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Van Den Eeckhout B, Tavernier J, Gerlo S. Interleukin-1 as Innate Mediator of T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621931. [PMID: 33584721 PMCID: PMC7873566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-signal paradigm tries to capture how the innate immune system instructs adaptive immune responses in three well-defined actions: (1) presentation of antigenic peptides in the context of MHC molecules, which allows for a specific T cell response; (2) T cell co-stimulation, which breaks T cell tolerance; and (3) secretion of polarizing cytokines in the priming environment, thereby specializing T cell immunity. The three-signal model provides an empirical framework for innate instruction of adaptive immunity, but mainly discusses STAT-dependent cytokines in T cell activation and differentiation, while the multi-faceted roles of type I IFNs and IL-1 cytokine superfamily members are often neglected. IL-1α and IL-1β are pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced following damage to the host (release of DAMPs) or upon innate recognition of PAMPs. IL-1 activity on both DCs and T cells can further shape the adaptive immune response with variable outcomes. IL-1 signaling in DCs promotes their ability to induce T cell activation, but also direct action of IL-1 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, either alone or in synergy with prototypical polarizing cytokines, influences T cell differentiation under different conditions. The activities of IL-1 form a direct bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and could therefore be clinically translatable in the context of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to empower the formation of T cell immunity. Understanding the modalities of IL-1 activity during T cell activation thus could hold major implications for rational development of the next generation of vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van Den Eeckhout
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Orionis Biosciences BV, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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NLRP3 Inflammasome and Allergic Contact Dermatitis: A Connection to Demystify. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090867. [PMID: 32933004 PMCID: PMC7560080 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a common occupational disease that manifests as a cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction following skin exposure to small reactive chemicals termed haptens. Haptens penetrate the stratum corneum and covalently modify proteins in the epidermis, inducing intracellular stress, which further leads to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as uric acid, reactive oxygen species, hyaluronic acid fragments and extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These DAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immune cells, namely dendritic cells (DCs), leading to their maturation and migration to the draining lymph nodes where they activate naïve T lymphocytes. Among all PRRs, several studies emphasize the role of NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome on the allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) sensitization phase. However, skin allergens—danger signals—NLRP3 inflammasome axis is yet to be completely elucidated. Therefore, in this review, we sought to discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying DAMPs release and NLRP3 inflammasome activation triggered by skin allergens. The elucidation of these key events might help to identify novel therapeutic strategies for ACD, as well as the development of nonanimal alternative methods for the identification and potency categorization of skin sensitizers.
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Hanakawa S, Kitoh A, Shibuya R, Dainichi T, Nomura T, Honda T, Egawa G, Otsuka A, Nakajima S, Fujita M, Kabashima K. Percutaneous sensitization is limited by in situ inhibition of cutaneous dendritic cell migration through skin-resident regulatory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1343-1353.e8. [PMID: 31194988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous sensitization is associated with various allergic diseases, including asthma and food allergies. However, the immunologic mechanisms underlying how the skin regulates percutaneous sensitization are still unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether and how CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells residing in the skin regulate percutaneous sensitization in the skin. METHODS Selective reduction of numbers of cutaneous Treg cells was achieved by means of intradermal injection of diphtheria toxin into the ear skin of Foxp3DTR mice, in which Treg cells specifically express the diphtheria toxin receptor fused with green fluorescent protein. RESULTS Thirty percent to 40% of cutaneous Treg cells were capable of IL-10 production in both mice and human subjects. Selective reduction of cutaneous Treg cells at the sensitization site promoted migration of antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) to the draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Accordingly, sensitization through the skin with reduced numbers of Treg cells led to enhanced antigen-specific immune responses in the dLNs, including both effector T-cell differentiation and T cell-dependent B-cell responses, such as the development of germinal center B cells expressing IgG1 and IgE. Furthermore, antigen-bearing cutaneous DC migration was enhanced in mice with IL-10 deficiency restricted to the cutaneous Treg cell compartment, suggesting an important role of cutaneous IL-10+ Treg cells in limiting percutaneous sensitization. Treg cells with a skin-homing phenotype in skin dLNs expressed high levels of IL-10, suggesting that they contribute to renewal and maintenance of the cutaneous IL-10+ Treg cell population. CONCLUSION Skin-resident Treg cells limit percutaneous sensitization by suppressing antigen-bearing DC migration through in situ IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Hanakawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kitoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Rintaro Shibuya
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruki Dainichi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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Lee S, Greenstein T, Shi L, Maguire T, Schloss R, Yarmush M. Tri-culture system for pro-hapten sensitizer identification and potency classification. TECHNOLOGY 2018; 6:67-74. [PMID: 30519598 PMCID: PMC6276108 DOI: 10.1142/s233954781850005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an inflammatory disease that impacts 15-20% of the general population and accurate screening methods for chemical risk assessment are needed. However, most approaches poorly predict pre- and pro-hapten sensitizers, which require abiotic or metabolic conversion prior to inducing sensitization. We developed a tri-culture system comprised of MUTZ-3-derived Langerhans cells, HaCaT keratinocytes, and primary dermal fibroblasts to mimic the cellular and metabolic environments of skin sensitization. A panel of non-sensitizers and sensitizers was tested and the secretome was evaluated. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to identify the most predictive sensitization signature and classification trees identified statistical thresholds to predict sensitizer potency. The SVM computed 91% tri-culture prediction accuracy using the top 3 ranking biomarkers (IL-8, MIP-1β, and GM-CSF) and improved the detection of pre- and pro-haptens. This in vitro assay combined with in silico data analysis presents a promising approach and offers the possibility of multi-metric analysis for enhanced ACD sensitizer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serom Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Talia Greenstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lingting Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tim Maguire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rene Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Martin Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and the Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Silvestre MC, Sato MN, dos Reis VMS. Innate immunity and effector and regulatory mechanisms involved in allergic contact dermatitis. An Bras Dermatol 2018; 93:242-250. [PMID: 29723367 PMCID: PMC5916398 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20186340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin's innate immunity is the initial activator of immune response mechanisms, influencing the development of adaptive immunity. Some contact allergens are detected by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasome NLR3. Keratinocytes participate in innate immunity and, in addition to functioning as an anatomical barrier, secrete cytokines, such as TNF, IL-1β, and IL-18, contributing to the development of Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Dendritic cells recognize and process antigenic peptides into T cells. Neutrophils cause pro-inflammatory reactions, mast cells induce migration/maturation of skin DCs, the natural killer cells have natural cytotoxic capacity, the γδ T cells favor contact with hapten during the sensitization phase, and the innate lymphoid cells act in the early stages by secreting cytokines, as well as act in inflammation and tissue homeostasis. The antigen-specific inflammation is mediated by T cells, and each subtype of T cells (Th1/Tc1, Th2/Tc2, and Th17/Tc17) activates resident skin cells, thus contributing to inflammation. Skin's regulatory T cells have a strong ability to inhibit the proliferation of hapten-specific T cells, acting at the end of the Allergic Contact Dermatitis response and in the control of systemic immune responses. In this review, we report how cutaneous innate immunity is the first line of defense and focus its role in the activation of the adaptive immune response, with effector response induction and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene Chaves Silvestre
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Dematology, Dematology Service,
Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia (GO), Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Investigation Laboratory (LIM
56), Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de
São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Vitor Manoel Silva dos Reis
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de
São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
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Abstract
Myeloid cell recruitment to sites of infection and injury started out as a simple model that has been referred to as the universal concept of leukocyte recruitment. However, as we gain more insight into the different mechanisms, it is becoming clear that each organ and perhaps even each cell has its own unique mechanism of recruitment. Moreover, as the ability to visualize specific cell types in specific organs becomes more accessible, it is also becoming clear that there are resident populations of leukocytes, some within the tissues and others attached to the vasculature of tissues, the latter poised to affect the local environment. In this review, we will first highlight the imaging approaches that have allowed us to gain spectacular insight into locale and function of specific cell types, and then we will discuss what we have learned from this approach as far as myeloid cells are concerned. We will also highlight some of the gaps in our knowledge, which exist almost certainly because of the challenges of being able to visualize certain compartments of the body.
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Egawa G, Kabashima K. In Vivo Imaging of Cutaneous DCs in Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1423:269-274. [PMID: 27142023 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3606-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Varieties of cells orchestrate immune responses. To capture such dynamic phenomena, intravital imaging is an important technique, and it may provide substantial information that is not available using conventional histological analyses. Multiphoton microscopy enables the direct, three-dimensional, and minimally invasive imaging of biological samples with high spatiotemporal resolution, and it has now become the leading method for in vivo imaging studies. Here we describe a basic method for in vivo imaging of dendritic cells (DCs) in the mouse ear skin using multiphoton microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of MedicalBiology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore.
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Inomata N, Nagashima M, Hakuta A, Aihara M. Food allergy preceded by contact urticaria due to the same food: involvement of epicutaneous sensitization in food allergy. Allergol Int 2015; 64:73-8. [PMID: 25572560 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have recently been reports suggesting that sensitization to food allergens may occur outside the intestinal tract, especially through the skin. To clarify the role of epicutaneous sensitization in food allergy, we investigated the clinical characteristics of adult patients with food allergies preceded by contact urticaria due to the same foods. METHODS We investigated clinical characteristics of 15 patients (20-51 years of age; 5 men and 10 women), who had food allergies preceded by contact urticaria. RESULTS Fourteen patients were contact urticaria due to the causative foods during occupationally cooking, whereas 1 patient during face pack. In the occupational group, causative foods included rice, wheat, fruits, vegetables, fish, shrimp and cuttlefish; in the fresh cucumber paste case the cause was cucumber. In the 15 patients, the causative foods were fresh, not processed, and were tolerated by most (9/15, 60%) after heating. Regarding to symptoms after ingestion of the causative foods, the most frequently induced symptoms was oral symptoms (14/15, 93.3%), followed by urticaria (4/15, 26.7%), abdominal symptoms (3/15, 20%). The duration between the start of jobs or face pack, and the onset of contact urticaria was from 1 month to 19 years (mean, 8.7 years). The duration between the onset of contact urticaria and the onset of food allergy was from a few weeks to 6 years (mean, 11 months). One sushi cook experienced severe anaphylactic shock after ingestion of fish. In the occupational group, 13 of 15 patients (86.7%) had atopic dermatitis or hand eczema, indicating that the impaired skin barrier might be a risk for food allergies induced by epicutaneous sensitization. CONCLUSIONS Epicutaneous sensitization of foods could induce food allergy under occupational cooking and skin-care treatment with foods in adults.
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Intravital Multiphoton Imaging of Cutaneous Immune Responses. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2680-2684. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Stiefel C, Schwack W. Photoprotection in changing times - UV filter efficacy and safety, sensitization processes and regulatory aspects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 37:2-30. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Stiefel
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - W. Schwack
- Institute of Food Chemistry; University of Hohenheim; Garbenstrasse 28 70599 Stuttgart Germany
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11
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Perivascular macrophages mediate neutrophil recruitment during bacterial skin infection. Nat Immunol 2013; 15:45-53. [PMID: 24270515 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transendothelial migration of neutrophils in postcapillary venules is a key event in the inflammatory response against pathogens and tissue damage. The precise regulation of this process is incompletely understood. We report that perivascular macrophages are critical for neutrophil migration into skin infected with the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Using multiphoton intravital microscopy we showed that neutrophils extravasate from inflamed dermal venules in close proximity to perivascular macrophages, which are a major source of neutrophil chemoattractants. The virulence factor α-hemolysin produced by S. aureus lyses perivascular macrophages, which leads to decreased neutrophil transmigration. Our data illustrate a previously unrecognized role for perivascular macrophages in neutrophil recruitment to inflamed skin and indicate that S. aureus uses hemolysin-dependent killing of these cells as an immune evasion strategy.
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12
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Piaserico S, Zattra E, Michelotto A, Alaibac M. Effects of TNF-alpha inhibitors on the number of epidermal Langerhans cells in uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients: a pilot study. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:767-9. [PMID: 23566554 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Only limited data are available on the effects of TNF-alpha inhibitors on dendritic cells. However, TNF-alpha plays a central role in the biology of dendritic cells, both with regard to their maturity process and mobilization to secondary lymphoid organs. In particular, the effects of TNF-alpha inhibitors on Langerhans cells in healthy skin have never been investigated. In this pilot study, we aimed to assess the change of the density of Langerhans cells within the normal, not photo-exposed, skin of 17 psoriatic patients, before and after 16 weeks of treatment with TNF-alpha inhibitors. Most of the patients (88%) showed an increase or a similar density of Langerhans cells after 16 weeks of therapy with TNF-alpha inhibitors compared with baseline values. Only 2 patients (12%) showed a reduction of these cells following therapy with TNF-alpha inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Piaserico
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Via Battisti 206, 35121 Padua, Italy
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Parlet CP, Schlueter AJ. Mechanisms by which chronic ethanol feeding impairs the migratory capacity of cutaneous dendritic cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:2098-107. [PMID: 23895590 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcoholism is associated with increased incidence and severity of skin infection. Cutaneous dendritic cells (CDCs) play a pivotal role in skin immunity, and chronic ethanol (EtOH) feeding in mice has been shown to inhibit CDC migration to skin-draining lymph nodes (dLNs) following epicutaneous sensitization. Because CDC subsets differentially initiate T-cell responses, it is important to determine how EtOH feeding affects migration of each subset and identify mechanisms responsible for observed defects. METHODS Mice received EtOH in the drinking water for ≥ 16 weeks. Baseline numbers of CDC subsets and their migration to the dLNs following fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC) sensitization were assessed by flow cytometry. Epidermal cell suspension and skin explant cultures were used to measure the impact of EtOH upon molecules that influence CDC migration. Cytokine arrays performed on explant culture supernatants assessed local production of inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Chronic EtOH feeding reduced migration of all CDC subsets to the dLNs following FITC sensitization. Reduced migration of dermal-resident CDCs did not correspond with reduced baseline numbers of these cells. For Langerhans cells (LCs), EtOH-induced migratory dysfunction corresponded with delayed down-regulation of E-cadherin, chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1), and CCR6 and impaired up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9. In skin explant assays, EtOH blunted CDC mobilization following stimulation with CCL21/CPG 1826. No alteration in CD54 or CCR7 expression was observed, but production of skin-derived tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was reduced. Poor migratory responses in vitro could be improved by supplementing explant cultures from EtOH-fed mice with TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Chronic EtOH consumption does not alter baseline dermal-resident CDC numbers. However, like LCs, migratory responsiveness of dermal CDCs was decreased following FITC sensitization. Inefficient down-regulation of both CCRs and adhesion molecules and the inability to up-regulate MMPs indicate that EtOH impedes LC acquisition of a promigratory phenotype. These defects, combined with improvement of the migratory defect with in vitro TNF-α replacement, demonstrate intrinsic as well as environmental contributions to defective CDC migration. These findings provide novel mechanisms to explain the observed increased incidence and severity of skin infections in chronic alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey P Parlet
- Department of Pathology and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology , University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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Jain R, Weninger W. Shedding light on cutaneous innate immune responses: the intravital microscopy approach. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:263-70. [PMID: 23459295 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The skin is under constant assault by environmental factors and microbes. Innate immune cells in epidermis and dermis regulate immune responses against pathogens while maintaining tolerance against commensal bacteria and autoantigens. The introduction of intravital imaging approaches, in particular multiphoton microscopy, has enabled studying the cellular and molecular regulation of cutaneous immunity in real time within intact skin. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of innate immune cell behaviour in the skin, as unravelled by intravital microscopy, with emphasis on the function of myeloid cells, including dendritic cells, neutrophils and monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Cummings RJ, Gerber SA, Judge JL, Ryan JL, Pentland AP, Lord EM. Exposure to ionizing radiation induces the migration of cutaneous dendritic cells by a CCR7-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4247-57. [PMID: 23002435 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the event of a deliberate or accidental radiological emergency, the skin would likely receive substantial ionizing radiation (IR) poisoning, which could negatively impact cellular proliferation, communication, and immune regulation within the cutaneous microenvironment. Indeed, as we have previously shown, local IR exposure to the murine ear causes a reduction of two types of cutaneous dendritic cells (cDC), including interstitial dendritic cells of the dermis and Langerhans cells of the epidermis, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These APCs are critical regulators of skin homeostasis, immunosurveillance, and the induction of T and B cell-mediated immunity, as previously demonstrated using conditional cDC knockout mice. To mimic a radiological emergency, we developed a murine model of sublethal total body irradiation (TBI). Our data would suggest that TBI results in the reduction of cDC from the murine ear that was not due to a systemic response to IR, as a loss was not observed in shielded ears. We further determined that this reduction was due, in part, to the upregulation of the chemoattractant CCL21 on lymphatic vessels as well as CCR7 expressed on cDC. Migration as a potential mechanism was confirmed using CCR7(-/-) mice in which cDC were not depleted following TBI. Finally, we demonstrated that the loss of cDC following TBI results in an impaired contact hypersensitivity response to hapten by using a modified contact hypersensitivity protocol. Taken together, these data suggest that IR exposure may result in diminished immunosurveillance in the skin, which could render the host more susceptible to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Cummings
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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16
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Kubo A, Nagao K, Amagai M. Epidermal barrier dysfunction and cutaneous sensitization in atopic diseases. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:440-7. [PMID: 22293182 DOI: 10.1172/jci57416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic atopic dermatitis is complicated by asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies, cumulatively referred to as atopic diseases. Recent discoveries of mutations in the filaggrin gene as predisposing factors for atopic diseases have refocused investigators' attention on epidermal barrier dysfunction as a causative mechanism. The skin's barrier function has three elements: the stratum corneum (air-liquid barrier), tight junctions (liquid-liquid barrier), and the Langerhans cell network (immunological barrier). Clarification of the molecular events underpinning epidermal barrier function and dysfunction should lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Kaplan DH, Igyártó BZ, Gaspari AA. Early immune events in the induction of allergic contact dermatitis. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:114-24. [PMID: 22240625 DOI: 10.1038/nri3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The skin is a barrier site that is exposed to a wide variety of potential pathogens. As in other organs, pathogens that invade the skin are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Recently, it has been recognized that PRRs are also engaged by chemical contact allergens and, in susceptible individuals, this elicits an inappropriate immune response that results in allergic contact dermatitis. In this Review, we focus on how contact allergens promote inflammation by activating the innate immune system. We also examine how innate immune cells in the skin, including mast cells and dendritic cells, cooperate with each other and with T cells and keratinocytes to initiate and drive early responses to contact allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, MBB 3-146, 2101 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA.
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Li JL, Goh CC, Keeble JL, Qin JS, Roediger B, Jain R, Wang Y, Chew WK, Weninger W, Ng LG. Intravital multiphoton imaging of immune responses in the mouse ear skin. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:221-34. [PMID: 22240584 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton (MP) microscopy enables the direct in vivo visualization, with high spatial and temporal resolution, of fluorescently tagged immune cells, extracellular matrix and vasculature in tissues. This approach, therefore, represents a powerful alternative to traditional methods of assessing immune cell function in the skin, which are mainly based on flow cytometry and histology. Here we provide a step-by-step protocol describing experimental procedures for intravital MP imaging of the mouse ear skin, which can be easily adapted to address many specific skin-related biological questions. We demonstrate the use of this procedure by characterizing the response of neutrophils during cutaneous inflammation, which can be used to perform in-depth analysis of neutrophil behavior in the context of the skin microanatomy, including the epidermis, dermis and blood vessels. Such experiments are typically completed within 1 d, but as the procedures are minimally invasive, it is possible to perform longitudinal studies through repeated imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson LiangYao Li
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore
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19
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Real-time visualization of macromolecule uptake by epidermal Langerhans cells in living animals. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:609-14. [PMID: 22113485 PMCID: PMC3278540 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
As a skin-resident member of the dendritic cell family, Langerhans cells (LCs) are generally regarded to function as professional antigen-presenting cells. Here we report a simple method to visualize the endocytotic activity of LCs in living animals. BALB/c mice received subcutaneous injection of FITC-conjugated dextran (DX) probes into the ear skin and were then examined under confocal microscopy. Large numbers of FITC(+) epidermal cells became detectable 12-24 hours after injection as background fluorescence signals began to disappear. Most (>90%) of the FITC(+) epidermal cells expressed Langerin, and >95% of Langerin(+) epidermal cells exhibited significant FITC signals. To assess intracellular localization, Alexa Fluor 546-conjugated DX probes were locally injected into IAβ-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) knock-in mice and Langerin-EGFP-diphtheria toxin receptor mice--three dimensional rotation images showed close association of most of the internalized DX probes with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, but not with Langerin molecules. These observations support the current view that LCs constantly sample surrounding materials, including harmful and innocuous antigens, at the environmental interface. Our data also validate the potential utility of the newly developed imaging approach to monitor LC function in wild-type animals.
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20
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Chemical toxicity to keratinocytes triggers dendritic cell activation via an IL-1α path. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:247-50.e1-3. [PMID: 21943942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Martins LEAM, Reis VMSD. Imunopatologia da dermatite de contato alérgica. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 86:419-33. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962011000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A dermatite de contato alérgica é consequência de uma reação imune mediada por células T contra químicos de baixo peso molecular, denominados haptenos. É uma condição frequente que ocorre em todas as raças e faixas etárias e afeta a qualidade de vida de seus portadores. O mecanismo imunológico desta doença vem sendo revisto nas últimas décadas com significativo avanço no seu entendimento. A metabolização e o caminho dos haptenos, bem como a formação e o mecanismo de ação das células responsáveis tanto pela reação quanto pelo seu término, são discutidos neste artigo
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22
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Changes in human Langerhans cells following intradermal injection of influenza virus-like particle vaccines. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12410. [PMID: 20811642 PMCID: PMC2928298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a significant gap in our fundamental understanding of early morphological and migratory changes in human Langerhans cells (LCs) in response to vaccine stimulation. As the vast majority of LCs studies are conducted in small animal models, substantial interspecies variation in skin architecture and immunity must be considered when extrapolating the results to humans. This study aims to determine whether excised human skin, maintained viable in organ culture, provides a useful human model for measuring and understanding early immune response to intradermally delivered vaccine candidates. Excised human breast skin was maintained viable in air-liquid-interface organ culture. This model was used for the first time to show morphological changes in human LCs stimulated with influenza virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines delivered via intradermal injection. Immunohistochemistry of epidermal sheets and skin sections showed that LCs in VLP treated skin lost their typical dendritic morphology. The cells were more dispersed throughout the epidermis, often in close proximity to the basement membrane, and appeared vertically elongated. Our data provides for increased understanding of the complex morphological, spatial and temporal changes that occur to permit LC migration through the densely packed keratinocytes of the epidermis following exposure to vaccine. Significantly, the data not only supports previous animal data but also provides new and essential evidence of host response to this vaccination strategy in the real human skin environment.
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23
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Pearton M, Kang SM, Song JM, Kim YC, Quan FS, Anstey A, Ivory M, Prausnitz MR, Compans RW, Birchall JC. Influenza virus-like particles coated onto microneedles can elicit stimulatory effects on Langerhans cells in human skin. Vaccine 2010; 28:6104-13. [PMID: 20685601 PMCID: PMC3371415 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have a number of features that make them attractive influenza vaccine candidates. Microneedle (MN) devices are being developed for the convenient and pain-free delivery of vaccines across the skin barrier layer. Whilst MN-based vaccines have demonstrated proof-of-concept in mice, it is vital to understand how MN targeting of VLPs to the skin epidermis affects activation and migration of Langerhans cells (LCs) in the real human skin environment. MNs coated with vaccine reproducibly penetrated freshly excised human skin, depositing 80% of the coating within 60 s of insertion. Human skin experiments showed that H1 (A/PR/8/34) and H5 (A/Viet Nam/1203/04) VLPs, delivered via MN, stimulated LCs resulting in changes in cell morphology and a reduction in cell number in epidermal sheets. LC response was significantly more pronounced in skin treated with H1 VLPs, compared with H5 VLPs. Our data provides strong evidence that MN-facilitated delivery of influenza VLP vaccines initiates a stimulatory response in LCs in human skin. The results support and validate animal data, suggesting that dendritic cells (DCs) targeted through deposition of the vaccine in skin generate immune response. The study also demonstrates the value of using human skin alongside animal studies for preclinical testing of intra-dermal (ID) vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pearton
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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24
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Puttur FK, Fernandez MA, White R, Roediger B, Cunningham AL, Weninger W, Jones CA. Herpes simplex virus infects skin gamma delta T cells before Langerhans cells and impedes migration of infected Langerhans cells by inducing apoptosis and blocking E-cadherin downregulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:477-87. [PMID: 20519652 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role individual skin dendritic cell (DC) subsets play in the immune response to HSV remains unclear. We investigated the effect of HSV on DC virus uptake, viability, and migration after cutaneous infection in vitro and in vivo. HSV increased the emigration of skin DCs from whole skin explants over 3 d postinfection (p.i.) compared with mock controls, but the kinetics of emigration was influenced by the skin DC subset. Uninfected (bystander) Langerhans cells (LCs) were the major emigrant DC subset at 24 h p.i., but thereafter, large increases in infected CD103(+)langerin(+) dermal DC (dDC) and uninfected langerin(-) dDC emigration were also observed. LC infection was confirmed by the presence of HSV glycoprotein D (gD) and was associated with impaired migration from cultured skin. Langerin(+) dDC also expressed HSV gD, but infection did not impede migration. We then followed the virus in live MacGreen mice in which LCs express GFP using a fluorescent HSV-1 strain by time-lapse confocal microscopy. We observed a sequential infection of epidermal cells, first in keratinocytes and epidermal gammadelta T cells at 6 h p.i., followed by the occurrence of HSVgD(+) LCs at 24 h p.i. HSV induced CCR7 upregulation on all langerin(+) DC, including infected LCs, and increased production of skin TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. However, a large proportion of infected LCs that remained within the skin was apoptotic and failed to downregulate E-cadherin compared with bystander LCs or mock controls. Thus, HSV infection of LCs is preceded by infection of gammadelta T cells and delays migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz K Puttur
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Kubo A, Nagao K, Yokouchi M, Sasaki H, Amagai M. External antigen uptake by Langerhans cells with reorganization of epidermal tight junction barriers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2937-46. [PMID: 19995951 PMCID: PMC2806471 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Outermost barriers are critical for terrestrial animals to avoid desiccation and to protect their bodies from foreign insults. Mammalian skin consists of two sets of barriers: stratum corneum (SC) and tight junctions (TJs). How acquisition of external antigens (Ags) by epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) occur despite these barriers has remained unknown. We show that activation-induced LCs elongate their dendrites to penetrate keratinocyte (KC) TJs and survey the extra-TJ environment located outside of the TJ barrier, just beneath the SC. Penetrated dendrites uptake Ags from the tip where Ags colocalize with langerin/Birbeck granules. TJs at KC–KC contacts allow penetration of LC dendrites by dynamically forming new claudin-dependent bicellular- and tricellulin-dependent tricellular TJs at LC–KC contacts, thereby maintaining TJ integrity during Ag uptake. Thus, covertly under keratinized SC barriers, LCs and KCs demonstrate remarkable cooperation that enables LCs to gain access to external Ags that have violated the SC barrier while concomitantly retaining TJ barriers to protect intra-TJ environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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26
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Ng KW, Pearton M, Coulman S, Anstey A, Gateley C, Morrissey A, Allender C, Birchall J. Development of an ex vivo human skin model for intradermal vaccination: tissue viability and Langerhans cell behaviour. Vaccine 2009; 27:5948-55. [PMID: 19679220 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The presence of resident Langerhans cells (LCs) in the epidermis makes the skin an attractive target for DNA vaccination. However, reliable animal models for cutaneous vaccination studies are limited. We demonstrate an ex vivo human skin model for cutaneous DNA vaccination which can potentially bridge the gap between pre-clinical in vivo animal models and clinical studies. Cutaneous transgene expression was utilised to demonstrate epidermal tissue viability in culture. LC response to the culture environment was monitored by immunohistochemistry. Full-thickness and split-thickness skin remained genetically viable in culture for at least 72 h in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and full organ culture medium (OCM). The epidermis of explants cultured in OCM remained morphologically intact throughout the culture duration. LCs in full-thickness skin exhibited a delayed response (reduction in cell number and increase in cell size) to the culture conditions compared with split-thickness skin, whose response was immediate. In conclusion, excised human skin can be cultured for a minimum of 72 h for analysis of gene expression and immune cell activation. However, the use of split-thickness skin for vaccine formulation studies may not be appropriate because of the nature of the activation. Full-thickness skin explants are a more suitable model to assess cutaneous vaccination ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Wooi Ng
- Gene Delivery Research Group, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
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27
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Cavanagh LL, Weninger W. Dendritic cell behaviour
in vivo
: lessons learned from intravital two‐photon microscopy. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:428-38. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lois L Cavanagh
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell BiologyNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell BiologyNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Discipline of Dermatology, University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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28
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Stumpf WE, Hayakawa N, Bidmon HJ. Skin research and drug localization with receptor microscopic autoradiography. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:133-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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