swelling behaviour of hydrogel was investigated and observed that TEOS amount caused less hydrogel swelling. In acidic pH, hydrogels swell the most, while they swell the least at pH 7 or higher. These hydrogels are pH-sensitive and appropriate for controlled drug release. These hydrogels demonstrated that, as the ionic concentration was increased, swelling decreased due to decreased osmotic pressure in various electrolyte solutions. The antimicrobial analysis revealed that these hydrogels are highly antibacterial against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. The drug release mechanism was 98% in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) media at pH 7.4 in 140 min. To analyze drug release behaviour, the drug release kinetics was assessed against different mathematical models (such as zero and first order, Higuchi, Baker-Lonsdale, Hixson, and Peppas). It was found that hydrogel (CPG2) follows the Peppas model with the highest value of regression (R2 = 0.98509). Hence, from the results, these hydrogels could be a potential biomaterial for wound dressing in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia; (S.I.A.R.); (M.R.M.); (N.J.)
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- National Center for Physics, Nanoscience and Technology Department (NS & TD), Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Iqbal
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.A.R.)
| | | | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia; (S.I.A.R.); (M.R.M.); (N.J.)
- Centre of Advanced Composite Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia
| | - Mohsin Ali Raza
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Amna Sajjad
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Faiza Jabeen
- Department of Zoology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan;
| | - Mohd Riduan Mohamad
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia; (S.I.A.R.); (M.R.M.); (N.J.)
| | - Norhana Jusoh
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia; (S.I.A.R.); (M.R.M.); (N.J.)
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Khan MUA, Yaqoob Z, Ansari MNM, Razak SIA, Raza MA, Sajjad A, Haider S, Busra FM. Chitosan/Poly Vinyl Alcohol/Graphene Oxide Based pH-Responsive Composite Hydrogel Films: Drug Release, Anti-Microbial and Cell Viability Studies. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3124. [PMID: 34578025 PMCID: PMC8471615 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The composite hydrogels were produced using the solution casting method due to the non-toxic and biocompatible nature of chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The best composition was chosen and crosslinked with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), after which different amounts of graphene oxide (GO) were added to develop composite hydrogels. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle was used to analyze the hydrogels. The samples were also evaluated for swelling abilities in various mediums. The drug release profile was studied in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at a pH of 7.4. To predict the mechanism of drug release, the data were fitted into kinetic models. Finally, antibacterial activity and cell viability data were obtained. FTIR studies revealed the successful synthesis of CS/PVA hydrogels and GO/CS/PVA in hydrogel composite. SEM showed no phase separation of the polymers, whereas AFM showed a decrease in surface roughness with an increase in GO content. 100 µL of crosslinker was the critical concentration at which the sample displayed excellent swelling and preserved its structure. Both the crosslinked and composite hydrogel showed good swelling. The most acceptable mechanism of drug release is diffusion-controlled, and it obeys Fick's law of diffusion for drug released. The best fitting of the zero-order, Hixson-Crowell and Higuchi models supported our assumption. The GO/CS/PVA hydrogel composite showed better antibacterial and cell viability behaviors. They can be better biomaterials in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia;
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Nanoscience and Technology Department (NS & TD), National Center for Physics, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Zahida Yaqoob
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (Z.Y.); (M.A.R.)
| | | | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia
| | - Mohsin Ali Raza
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan; (Z.Y.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Amna Sajjad
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fauzi Mh Busra
- Tissue Engineering Centre, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
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Shafiei M, Ansari MNM, Razak SIA, Khan MUA. A Comprehensive Review on the Applications of Exosomes and Liposomes in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2529. [PMID: 34372132 PMCID: PMC8347192 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are generally concerned with reconstructing cells, tissues, or organs to restore typical biological characteristics. Liposomes are round vesicles with a hydrophilic center and bilayers of amphiphiles which are the most influential family of nanomedicine. Liposomes have extensive research, engineering, and medicine uses, particularly in a drug delivery system, genes, and vaccines for treatments. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry various biomolecular cargos such as miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and proteins. As exosomal cargo changes with adjustments in parent cells and position, research of exosomal cargo constituents provides a rare chance for sicknesses prognosis and care. Exosomes have a more substantial degree of bioactivity and immunogenicity than liposomes as they are distinctly chiefly formed by cells, which improves their steadiness in the bloodstream, and enhances their absorption potential and medicinal effectiveness in vitro and in vivo. In this review, the crucial challenges of exosome and liposome science and their functions in disease improvement and therapeutic applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies are prominently highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shafiei
- Bioinspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia; (M.S.); (M.U.A.K.)
| | | | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- Bioinspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia; (M.S.); (M.U.A.K.)
| | - Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Bioinspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia; (M.S.); (M.U.A.K.)
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Sa’adon S, Ansari MNM, Razak SIA, Anand JS, Nayan NHM, Ismail AE, Khan MUA, Haider A. Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of a Diclofenac Sodium-Dual Layer Polyvinyl Alcohol Patch. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152459. [PMID: 34372062 PMCID: PMC8347342 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to prepare a dual layer polyvinyl (PVA) patch using a combination of electrospinning techniques and cryogelation (freeze-thaw process) then subsequently to investigate the effect of freeze-thaw cycles, nanofiber thickness, and diclofenac sodium (DS) loading on the physicochemical and mechanical properties and formulation of dual layer PVA patches composed of electrospun PVA nanofibers and PVA cryogel. After the successful preparation of the dual layer PVA patch, the prepared patch was subjected to investigation to assess the effect of freeze-thaw cycles, nanofiber thickness and percentages of DS loading on the morphology, physiochemical and mechanical properties. Various spectroscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), water contact angle, and tensile tests were used to evaluate the physicochemical and mechanical properties of prepared dual layer PVA patches. The morphological structures of the dual layer PVA patch demonstrated the effectiveness of both techniques. The effect of freeze-thaw cycles, nanofiber thickness, and DS percentage loading on the crystallinity of a dual layer PVA patch was investigated using XRD analysis. The presence of a distinct DS peak in the FTIR spectrum indicates the compatibility of DS in a dual layer PVA patch through in-situ loading. All prepared patches were considered highly hydrophilic because the data obtained was less than 90°. The increasing saturation of DS within the PVA matrix increases the tensile strength of prepared patches, however decreased its elasticity. Evidently, the increasing of electrospun PVA nanofibers thickness, freeze-thaw cycles, and the DS saturation has improved the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the DS medicated dual layer PVA patches, making them a promising biomaterial for transdermal drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafizah Sa’adon
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia; (S.S.); (M.U.A.K.)
| | - Mohamed Nainar Mohamed Ansari
- Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.N.M.A.); (S.I.A.R.); Tel.: +60-17-4815680 (S.I.A.R.)
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia; (S.S.); (M.U.A.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.N.M.A.); (S.I.A.R.); Tel.: +60-17-4815680 (S.I.A.R.)
| | - Joseph Sahaya Anand
- Sustainable and Responsive Manufacturing Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Malacca 76100, Malacca, Malaysia;
| | - Nadirul Hasraf Mat Nayan
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Al Emran Ismail
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia; (S.S.); (M.U.A.K.)
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU),1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
- National Center for Physics, Nanoscience and Technology Department (NS & TD), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Haider
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
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Aslam Khan MU, Al-Arjan WS, Binkadem MS, Mehboob H, Haider A, Raza MA, Abd Razak SI, Hasan A, Amin R. Development of Biopolymeric Hybrid Scaffold-Based on AAc/GO/nHAp/TiO 2 Nanocomposite for Bone Tissue Engineering: In-Vitro Analysis. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:1319. [PMID: 34067844 PMCID: PMC8156135 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is an advanced field for treatment of fractured bones to restore/regulate biological functions. Biopolymeric/bioceramic-based hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds are potential biomaterials for bone tissue because of biodegradable and biocompatible characteristics. We report synthesis of nanocomposite based on acrylic acid (AAc)/guar gum (GG), nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp NPs), titanium nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), and optimum graphene oxide (GO) amount via free radical polymerization method. Porous scaffolds were fabricated through freeze-drying technique and coated with silver sulphadiazine. Different techniques were used to investigate functional group, crystal structural properties, morphology/elemental properties, porosity, and mechanical properties of fabricated scaffolds. Results show that increasing amount of TiO2 in combination with optimized GO has improved physicochemical and microstructural properties, mechanical properties (compressive strength (2.96 to 13.31 MPa) and Young's modulus (39.56 to 300.81 MPa)), and porous properties (pore size (256.11 to 107.42 μm) and porosity (79.97 to 44.32%)). After 150 min, silver sulfadiazine release was found to be ~94.1%. In vitro assay of scaffolds also exhibited promising results against mouse pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell lines. Hence, these fabricated scaffolds would be potential biomaterials for bone tissue engineering in biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia;
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Wafa Shamsan Al-Arjan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mona Saad Binkadem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hassan Mehboob
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Rafha Street, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Adnan Haider
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Mohsin Ali Raza
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, CEET, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia;
- Center for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Rashid Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia;
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Nazir S, Umar Aslam Khan M, Shamsan Al-Arjan W, Izwan Abd Razak S, Javed A, Rafiq Abdul Kadir M. Nanocomposite hydrogels for melanoma skin cancer care and treatment: In-vitro drug delivery, drug release kinetics and anti-cancer activities. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Hassan R, Aslam Khan MU, Abdullah AM, Abd Razak SI. A Review on Current Trends of Polymers in Orthodontics: BPA-Free and Smart Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1409. [PMID: 33925332 PMCID: PMC8123702 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials have always established an edge over other classes of materials due to their potential applications in various fields of biomedical engineering. Orthodontics is an emerging field in which polymers have attracted the enormous attention of researchers. In particular, thermoplastic materials have a great future utility in orthodontics, both as aligners and as retainer appliances. In recent years, the use of polycarbonate brackets and base monomers bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (bis-GMA) has been associated with the potential release of bisphenol A (BPA) in the oral environment. BPA is a toxic compound that acts as an endocrine disruptor that can affect human health. Therefore, there is a continuous search for non-BPA materials with satisfactory mechanical properties and an esthetic appearance as an alternative to polycarbonate brackets and conventional bis-GMA compounds. This study aims to review the recent developments of BPA-free monomers in the application of resin dental composites and adhesives. The most promising polymeric smart materials are also discussed for their relevance to future orthodontic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Hassan
- Orthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia;
- Nanoscience and Technology Department (NS & TD), National Center for Physics, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Abdul Manaf Abdullah
- Orthodontic Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia;
- Center for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia
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Aslam Khan MU, Haider A, Abd Razak SI, Abdul Kadir MR, Haider S, Shah SA, Hasan A, Khan R, Khan SUD, Shakir I. Arabinoxylan/graphene-oxide/nHAp-NPs/PVA bionano composite scaffolds for fractured bone healing. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:322-335. [PMID: 33432773 DOI: 10.1002/term.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of bone scaffolds has increased many folds in the last few years; however, during bone implantation, bacterial infections compromise the implantation and tissue regeneration. This work is focused on this issue while not compromising on the properties of a scaffold for bone regeneration. Biocomposite scaffolds (BS) were fabricated via the freeze-drying technique. The samples were characterized for structural changes, surface morphology, porosity, and mechanical properties through spectroscopic (Fourier transform-infrared [FT-IR]), microscopic (scanning electron microscope [SEM]), X-ray (powder X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray), and other analytical (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, universal testing machine Instron) techniques. Antibacterial, cellular, and hemocompatibility assays were performed using standard protocols. FT-IR confirmed the interactions of all the components. SEM illustrated porous and interconnected porous morphology. The percentage porosity was in the range of 49.75%-67.28%, and the pore size was 215.65-470.87 µm. The pore size was perfect for cellular penetration. Thus, cells showed significant proliferation onto these scaffolds. X-ray studies confirmed the presence of nanohydroxyapatite and graphene oxide (GO). The cell viability was 85%-98% (BS1-BS3), which shows no significant toxicity of the biocomposite. Furthermore, the biocomposites exhibited better antibacterial activity, no effect on the blood clotting (normal in vitro blood clotting), and less than 5% hemolysis. The ultimate compression strength for the biocomposites increased from 4.05 to 7.94 with an increase in the GO content. These exciting results revealed that this material has the potential for possible application in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Haider
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saqlain A Shah
- Physics Department, Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Lab, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rawaiz Khan
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah-Ud Din Khan
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Center, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Shakir
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Center, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Umar Aslam Khan M, Haider S, Haider A, Izwan Abd Razak S, Rafiq Abdul Kadir M, Shah SA, Javed A, Shakir I, Al-Zahrani AA. Development of porous, antibacterial and biocompatible GO/n-HAp/bacterial cellulose/β-glucan biocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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26
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Aslam Khan MU, Abd Razak SI, Al Arjan WS, Nazir S, Sahaya Anand TJ, Mehboob H, Amin R. Recent Advances in Biopolymeric Composite Materials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicines: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:619. [PMID: 33504080 PMCID: PMC7865423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymeric composite material with desirable features can be gained by selecting suitable biopolymers with selected additives to get polymer-filler interaction. Several parameters can be modified according to the design requirements, such as chemical structure, degradation kinetics, and biopolymer composites' mechanical properties. The interfacial interactions between the biopolymer and the nanofiller have substantial control over biopolymer composites' mechanical characteristics. This review focuses on different applications of biopolymeric composites in controlled drug release, tissue engineering, and wound healing with considerable properties. The biopolymeric composite materials are required with advanced and multifunctional properties in the biomedical field and regenerative medicines with a complete analysis of routine biomaterials with enhanced biomedical engineering characteristics. Several studies in the literature on tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound dressing have been mentioned. These results need to be reviewed for possible development and analysis, which makes an essential study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia;
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wafa Shamsan Al Arjan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.A.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Samina Nazir
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.A.A.); (S.N.)
| | - T. Joseph Sahaya Anand
- Sustainable and Responsive Manufacturing Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka 76100, Malacca, Malaysia;
| | - Hassan Mehboob
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Rafha Street, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rashid Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al-Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia
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Aslam Khan MU, Raza MA, Mehboob H, Abdul Kadir MR, Abd Razak SI, Shah SA, Iqbal MZ, Amin R. Correction: Development and in vitro evaluation of κ-carrageenan based polymeric hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18615-18616. [PMID: 35481984 PMCID: PMC9033475 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra90119b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Correction for ‘Development and in vitro evaluation of κ-carrageenan based polymeric hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering’ by Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan et al., RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 40529–40542. DOI: 10.1039/D0RA07446B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology
- University of the Punjab
- 54590 Lahore
- Pakistan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences
| | - Mohsin Ali Raza
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
- CEET
- University of the Punjab
- Lahore
- Pakistan
| | - Hassan Mehboob
- Department of Engineering Management
- College of Engineering
- Prince Sultan University
- Riyadh 11586
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences
- Faculty of Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81300 Skudai
- Malaysia
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences
- Faculty of Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81300 Skudai
- Malaysia
| | - Saqlain A. Shah
- Materials Science Lab
- Department of Physics
- Forman Christian College (University)
- Lahore
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahir Iqbal
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences
- GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
- Topi 23640
- Pakistan
| | - Rashid Amin
- Department of Biology
- College of Sciences
- University of Hafr Al Batin
- 39524 Hafar Al-batin
- Saudi Arabia
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Khan MUA, Raza MA, Razak SIA, Abdul Kadir MR, Haider A, Shah SA, Mohd Yusof AH, Haider S, Shakir I, Aftab S. Novel functional antimicrobial and biocompatible arabinoxylan/guar gum hydrogel for skin wound dressing applications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1488-1501. [DOI: 10.1002/term.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, CEET University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohsin Ali Raza
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, CEET University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Adnan Haider
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Medical Sciences Rawalpindi Punjab Pakistan
| | - Saqlain A. Shah
- Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Lab, Physics Department Forman Christian College University Lahore Pakistan
| | - Abdul Halim Mohd Yusof
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor Malaysia
| | - Sajjad Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Shakir
- Sustainable Energy Technologies (SET) Center, College of Engineering King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Saira Aftab
- School of Biological Sciences University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan
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Khan MUA, Al-Thebaiti MA, Hashmi MU, Aftab S, Abd Razak SI, Abu Hassan S, Abdul Kadir MR, Amin R. Synthesis of Silver-Coated Bioactive Nanocomposite Scaffolds Based on Grafted Beta-Glucan/Hydroxyapatite via Freeze-Drying Method: Anti-Microbial and Biocompatibility Evaluation for Bone Tissue Engineering. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E971. [PMID: 32098139 PMCID: PMC7078890 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Advancement and development in bone tissue engineering, particularly that of composite scaffolds, are of great importance for bone tissue engineering. We have synthesized polymeric matrix using biopolymer (β-glucan), acrylic acid, and nano-hydroxyapatite through free radical polymerization method. Bioactive nanocomposite scaffolds (BNSs) were fabricated using the freeze-drying method and Ag was coated by the dip-coating method. The scaffolds have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) to investigate their functional groups, surface morphology, and phase analysis, respectively. The pore size and porosity of all BNS samples were found to be dependent on silver concentration. Mechanical testing of all BNS samples have substantial compressive strength in dry form that is closer to cancellous bone. The samples of BNS showed substantial antibacterial effect against DH5 alpha E. coli. The biological studies conducted using the MC3T3-E1 cell line via neutral red dye assay on the scaffolds have found to be biocompatible and non-cytotoxic. These bioactive scaffolds can bring numerous applications for bone tissue repairs and regenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China;
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia;
| | - Mesfer A. Al-Thebaiti
- Department of Biology, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al-batin 39524, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Uzair Hashmi
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Saira Aftab
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai, Skudai 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Shukur Abu Hassan
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai, Skudai 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Malaysia;
| | - Rashid Amin
- Department of Biology, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al-batin 39524, Saudi Arabia;
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Aslam Khan MU, Raza MA, Mehboob H, Abdul Kadir MR, Abd Razak SI, Shah SA, Iqbal MZ, Amin R. Development and in vitro evaluation of κ-carrageenan based polymeric hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40529-40542. [PMID: 35520852 PMCID: PMC9057573 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07446b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The excellent biocompatible and osteogenesis characteristics of porous scaffolds play a vital role in bone regeneration. In this study, we have synthesized polymeric hybrid nanocomposites via free-radical polymerization from carrageenan/acrylic-acid/graphene/hydroxyapatite. Porous hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds were fabricated through a freeze-drying method to mimic the structural and chemical composition of natural bone. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water contact-angle studies were carried-out for functional groups, surface morphology and hydrophilicity of the materials, followed by biodegradation and swelling analysis. The cell viability, cell culture and proliferation were evaluated against mouse pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell lines using neutral red dye assay. The cell adherence and proliferation studies were determined by SEM. Physical characterization including optimum porosity and pore size (49.75% and 0.41 × 103 μm2), mechanical properties (compression strength 8.87 MPa and elastic modulus 442.63 MPa), swelling (70.20% at 27 °C and 77.21% at 37 °C) and biodegradation (23.8%) were performed. The results indicated CG-g-AAc-3 with a high optical density and better cell viability. Hence, CG-g-AAc-3 was found to be more efficient for bone regeneration with potential applications in fractured bone regeneration. The excellent biocompatible and osteogenesis characteristics of porous scaffolds play a vital role in bone regeneration.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Technology
- University of the Punjab
- 54590 Lahore
- Pakistan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences
| | - Mohsin Ali Raza
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
- CEET
- University of the Punjab
- Lahore
- Pakistan
| | - Hassan Mehboob
- Department of Engineering Management
- College of Engineering
- Prince Sultan University
- Riyadh 11586
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences
- Faculty of Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81300 Skudai
- Malaysia
| | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences
- Faculty of Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81300 Skudai
- Malaysia
| | - Saqlain A. Shah
- Materials Science Lab
- Department of Physics
- Forman Christian College (University)
- Lahore
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahir Iqbal
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences
- GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
- Pakistan
| | - Rashid Amin
- Department of Biology
- College of Sciences
- University of Hafr Al Batin
- 39524 Hafar Al-batin
- Saudi Arabia
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Nawaz H, Shad MA, Saleem S, Khan MUA, Nishan U, Rasheed T, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Characteristics of starch isolated from microwave heat treated lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seed flour. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:219-226. [PMID: 29476856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the influence of microwave irradiation on the physical and functional properties of starch extracted from Nelumbo nucifera seed flour. The seed flour was obtained by manual grinding of seeds and irradiated at different microwave treatment time, i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5min at the low-medium intensity. The starch was extracted in distilled water and dried at room temperature using a vacuum desiccator. The morphology, crystal structure, and surface parameters of starch granules were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface analysis techniques. The functional properties of starch were also determined in terms of water and oil holding capacity, swelling capacity, emulsifying activity and gelling ability. Evidently, crystallinity, surface area and pore volume of starch granules were found to be increased, while particle size and average pore size were decreased as a function of microwave treatment time. The microwave-induced variations in physical parameters significantly affected the functional properties of starch. A significant (p>0.05) exponential decrease in extraction yield and gelling ability, while an exponential increase in the functional properties of starch with increase in the microwave treatment time (R2=0.915-0.985) was recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haq Nawaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aslam Shad
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Saleem
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | | | - Umar Nishan
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Rasheed
- The School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico
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