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Ulusoy NB, Akbay Oba A, Cehreli ZC. Effect of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser on the Prevention of Primary and Permanent Teeth Enamel Demineralization: SEM and EDS Evaluation. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2021; 38:308-315. [PMID: 32427554 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate in vitro the effect of the erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser on resistance of primary and permanent human enamel to demineralization using water cooling and fluoride coapplication as variable parameters. Methods: Enamel specimens were prepared from extracted primary and permanent teeth (n = 225 each). The specimens were separated into 15 subgroups (n = 15/group) based on laser application at three different power settings (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 W), laser application with and without water cooling, and application of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel before laser treatment. Morphological changes were assessed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the specimens' chemical contents were determined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results: In both the primary and permanent teeth, the highest Ca and P content was observed in the noncooled 0.75 W laser group (p < 0.05), irrespective of APF pretreatment (p > 0.05). The Ca and P content for the noncooled APF +0.75 W laser group was lower than that for the APF group and the noncooled 0.75 W laser group. For both dentitions, the F mass content for the APF+laser groups was significantly higher than laser-only groups (p < 0.05). Under SEM, both the primary and permanent enamel exhibited cracks, craters, and surface roughness without water cooling, consistent with increased power output. Conclusions: Er,Cr:YSGG laser application at 0.75 W without water cooling increased enamel resistance to demineralization. Compared with topical APF application, Er,Cr:YSGG laser application barely improved enamel resistance against demineralization, and coapplication did not result in a synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Burcu Ulusoy
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Aylin Akbay Oba
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Combined effects of a topical fluoride treatment and 445 nm laser irradiation of enamel against a demineralization challenge: A light and electron microscopic ex vivo study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237195. [PMID: 32764819 PMCID: PMC7413416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the caries-preventive effect of 445 nm laser radiation in combination with fluoride on the prevention of white spot lesions. Previously, several studies have indicated the ability of 488 nm argon ion laser irradiation to reduce early enamel demineralization. A diode laser (445 nm) could be an alternative technology for possible caries-preventive potential. Each sample of a group of seventeen caries-free bovine teeth was treated in four different ways on four different zones of the labial surface: control/no treatment (C), laser irradiation only (L) (0.3 W, 60 s and applied dose of 90 J/cm2), amine fluoride application only (10,000 ppm and pH 3.9) (F), and amine fluoride application followed by laser irradiation (FL). After treatment, the teeth were subjected to a demineralization solution (pH 4.3 for 48 h at 37 °C) to induce subsurface lesions. After sectioning, the teeth were examined by light microscopy. Three teeth were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The depths of the subsurface lesions in the C, L, F, and FL groups were 103.01 (± 13.04), 96.99 (± 14.51), 42.59 (± 17.13), and 24.35 (± 11.38) μm, respectively. The pairwise group comparison showed the following results: p < 0.001 for FL versus C, FL versus L, F versus C, and F versus L, p = 0.019 for FL versus F and p = 0.930 for L versus C. The SEM micrographs support the light-microscopic examination. The results of the current study have shown that using relatively low irradiation settings of 445 nm laser on fluoridated enamel may be effective for prevention of white spot lesions.
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Artificial Caries Resistance in Enamel after Topical Fluoride Treatment and 445 nm Laser Irradiation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9101642. [PMID: 31781651 PMCID: PMC6874945 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective This in vitro study is aimed at investigating the caries preventive effectiveness of 445 nm diode laser in combination with topical fluoridation. Materials and methods A total of 30 caries-free bovine teeth were used in this study. Eighteen teeth were covered with nail varnish except four windows on the labial surface. The windows were assigned to no treatment/control (C), laser (L) (0.3 W, 60 s, and 90 J/cm2), fluoride (F), and fluoride followed by laser (FL) treatment groups. Artificial caries lesions were created, and the teeth were sectioned and investigated under polarized light microscopy for quantitative measurement of the resulted lesion depth. Ten teeth were used for surface temperature measurement and two teeth for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Extra twelve human molars were used for the intrapulpal temperature measurement. The absorbance of fluoride at 445 nm was measured. Results The means of lesion depth for the C, L, F, and FL groups were 123.48 (±21.93), 112.33 (±20.42), 99.58 (±30.68), and 89.03 (±30.38) μm, respectively. The pairwise differences of the L, F, and FL groups compared with the C group were significant (p < 0.05). The differences between groups were tested: FL versus L p=0.02, F versus L p=0.16, and FL versus F p=0.91, and the difference of the F versus FL was not significant (p=0.91). Temperature increment at the enamel surface and pulp roof were ∆T = 16.67 (±4.11) and 2.12 (±0.66)°C, respectively. The topical fluoride absorbance at 445 nm is five orders higher than that at 810 nm. SEM shows that after laser irradiation the enamel surface was intact and without thermal damage. Conclusions The 445 nm laser irradiation may be useful for caries prevention, and its effectiveness is lower than those previously achieved using the argon ion laser.
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Teutle-Coyotecatl B, Contreras-Bulnes R, Scougall-Vilchis RJ, Almaguer-Flores A, García-Pérez VI, Rodríguez-Vilchis LE, Arenas-Alatorre JA. Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis on Er:YAG Laser-Irradiated Dental Enamel: Effect of Surface Roughness. Photomed Laser Surg 2018; 36:660-666. [PMID: 30260744 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2018.4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine surface roughness caused by Er:YAG laser irradiation and its effect on the increase in bacterial adhesion. Background: Er:YAG laser was proposed as a strategic device to reduce caries by its ability to generate chemical and structural changes in tooth enamel; in turn, it produces undesirable effects on the tooth surface that could increase its roughness and allow a greater accumulation of microorganisms. Methods: Eighty-four samples of human enamel were divided into seven groups (n = 12): G1_control (no laser irradiation); G2_100/H2O, G3_200/H2O, and G4_300/H2O were irradiated with Er:YAG laser (12.7, 25.5, and 38.2 J/cm2, respectively) under water irrigation. In addition, G5_100, G6_200, and G7_300 were irradiated with the energy densities described above and no water irrigation. Surface roughness measurements were recorded before and after treatment using a profilometer. Afterward, three samples per group were incubated in a microorganism suspension for the tetrazolium salt (XTT) assay. Biofilm morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscope. One-way analysis of variance and t-tests were performed for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in roughness values in the G5_100 group before and after treatment, but there were statistically significant differences observed in the other groups evaluated (p < 0.05). No significant differences in adhesion of both strains were detected in irradiated groups compared with G1_control. Conclusions: The increase in roughness on dental enamel surfaces was proportional to the irradiation conditions. However, the increase in surface roughness caused by Er:YAG laser irradiation did not affect Streptococcus mutans and S. sanguinis adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Teutle-Coyotecatl
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Rosalía Contreras-Bulnes
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Rogelio J Scougall-Vilchis
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Argelia Almaguer-Flores
- Facultad de Odontología, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Victor I García-Pérez
- Facultad de Odontología, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura Emma Rodríguez-Vilchis
- Facultad de Odontología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Odontología (CIEAO), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
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Gomes MN, Dutra H, Morais A, Sgura R, Devito-Moraes AG. In-Office Bleaching During Orthodontic Treatment. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2016; 29:83-92. [DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Neves Gomes
- Dental Materials; USP-University of São Paulo, Specialist in Dentistry-CETAO, Brazilian Air Force Dentist-NUHFASP, APCD- Paulista Dental Association; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Hélio Dutra
- UMC-University of Mogi das Cruzes, APCD-Paulista Dental Association; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morais
- Dentistry; UNG-University of Guarulhos, APCD-Paulista Dental Association; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ricardo Sgura
- Dental Materials, USP; University of São Paulo Discipline of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, UNINOVE-University Nove de Julho; São Paulo Brazil
| | - André Guaraci Devito-Moraes
- Dental Materials; USP, University of São Paulo, APCD-Paulista Dental Association, São Paulo, Brazil Discipline of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, UNINOVE-University Nove de Julho; São Paulo Brazil
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Ramalho KM, Hsu CYS, de Freitas PM, Aranha ACC, Esteves-Oliveira M, Rocha RG, de Paula Eduardo C. Erbium Lasers for the Prevention of Enamel and Dentin Demineralization: A Literature Review. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 33:301-19. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Müller Ramalho
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo (USP) Prof. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Chin-ying Stephen Hsu
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Patrícia Moreira de Freitas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Correa Aranha
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcella Esteves-Oliveira
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rodney Garcia Rocha
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo (USP) Prof. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos de Paula Eduardo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of the University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Borsatto MC, Giuntini JDL, Contente MMMG, Gomes-Silva JM, Torres CP, Galo R. Self-etch bonding agent beneath sealant: Bond strength for laser-irradiated enamel. Eur J Dent 2014; 7:289-295. [PMID: 24926208 PMCID: PMC4053617 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the in vitro shear bond strength (SBS) of a resin-based pit-and-fissure sealant (Fluroshield [F], Dentsply/Caulk) associated with either an etch-and-rinse (Adper Single Bond 2 [SB], 3M/ESPE) or a two-step self-etch adhesive system (Adper SE Plus [SE], 3M/ESPE) on Er: YAG laser-irradiated enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen sound third molar crowns were embedded in acrylic resin, and the mesial-distal enamel surfaces were flattened. The enamel sites were irradiated with a 2.94-μm wavelength Er: YAG laser (120 mJ, 4 Hz, noncontact mode/17 mm, 20 s). The specimens were randomly assigned to three groups according to the bonding technique: I - 37% phosphoric acid etching + SB + F; II - SE + F and III - F applied to acid-etched enamel, without an intermediate layer of bonding agent. In all of the groups, a 3-mm diameter enamel-bonding site was demarcated and the sealant cylinders were bonded. After 24 hours in distilled water, the shear bond strength was tested at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. The debonded specimens were examined with a stereomicroscope to assess the failure modes. RESULTS The mean SBS values in MPa were I = 6.39 (±1.44); II = 9.50 (±2.79); and III = 5.26 (±1.82). No statistically significant differences were observed between groups I and III; SE/F presented a significantly higher SBS than that of the other groups (P = 0.001). With regard to the failure mode, groups I (65%) and II (75%) presented adhesive failures, while group III showed 50% adhesive failure. Cohesive failure did not occur. CONCLUSION The application of the two-step self-etch bonding agent (Adper SE Plus) beneath the resin pit-and-fissure sealant placement resulted in a significantly higher bond strength for the Er:YAG laser-irradiated enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Borsatto
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, Preventive and Community Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Jackelline de Lemes Giuntini
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, Preventive and Community Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Marta Maria Martins Giamatei Contente
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, Preventive and Community Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Jaciara Miranda Gomes-Silva
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, Preventive and Community Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Carolina Paes Torres
- Department of Pediatric Clinics, Preventive and Community Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Galo
- Department of Dental Materials and Prostheses, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
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Correa-Afonso AM, Pécora JD, Palma-Dibb RG. Influence of laser irradiation on pits and fissures: an in situ study. Photomed Laser Surg 2013; 31:82-9. [PMID: 23336742 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2012.3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this in situ study was to analyze the influence of the Er:YAG, Nd:YAG, and CO(2) lasers on the enamel acid resistance of pits and fissures. BACKGROUND DATA The laser tissue interaction has been studied as a method of preventing occlusal caries. METHODS Thirteen volunteers wore palatal acrylic appliances containing human occlusal enamel blocks that were divided into four groups (G1, control; G2, Er:YAG; G3, Nd:YAG; G4, CO(2)). Each palatal acrylic appliance was used in the four studied groups and was used for 14 consecutive days. A sucrose solution was applied to the specimens six times per day. The specimens were then sectioned in half, and a microhardness test was applied. The other halves were analyzed using polarized light microscopy to measure the caries-like lesion areas, and a morphological analysis was conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS For the statistical analysis of the data obtained from the microhardness test (Knoop hardness number. [KHN]) (α=5%), Fisher's exact test was performed, and the group means were as follows: G1, 247±71; G2, 258±70; G3, 272±73; and G4, 298±56. The results demonstrated that the control group was significantly different from G3 and G4, which presented higher microhardness values. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyze the data obtained from the caries-lesion area measurements (mm(2)) (α=5%) (G1, 0.01±1.08; G2, 0.13±0.18; G3, 0.05±0.17; and G4, 0.09±0.22). The results no showed significant differences among the groups in this analysis. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results from the present study, it may be concluded that the CO(2) and Nd:YAG lasers increased the enamel acid resistance in pits and fissures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra M Correa-Afonso
- Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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Liu Y, Hsu CYS, Teo CMJ, Teoh SH. Subablative Er:YAG Laser Effect on Enamel Demineralization. Caries Res 2013; 47:63-8. [PMID: 23128033 DOI: 10.1159/000343573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
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Liu Y, Hsu CY, Teo C, Teoh S. Potential Mechanism for the Laser-Fluoride Effect on Enamel Demineralization. J Dent Res 2012; 92:71-5. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034512466412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-induced prevention of dental caries has been studied extensively. However, the cariostatic mechanisms of a combined fluoride-laser treatment are not well-understood. Using micro- computed tomography (micro-CT), we quantified the effect of fluoride and/or Er:YAG laser treatment on enamel demineralization. The mean mineral loss (%/V) for each group was 4,870 ± 1,434 (fluoride followed by laser treatment), 6,341 ± 2,204 (laser treatment), 7,669 ± 2,255 (fluoride treatment), and 10,779 ± 2,936 (control). The preventive effect of the laser ( p < 0.001) and fluoride ( p = 0.010) treatment was statistically significant. Characterized by micro-x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the significant contraction in the a-axis after both laser and combined laser/fluoride treatment was revealed (both p < 0.05). In conclusion, subablative low-energy Er:YAG laser irradiation following fluoride treatment may instantaneously transform enamel hydroxyapatite into fluoridated hydroxyapatite to reduce enamel solubility as a preventive treatment for enamel demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, 9 Engineering Drive, National University of Singapore
| | - C.-Y.S. Hsu
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 11 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119083
| | - C.M.J. Teo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore
| | - S.H. Teoh
- Division Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457
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Hu X, Ho B, Lim C, Hsu C. Thermal Treatments Modulate Bacterial Adhesion to Dental Enamel. J Dent Res 2011; 90:1451-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034511424155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the effects of laser-induced heat on demineralization of enamel; however, no studies have investigated the link between heat/laser-induced changes in physicochemical properties and bacterial adhesion. In this study, we investigated the effects of thermal treatment on surface properties of enamel such as hydrophobicity and zeta potential. Bacterial adhesion to treated surfaces was characterized by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and adhesion force was quantified by atomic force microscopy. The hydrophobicity of enamel increased after heating (p < 0.05), and the zeta potential of heated enamel became more negative than that of the control (p < 0.01). Streptococcus oralis and S. mitis were more hydrophilic than S. sanguis, with more negative zeta potential (all p < 0.01). S. mitis and S. oralis occupied significantly less area on enamel after being heated (p < 0.05). Heating reduced the adhesion force of both S. mitis and S. oralis to enamel with or without saliva coating. Reduction of adhesion force was statistically significant for S. mitis (p < 0.01), whereas that of S. oralis was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Heating did not affect the adhesion of S. sanguis with or without saliva coating. In conclusion, thermal treatment and photothermal/laser treatments may modulate the physicochemical properties of enamel, preventing the adhesion of some bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- X.L. Hu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua College of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, 510060
| | - B. Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597
| | - C.T. Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, Department of Bioengineering & Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576
| | - C.S. Hsu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, National University of Singapore (NUS) and National University Hospital (NUH), Singapore, 119074
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Correa-Afonso AM, Ciconne-Nogueira JC, Pécora JD, Palma-Dibb RG. In vitro assessment of laser efficiency for caries prevention in pits and fissures. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 75:245-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhang L, Xue J, Li J, Zou L, Hao Y, Zhou X, Li W. Effects of Galla chinensis on inhibition of demineralization of regular bovine enamel or enamel disposed of organic matrix. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:817-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang L, Zou L, Li J, Hao Y, Xiao L, Zhou X, Li W. Effect of enamel organic matrix on the potential of
Galla chinensis
to promote the remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions
in vitro. Biomed Mater 2009; 4:034102. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/4/3/034102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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