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Wang X, Peng Y, Liang H, Zahoor Khan M, Ren W, Huang B, Chen Y, Xing S, Zhan Y, Wang C. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis unveils the interplay of mRNA and LncRNA expression in shaping collagen organization and skin development in Dezhou donkeys. Front Genet 2024; 15:1335591. [PMID: 38404668 PMCID: PMC10884126 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1335591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary focus of donkey hide gelatin processing lies in the dermal layer of donkey hide due to its abundant collagen content. However, the molecular mechanism involved in collagen organization and skin development in donkey skin tissue across various developmental stages remains incomplete. The current study aims to investigate the transcriptomic screening of lncRNAs and mRNA associated with skin development and collagen organization across different ages in Dezhou donkeys' skin. In the pursuit of this objective, we used nine skin tissue samples obtained from Dezhou donkeys at various ages including 8-month fetal stage, followed by 2 and 8 years. RNA-seq analysis was performed for the transcriptomic profiling of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and lncRNAs associated with skin development in different age groups. Our investigation revealed the presence of 6,582, 6,455, and 405 differentially expressed genes and 654, 789, and 29 differentially expressed LncRNAs within the skin tissues of Dezhou donkeys when comparing young donkeys (YD) vs. middle-aged donkeys (MD), YD vs. old donkeys (OD), and MD vs. OD, respectively. Furthermore, we identified Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain (COL1A1), Collagen Type III Alpha 1 Chain (COL3A1), and Collagen Type VI Alpha 5 Chain (COL6A5) as key genes involved in collagen synthesis, with COL1A1 being subject to cis-regulation by several differentially expressed LncRNAs, including ENSEAST00005041187, ENSEAST00005038497, and MSTRG.17248.1, among others. Interestingly, collagen organizational and skin development linked pathways including Protein digestion and absorption, metabolic pathways, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Protein Kinase B signaling pathway (PI3K-Akt signaling pathway), Extracellular Matrix-Receptor Interaction (ECM-receptor interaction), and Relaxin signaling were also reported across different age groups in Dezhou donkey skin. These findings enhance our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying Dezhou donkey skin development and collagen biosynthesis and organization, thus furnishing a solid theoretical foundation for future research endeavors in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yandong Zhan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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2
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Topical application of an irreversible small molecule inhibitor of lysyl oxidases ameliorates skin scarring and fibrosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5555. [PMID: 36138009 PMCID: PMC9500072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Scarring is a lifelong consequence of skin injury, with scar stiffness and poor appearance presenting physical and psychological barriers to a return to normal life. Lysyl oxidases are a family of enzymes that play a critical role in scar formation and maintenance. Lysyl oxidases stabilize the main component of scar tissue, collagen, and drive scar stiffness and appearance. Here we describe the development and characterisation of an irreversible lysyl oxidase inhibitor, PXS-6302. PXS-6302 is ideally suited for skin treatment, readily penetrating the skin when applied as a cream and abolishing lysyl oxidase activity. In murine models of injury and fibrosis, topical application reduces collagen deposition and cross-linking. Topical application of PXS-6302 after injury also significantly improves scar appearance without reducing tissue strength in porcine injury models. PXS-6302 therefore represents a promising therapeutic to ameliorate scar formation, with potentially broader applications in other fibrotic diseases.
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3
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He D, Zhao F, Jiang H, Kang Y, Song Y, Lin X, Shi P, Zhang T, Pang X. LOXL2 from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells accelerates wound epithelialization by promoting differentiation and migration of keratinocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12960-12986. [PMID: 32621591 PMCID: PMC7377892 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identified wound healing-related proteins secreted by human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) and human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). We observed increased migration and reduced proliferation and differentiation when keratinocytes were co-cultured in media conditioned by hAECs (hAECs-CM) and hAMSCs (hAMSCs-CM). Label-free mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analyses of the hAECs-CM and hAMSCs-CM proteome revealed several proteins associated with wound healing, angiogenesis, cellular differentiation, immune response and cell motility. The levels of the proteins related to wound healing, including CTHRC1, LOXL2 and LGALS1, were significantly higher in hAMSCs-CM than hAECs-CM. LOXL2 significantly enhanced in vitro keratinocyte migration and differentiation compared to CTHRC1 and LGALS1. Moreover, LOXL2 enhanced keratinocyte migration and differentiation by activating the JNK signaling pathway. We observed significant reduction in the in vitro migration and differentiation of keratinocytes when co-cultured with medium conditioned by LOXL2-silenced hAMSCs and when treated with 10 μM SP600125, a specific JNK inhibitor. Treatment with hAMSCs-CM and LOXL2 significantly accelerated wound healing in the murine skin wound model. These findings show that LOXL2 promotes wound healing by inducing keratinocyte migration and differentiation via a JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, Liaoning, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Kang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, Liaoning, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuewen Lin
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, Liaoning, China
| | - Ping Shi
- Shenyang Amnion Bioengineering and Technology R & D Center, Shenyang Liaoning Amnion Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Professional Technology Innovation Platform, Liaoning Human Amniotic Membrane Biological Dressing Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Engineering Research Center, Shenyang 110015, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, Liaoning, China
| | - Xining Pang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, Liaoning, China.,Shenyang Amnion Bioengineering and Technology R & D Center, Shenyang Liaoning Amnion Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Professional Technology Innovation Platform, Liaoning Human Amniotic Membrane Biological Dressing Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Engineering Research Center, Shenyang 110015, Liaoning, China
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4
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Msheik H, El Hayek S, Bari MF, Azar J, Abou-Kheir W, Kobeissy F, Vatish M, Daoud G. Transcriptomic profiling of trophoblast fusion using BeWo and JEG-3 cell lines. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 25:811-824. [PMID: 31778538 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In human placenta, alteration in trophoblast differentiation has a major impact on placental maintenance and integrity. However, little is known about the mechanisms that control cytotrophoblast fusion. The BeWo cell line is used to study placental function, since it forms syncytium and secretes hormones after treatment with cAMP or forskolin. In contrast, the JEG-3 cell line fails to undergo substantial fusion. Therefore, BeWo and JEG-3 cells were used to identify a set of genes responsible for trophoblast fusion. Cells were treated with forskolin for 48 h to induce fusion. RNA was extracted, hybridised to Affymetrix HuGene ST1.0 arrays and analysed using system biology. Trophoblast differentiation was evaluated by real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry analysis. Moreover, some of the identified genes were validated by real-time PCR and their functional capacity was demonstrated by western blot using phospho-specific antibodies and CRISPR/cas9 knockdown experiments. Our results identified a list of 32 altered genes in fused BeWo cells compared to JEG-3 cells after forskolin treatment. Among these genes, four were validated by RT-PCR, including salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) gene which is specifically upregulated in BeWo cells upon fusion and activated after 2 min with forskolin. Moreover, silencing of SIK1 completely abolished the fusion. Finally, SIK1 was shown to be at the center of many biological and functional processes, suggesting that it might play a role in trophoblast differentiation. In conclusion, this study identified new target genes implicated in trophoblast fusion. More studies are required to investigate the role of these genes in some placental pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Msheik
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - S El Hayek
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - M Furqan Bari
- Department of Pathology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - J Azar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - W Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - F Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - M Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - G Daoud
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
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5
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Wei S, Gao L, Wu C, Qin F, Yuan J. Role of the lysyl oxidase family in organ development (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:163-172. [PMID: 32536990 PMCID: PMC7282176 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase proteins (LOXs) are amine oxidases, which are mainly located in smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts and serve an important role in the formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in a copper-dependent manner. Owing to the ability of LOX proteins to modulate crosslinking between collagens and to promote the deposition of other fibers, they serve crucially in organogenesis and the subsequent organ development, as well as disease initiation and progression. In addition, ECM formation significantly influences organ morphological formation in both cancer- and non-tumor-related diseases, in addition to cellular epigenetic transformation and migration, under the influence of LOXs. A number of different signaling pathways regulate the LOXs expression and their enzymatic activation. The tissue remodeling and transformation process shares some resemblance between oncogenesis and embryogenesis. Additionally the roles that LOXs serve appeared to be stressed during oncogenesis and tumor metastasis. It has also been indicated LOXs have a noteworthy role in non-tumor diseases. Nonetheless, the role of LOXs in systemic or local organ development and disease control remains unknown. In the present study, the essential roles that LOXs play in embryogenesis were unveiled partially, whereas the role of LOXs in organ or systematic development requires further investigations. The present review aimed to discuss the roles of members of the LOX family in the context of the remodeling of organogenesis and organ development. In addition, the consequences of the malfunction of these proteins related to the development of abnormalities and resulting diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzun Wei
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Liang Gao
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Changjing Wu
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qin
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jiuhong Yuan
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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6
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Lysine-Specific Histone Demethylases Contribute to Cellular Differentiation and Carcinogenesis. EPIGENOMES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes1010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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7
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Martin A, Salvador F, Moreno-Bueno G, Floristán A, Ruiz-Herguido C, Cuevas EP, Morales S, Santos V, Csiszar K, Dubus P, Haigh JJ, Bigas A, Portillo F, Cano A. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 represses Notch1 expression in the skin to promote squamous cell carcinoma progression. EMBO J 2015; 34:1090-109. [PMID: 25759215 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including fibrosis and tumor progression, implicating intracellular and extracellular functions. To explore the specific in vivo role of LOXL2 in physiological and tumor contexts, we generated conditional gain- and loss-of-function mouse models. Germ-line deletion of Loxl2 promotes lethality in half of newborn mice mainly associated to congenital heart defects, while Loxl2 overexpression triggers male sterility due to epididymal dysfunction caused by epithelial disorganization, fibrosis and acute inflammation. Remarkably, when challenged to chemical skin carcinogenesis, Loxl2-overexpressing mice increased tumor burden and malignant progression, while Loxl2-deficient mice exhibit the opposite phenotypes. Loxl2 levels in premalignant tumors negatively correlate with expression of epidermal differentiation markers and components of the Notch1 pathway. We show that LOXL2 is a direct repressor of NOTCH1. Additionally, we identify an exclusive expression pattern between LOXL2 and members of the canonical NOTCH1 pathway in human HNSCC. Our data identify for the first time novel LOXL2 roles in tissue homeostasis and support it as a target for SCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain Fundación MD Anderson International Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Floristán
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eva P Cuevas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saleta Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katalin Csiszar
- John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI, USA
| | - Pierre Dubus
- Histologie et pathologie moléculaire des tumeurs, Universitie Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Anna Bigas
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Médiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Lv GQ, Zou HY, Liao LD, Cao HH, Zeng FM, Wu BL, Xie JJ, Fang WK, Xu LY, Li EM. Identification of a novel lysyl oxidase-like 2 alternative splicing isoform, LOXL2 Δe13, in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 92:379-89. [PMID: 25275797 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) participates in every stage of cancer progression and promotes invasion and metastasis. In this study, we identified a novel alternative splicing isoform of LOXL2, namely LOXL2 Δe13, which lacked exon 13. Deletion of exon 13 caused an open reading frame shift and produced a truncated protein. LOXL2 Δe13 was expressed ubiquitously in cell lines and tissues and was mainly localized to the cytoplasm. Although it showed impaired deamination enzymatic activity compared with full-length LOXL2, LOXL2 Δe13 promoted the cell mobility and invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells to greater degrees. In further research on the mechanisms, gene expression profiling and signaling pathway analysis revealed that LOXL2 Δe13 induced the expression of MAPK8 without affecting the FAK, AKT, and ERK signaling pathways. RNAi-mediated knockdown of MAPK8 could block the cell migration promoted by LOXL2De13, but it had little effect on that of full-length LOXL2. Our data suggest that LOXL2 Δe13 modulates the effects of cancer cell migration and invasion through a different mechanism from that of full-length LOXL2 and that it may play a very important role in tumor carcinogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Lv
- a The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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9
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Cano A, Santamaría PG, Moreno-Bueno G. LOXL2 in epithelial cell plasticity and tumor progression. Future Oncol 2013; 8:1095-108. [PMID: 23030485 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several members of the lysyl oxidase family have recently emerged as important regulators of tumor progression. Among them, LOXL2 has been shown to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis of several tumor types, including breast carcinomas. Secreted LOXL2 participates in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix of the tumor microenvironment, in a similar fashion to prototypical lysyl oxidase. In addition, new intracellular functions of LOXL2 have been described, such as its involvement in the regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, epithelial cell polarity and differentiation mediated by transcriptional repression mechanisms. Importantly, intracellular (perinuclear) expression of LOXL2 is associated with poor prognosis and distant metastasis of specific tumor types, such as larynx squamous cell carcinoma and basal breast carcinomas. These recent findings open new avenues for the therapeutic utility of LOXL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Arzobispo Morcillo, 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Gambichler T, Skrygan M. Decreased lysyl oxidase-like 2 expression in mid-dermal elastolysis. Arch Dermatol Res 2012; 305:359-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-012-1308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Lugassy J, Zaffryar-Eilot S, Soueid S, Mordoviz A, Smith V, Kessler O, Neufeld G. The enzymatic activity of lysyl oxidas-like-2 (LOXL2) is not required for LOXL2-induced inhibition of keratinocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3541-9. [PMID: 22157764 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.261016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like-2 (LOXL2) induces tumor progression and fibrosis. It also inhibits the differentiation of keratinocytes promoting development of squamous cell carcinomas. Stimulation of HaCaT skin keratinocytes with exogenous LOXL2 or overexpression of LOXL2 in these cells inhibits their differentiation as manifested by inhibition of calcium or vitamin D-induced involucrin expression. The inhibition was abrogated by the LOXL2 function-blocking monoclonal antibody AB0023 as well as by an anti-LOXL2 polyclonal antibody. Surprisingly, a point-mutated form of LOXL2 (LOXL2(Y689F)) lacking enzymatic activity, as well as a LOXL2 deletion mutant lacking the entire catalytic domain, also inhibited calcium or vitamin D-induced up-regulation of involucrin expression, suggesting that the enzymatic activity of LOXL2 is not required for this activity. This conclusion was supported by experiments that showed that β-aminoproprionitrile, an irreversible competitive inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of all lysyl oxidases, is unable to abolish the LOXL2-induced inhibition of HaCaT cell differentiation. The activity of LOXL2(Y689F) required the presence of the fourth scavenger receptor-cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain of LOXL2, which is also the binding target of AB0023. Epitope-tagged LOXL2(Y689F) was internalized at 37 °C by HaCaT cells. The internalization was inhibited by AB0023 and by competition with unlabeled LOXL2, suggesting that these cells may express a LOXL2 receptor. Our results suggest that agents that inhibit the enzymatic activity of LOXL2 may not suffice to inhibit completely the effects of LOXL2 on complex processes that involve altered states of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Lugassy
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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12
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Yamazaki Y, Mikami Y, Yuguchi M, Namba Y, Isokawa K. Development of collagen fibres and lysyl oxidase expression in the presumptive dermis of chick limb bud. Anat Histol Embryol 2011; 41:68-74. [PMID: 21919949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a critical role in the formation of cross-linkages in extracellular matrix molecules. Thus, it is essential for the biogenesis and homeostasis of the connective tissue matrix. During development, collagen fibres and elastic system fibres emerge and accumulate in a temporospatial manner in the presumptive dermis of chicks. In this study, we investigated LOX mRNA expression by laser capture microdissection and RT-qPCR and LOX protein localization by immunohistochemistry. The picrosirius polarization method was used to investigate a relation between collagen accumulation and LOX expression. PCR analysis showed that the expression of LOX mRNA in the presumptive dermis became apparent at embryonic day 13 and increased considerably by ED17. Immunohistochemical staining for LOX in the dermis was very low at all stages of development. Accumulation of collagen fibres was seen in the dermis on ED10, and higher wavelengths of birefringence became evident by ED13. Our findings suggest that the temporal pattern of LOX mRNA expression correlates with collagen fibre accumulation in the dermis of the developing chick limb bud, whereas LOX expression was relatively constant at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamazaki
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Lysyl oxidase-like protein-2 regulates sprouting angiogenesis and type IV collagen assembly in the endothelial basement membrane. Blood 2011; 118:3979-89. [PMID: 21835952 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-313296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouting angiogenesis is associated with extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. The molecular mechanisms involved in building the vascular microenvironment and its impact on capillary formation remain elusive. We therefore performed a proteomic analysis of ECM from endothelial cells maintained in hypoxia, a major stimulator of angiogenesis. Here, we report the characterization of lysyl oxidase-like protein-2 (LOXL2) as a hypoxia-target expressed in neovessels and accumulated in the endothelial ECM. LOXL2 belongs to the lysyl oxidase family of secreted enzymes involved in ECM crosslinking. Knockdown experiments in Tg(fli1:egfp)y1 zebrafish embryos resulted in lack of intersegmental vessel circulation and demonstrated LOXL2 involvement in proper capillary formation. Further investigation in vitro by loss and gain of function experiments confirmed that LOXL2 was required for tubulogenesis in 3D fibrin gels and demonstrated that this enzyme was required for collagen IV assembly in the ECM. In addition, LOXL2 depletion down-regulated cell migration and proliferation. These data suggest a major role for LOXL2 in the organization of endothelial basal lamina and in the downstream mechanotransductive signaling. Altogether, our study provides the first evidence for the role of LOXL2 in regulating angiogenesis through collagen IV scaffolding.
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Achari Y, Chin JWS, Heard BJ, Rattner JB, Shrive NG, Frank CB, Hart DA. Molecular events surrounding collagen fibril assembly in the early healing rabbit medial collateral ligament--failure to recapitulate normal ligament development. Connect Tissue Res 2010; 52:301-12. [PMID: 21117900 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.524719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
??Although injuries to the medial collateral ligament (MCL) can heal functionally without surgical intervention, the collagen fibers in the healing tissue remain compromised. The molecular basis for this poor healing potential was investigated by examining extracellular matrix-modifying molecules such as bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1), procollagen C proteinase enhancer (PCOLCE), lysyl oxidase (LOX), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) involved in collagen fibrillogenesis during normal early postnatal ligament maturation and at comparable intervals after MCL injury. Samples of midsections of rabbit MCLs were collected from 3-, 6-, 14-, and 52-week-old normal animals and at 3, 6, and 14 weeks postinjury. Harvested midsubstance tissues were analyzed for collagen fibril diameter by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and mRNA levels were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed different patterns of expression between normal MCL maturation and during scar maturation. BMP-1 and PCOLCE mRNA levels were upregulated in the 3?14-week period during maturation of normal ligaments but decreased at skeletal maturity. The scar tissue exhibited a 3.5-fold increase in PCOLCE mRNA levels during the early healing phase, but these decreased with time. After injury, BMP-1 mRNA levels in scars were low and did not change during healing. Both LOX and TGF-β1 mRNA levels were low during normal MCL development compared with levels at maturity and exhibited elevated mRNA levels during early healing that decreased with time postinjury. These results suggest that gene expression in scars during MCL healing does not recapitulate expression in normal ligament fibroblasts during maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Achari
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Le Provost GS, Debret R, Cenizo V, Aimond G, Pez F, Kaniewski B, André V, Sommer P. Lysyl oxidase silencing impairs keratinocyte differentiation in a reconstructed-epidermis model. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19:1080-7. [PMID: 20812961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular enzyme involved in the maturation of connective tissues. It also acts in many cell types as a regulator of cell behaviour and phenotype through intracellular signalling pathways. Recently, LOX was shown to be present in human epidermis where its precise functions remain unclear. We showed here that in confluent monolayer cultures of normal human keratinocytes (KCs) and N/TERT-1-immortalized KCs, LOX expression was induced during the first differentiation steps. Moreover, the silencing of LOX by stable RNA interference disrupted the expression of early differentiation markers. In a reconstructed-epidermis model, LOX silencing did not impair the stratification process nor the formation of the first differentiated layers. However, terminal differentiation was strongly impaired, as shown by a decreased expression of late differentiation proteins and by the absence of stratum corneum. Nonetheless, inhibition of LOX enzymatic activity by β-aminopropionitrile did not affect the differentiation process. Therefore, LOX protein acts during the first steps of KC differentiation and is important for subsequent commitment into terminal differentiation. Taken together, these results suggest that a finely regulated expression of LOX is necessary for normal KC differentiation and thus for maintenance of epidermal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle S Le Provost
- Institut de Biologie et de Chimie des Protéines, Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Lyon 1, Institut Fédératif de Recherches 128, Lyon, France
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