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Tanaka I, Yano Y, Mori M, Manabe S, Fukuo K. Impact of serum eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio on overall survival in lung cancer patients treated with pembrolizumab: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1384. [PMID: 38228757 PMCID: PMC10792072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This pilot study analyzed the dietary patterns of patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing initial pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), treatment in the month before treatment. Serum fatty acid fractions and their associations with ICI treatment efficacy were also investigated. The results showed that long-term survivors (those who survived for ≥ 3 years) consumed significantly more seafood than short-term survivors (those who survived for < 3 years). Furthermore, the serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as well as the ratio of EPA to arachidonic acid (EPA/AA) were higher in the long-term survivors than those in the short-term survivors. The group with a high serum EPA/AA ratio had a significantly higher overall survival rate after ICI treatment than the group with a low serum EPA/AA ratio. In conclusion, higher dietary seafood consumption may improve OS in lung cancer patients treated with ICI and the serum EPA/AA ratio may be a useful biomarker for determining the efficacy of ICI treatment. Thus, supplements that increase the serum EPA/AA ratio could serve as new nutritional interventions for enhancing the efficacy of ICI treatment. However, further large-scale case and intervention studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikue Tanaka
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition Major, Graduate School of Human Environmental Science, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yano
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Hospital Organization, NHO Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Masahide Mori
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Hospital Organization, NHO Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Manabe
- Department of Nutrition, National Hospital Organization, NHO Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fukuo
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition Major, Graduate School of Human Environmental Science, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan.
- Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan.
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Tallima H, El Ridi R. Mechanisms of Arachidonic Acid In Vitro Tumoricidal Impact. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041727. [PMID: 36838715 PMCID: PMC9966399 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To promote the potential of arachidonic acid (ARA) for cancer prevention and management, experiments were implemented to disclose the mechanisms of its tumoricidal action. Hepatocellular, lung, and breast carcinoma and normal hepatocytes cell lines were exposed to 0 or 50 μM ARA for 30 min and then assessed for proliferative capacity, surface membrane-associated sphingomyelin (SM) content, neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) activity, beta 2 microglobulin (β2 m) expression, and ceramide (Cer) levels. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and caspase 3/7 activity were evaluated. Exposure to ARA for 30 min led to impairment of the tumor cells' proliferative capacity and revealed that the different cell lines display remarkably similar surface membrane SM content but diverse responses to ARA treatment. Arachidonic acid tumoricidal impact was shown to be associated with nSMase activation, exposure of cell surface membrane β2 m to antibody binding, and hydrolysis of SM to Cer, which accumulated on the cell surface and in the cytosol. The ARA and Cer-mediated inhibition of tumor cell viability appeared to be independent of ROS generation or caspase 3/7 activation. The data were compared and contrasted to findings reported in the literature on ARA tumoricidal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Tallima
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Rashika El Ridi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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Davinelli S, Intrieri M, Ali S, Righetti S, Mondazzi L, Scapagnini G, Corbi G. Omega-3 index and AA/EPA ratio as biomarkers of running-related injuries: An observational study in recreational runners. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:134-142. [PMID: 34694208 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1998643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to examine the association between biomarkers of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as omega-3 (ω-3) index and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4 ω-6)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω-3) ratio (AA/EPA), and the prevalence of running-related injuries (RRI) in a cohort of recreational runners. We performed a retrospective, observational study of 275 non-elite runners (mean age: 41.20 ± 12.47 years) who were not supplemented with ω-3 fatty acids. The training characteristics and RRI were recorded over a period of 12 months through a self-reported questionnaire. Using whole blood samples collected by finger prick, PUFA were quantified by gas chromatography and ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio measured. A total of 191 RRI cases were reported, with an injury prevalence rate of 50.9% in the overall population. The injured runners ran a significantly greater weekly distance than uninjured subjects (53.54 ± 25.27 km/week; p = 0.007). In a multivariate regression analysis, the lowest number of RRI was associated with higher values of ω-3 index (β = - 0.237; 95% CI - 0.308 to - 0.164; R2 = 0.172; p < 0.0001), while a higher AA/EPA ratio was correlated with higher number of RRI (β = 0.019; 95% CI 0.007-0.031; R2 = 0.038; p = 0.003). This study identifies ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio as potential parameters associated with the risk of RRI. Future research is needed to confirm these results and apply specific nutritional strategies to successfully modify these biochemical variables.Trial registration: ISRCTN.org identifier: ISRCTN12847156..
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mariano Intrieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Sawan Ali
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Luca Mondazzi
- School of Clinical Nutrition, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Kurano M, Tsukamoto K, Sakai E, Yatomi Y. Differences in the Distribution of Ceramides and Sphingosine among Lipoprotein and Lipoprotein-Depleted Fractions in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Atheroscler Thromb 2022; 29:1727-1758. [PMID: 35082227 PMCID: PMC9881536 DOI: 10.5551/jat.63249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM In addition to the quantity and quality, the carriers, such as lipoproteins and albumin, can affect the physiological properties and clinical significance of lipids. This study aimed to elucidate the modulation of the levels of ceramides and sphingosine, which are considered as proatherosclerotic lipids, in lipoproteins and lipoprotein-depleted fractions in subjects with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We separated the serum samples collected from healthy subjects (n=22) and subjects with type 2 diabetes (n=39) into Triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lipoprotein-depleted fractions via ultracentrifugation. Then, we measured the levels of six species of ceramides, sphingosine, and dihydrosphingosine via LC-MS/MS and statistically analyzed them to identify the sphingolipids in each fraction, which are associated with diabetes as well as cardiovascular and renal complications. RESULTS In subjects with diabetes, the levels of sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine in the TRL, LDL, and lipoprotein-depleted fractions were higher, whereas those in the HDL were lower. In addition, the ceramide levels in HDL were lower, whereas those in lipoprotein-depleted fractions were higher. Furthermore, The levels of ceramides in lipoproteins, especially LDL, were negatively associated with the presence of cardiovascular diseases and stage 4 diabetic nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS The contents of ceramides and sphingosine in lipoproteins and lipoprotein-depleted fractions were differently modulated in diabetes and associated with cardiovascular diseases and diabetic nephropathy. The carrier might be an important factor for the biological properties and clinical significance of these sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Tsukamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Sakai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Høstmark AT. Intended Ranges and Correlations between Percentages of Variables Like Oleic Acid, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, and Arachidonic Acid. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051012. [PMID: 34066523 PMCID: PMC8148551 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In chicken muscle, we previously showed that ranges of oleic acid (OA), arachidonic acid (AA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) might explain why %OA was inversely related to %AA, and that %EPA correlated positively with %AA. We here try to clarify further how ranges of the fatty acids could make strong associations between their relative amounts, utilizing published data from chicken muscle and human sera. We generated random number variables (OA’, AA’, EPA’) in lieu of the true variables, and we studied effects of altering their ranges upon scatterplots of %OA’ vs. %AA’ (%EPA’), and %AA’ vs. %EPA’. To explain the results, we first applied the equation OA’ + AA’ + EPA’ = S, i.e., %OA’ + %AA’ + %EPA’ = 100. Next, we considered how the OA’ (AA’, EPA’) fractions of S related to S. Increasing the OA’ range towards higher values improved the positive association between %AA’ and %EPA’. Thus, increased intake of OA could improve the positive correlations between percentages of eicosanoid precursors, raising the question of whether “intended ranges” of some fatty acids represent a case of evolutionary selection to, e.g., achieve balance between eicosanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Torbjørn Høstmark
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1130 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
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Newell M, Ghosh S, Goruk S, Pakseresht M, Vena JE, Dummer TJB, Field CJ. A Prospective Analysis of Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids and Breast Cancer Risk in 2 Provinces in Canada. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab022. [PMID: 33889794 PMCID: PMC8049855 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that fatty acid status influences breast cancer etiology, yet the roles of individual fatty acids in breast cancer risk are unclear, specifically when central adiposity and menopausal status are considered. OBJECTIVES This study examined the associations of fatty acid status with breast cancer risk including location, menopausal status, and waist-to-hip ratio as key variables. METHODS Prediagnostic plasma phospholipid fatty acids were measured in women with breast cancer (n = 393) and age-matched controls (n = 786) from a nested case-control prospective study within Alberta's Tomorrow Project (ATP) and British Columbia Generations Project (BCGP) cohorts. Binary logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations of fatty acids and breast cancer risk with subgroup analysis for menopausal status and waist-to-hip ratio. RESULTS Women from BCGP had a higher n-3 (ɷ-3) fatty acid status compared with the ATP (6.4% ± 0.08% vs. 5.3% ± 0.06%; P < 0.001), so subsequent analysis was blocked by cohort. Overall, fatty acids had inconsistent associations with risk. In the ATP among premenopausal women, total long-chain n-3 fatty acids (ORQ4vsQ1 = 1.78; 95% CI: 0.58, 5.43; P-trend = 0.007, P-interaction = 0.07) were positively associated with breast cancer risk, whereas in BCGP, DHA (ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.28, 1.53; P-trend = 0.03, P-interaction = 0.05) and total long-chain n-3 fatty acids (ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.28, 1.54; P-trend = 0.03) were associated with decreased cancer risk when the waist-to-hip ratio was <0.85. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that regional variations in fatty acid status influence breast cancer risk, resulting in positive associations of total long-chain n-3 fatty acids in premenopausal ATP women and negative associations of these fatty acids in BCGP women with a waist-to-hip ratio below guidelines. This study highlights the complexity and difficulty in using fatty acid status to predict breast cancer risk in diverse populations without the consideration of other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie Newell
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sunita Ghosh
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Susan Goruk
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mohammedreza Pakseresht
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Vena
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Alberta's Tomorrow Project, CancerCare Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Trevor J B Dummer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Abstract
Polar compounds from frying oils have been found to be harmful to health. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have largely remained elusive. In this study, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was used to investigate the toxicological effects of polar compounds. The serum and hepatic metabolites from polar compound-treated mice were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multi-variate statistical analysis showed that a total of 36 serum metabolites and 18 hepatic metabolites were altered in the polar compound-treated mice as compared with that for normal diet-fed animals. These metabolic changes suggested novel alterations in lipid metabolism with the increase in phospholipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol and the decrease in choline, betaine and l-acetylcarnitine. The TCA cycle and carbohydrate, amino acid and purine metabolism were also impaired, with a significant elevation of d-glucose, d-maltose, β-mannobiose, branched chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and uric acid and a decline in succinate, serine, aspartate, arginine and ornithine. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated the strong correlations between specific metabolic alterations and the redox index. Our overall findings reveal that polar compounds may progressively cause lipid deposition, impaired energy metabolism and oxidative stress, resulting in toxicological effects on the mammalian health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Izumi T, Nanaura H, Iguchi N, Ozaki M, Sugie K. Low Serum Eicosapentaenoic Acid Levels in Cryptogenic Stroke with Active Cancer. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Fujii R, Yamada H, Munetsuna E, Yamazaki M, Mizuno G, Ando Y, Maeda K, Tsuboi Y, Ohashi K, Ishikawa H, Hagiwara C, Wakai K, Hashimoto S, Hamajima N, Suzuki K. Dietary fish and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with leukocyte ABCA1 DNA methylation levels. Nutrition 2020; 81:110951. [PMID: 33045487 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A diet rich in fish and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been thought to reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The beneficial effects of fish oil and ω-3 PUFA on CVD can be mediated by epigenetic status of the genes associated with lipid metabolism and inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary fish and fatty acid (FA) intakes are associated with leukocyte ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) DNA methylation levels in a Japanese population. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 298 adults (137 men and 161 women) without clinical history of CVD or cancer. The pyrosequencing method was used to measure leukocyte ABCA1 DNA methylation levels. Dietary fish and FA intakes were assessed based on the validated food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS Mean ABCA1 DNA methylation levels were significantly lower in the highest fish intake groups (≥5-6/wk) compared with the lowest intake group (≤1-2/wk; P = 0.004). In multivariable linear regression analyses, higher dietary intake of ω-3 PUFAs and ω-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids was significantly associated with decreased levels of ABCA1 DNA methylation (P = 0.001 and 0.005); whereas no significant associations were seen between intake of dietary saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, and ω-6 PUFAs and ABCA1 DNA methylation. CONCLUSION Higher dietary fish and ω-3 PUFA intake were associated with lower ABCA1 DNA levels in a Japanese population. The present results may bring potential insights on biological mechanisms underlying the protective effects of dietary fish and ω-3 PUFA intakes on CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Fujii
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroya Yamada
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Eiji Munetsuna
- Department of Biochemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Mirai Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Genki Mizuno
- Department of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ando
- Department of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Keisuke Maeda
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tsuboi
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Koji Ohashi
- Department of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ishikawa
- Department of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Chiharu Hagiwara
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuji Hashimoto
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamajima
- Department of Health Care Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan.
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Davinelli S, Intrieri M, Corbi G, Scapagnini G. Metabolic indices of polyunsaturated fatty acids: current evidence, research controversies, and clinical utility. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:259-274. [PMID: 32056443 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1724871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are among the most studied nutrients in human metabolism. In the past few decades, prospective studies and controlled trials have supported the view that the effects of these essential fatty acids are clinically relevant. PUFA profiles in different blood compartments are reflections of both diet and metabolism, and their levels may be related to disease risk. Despite widespread interest, there is no consensus regarding which biomarkers best reflect PUFA status in the body. The measurement of PUFA levels is not straight-forward, and a wide variety of indices have been used in clinical studies, producing conflicting results. A major source of heterogeneity among studies is associated with research design, sampling, and laboratory analyses. To date, the n-3 index, n-6/n-3 ratio, and arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio are the most promising biomarkers associated with PUFA metabolism. Although hotly debated, these indices may be considered at least markers, if not risk factors, for several diseases, especially cardiovascular events and brain disorders. Here, we summarize the most updated evidence of n-3 and n-6 PUFA effects on human health, reviewing current controversies on the aforementioned indices and whether they can be considered valuable predictors of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mariano Intrieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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11
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Shojima Y, Ueno Y, Tanaka R, Yamashiro K, Miyamoto N, Hira K, Kurita N, Nakajima S, Urabe T, Hattori N. Eicosapentaenoic-to-Arachidonic Acid Ratio Predicts Mortality and Recurrent Vascular Events in Ischemic Stroke Patients. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 27:969-977. [PMID: 31969533 PMCID: PMC7508728 DOI: 10.5551/jat.52373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to arachidonic acid (AA) is related to major adverse events and death in cardiovascular diseases. The association between long-term prognosis of ischemic stroke and EPA/AA ratio has not been clarified. Methods: Acute ischemic stroke patients who had undergone blood examinations for polyunsaturated fatty acids were enrolled. Major cardiovascular events, including recurrence of ischemic stroke, occurrence of cardiovascular and peripheral artery diseases and hemorrhagic stroke, and death, were analyzed, retrospectively. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to explore factors, including clinical characteristics, laboratory data including EPA/AA ratio, and treatments associated with major cardiovascular events and death. Results: A total of 269 patients (mean age, 70 ± 13 years; 179 men) were enrolled. During follow-up (mean, 2.3 ± 1.0 years), 64 patients exhibited major cardiovascular events and death (annualized rate, 10.5% per person-year). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that EPA/AA ratio (hazard ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.07–0.99; p = 0.048) and statin therapy (hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.25–0.73; p = 0.002) correlated inversely with major cardiovascular events and death. In the Kaplan–Meier analysis, cumulative event-free rates were significantly lower among patients with EPA/AA ratio < 0.33 and patients without statin therapy (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Low EPA/AA ratio at baseline and treatment without statins could predict mortality, recurrent ischemic stroke, cardiovascular and peripheral artery diseases, and hemorrhagic stroke among patients with acute ischemic stroke. The combination of baseline EPA/AA ratio and statin therapy could be critical in predicting the long-term prognosis of ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Shojima
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Yuji Ueno
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine.,Stroke Center and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Kazuo Yamashiro
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | | | - Kenichiro Hira
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Naohide Kurita
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Sho Nakajima
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Takao Urabe
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital
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Davinelli S, Corbi G, Righetti S, Casiraghi E, Chiappero F, Martegani S, Pina R, De Vivo I, Simopoulos AP, Scapagnini G. Relationship Between Distance Run Per Week, Omega-3 Index, and Arachidonic Acid (AA)/Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Ratio: An Observational Retrospective Study in Non-elite Runners. Front Physiol 2019; 10:487. [PMID: 31105590 PMCID: PMC6499024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tissue availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) depends on several factors, including dietary intake, physical exercise, genetic variation, and metabolic turnover. However, there is limited evidence whether running training activity per se may influence indices associated with PUFA metabolism such as Omega-3 (ω-3) index and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4ω-6)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω-3) ratio. Objective: To examine the association between kilometers (Km) run per week and changes in ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, observational, cohort study of 257 non-elite runners (mean age: 40.85 ± 12.17 years) who consumed no fatty acid supplements and provided a blood sample for analysis. The whole blood samples were collected by finger sticks, stored on absorbent filter paper, and then PUFA were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) and ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio measured. Results: In a multivariate linear regression model, a gradual decrease of the ω-3 index was observed with higher weekly running distance (β = −0.033; 95% CI −0.039 to −0.026; R2 = 0.447; p < 0.0001). We also found a progressive increase of the AA/EPA ratio in subjects who ran greater weekly distances (β = 0.092; 95% CI 0.038 to 0.146; R2 = 0.320; p = 0.001). No other significant associations were observed with other variables, including years of running training and weekly training frequency (hours/week). Finally, as expected, a significant inverse correlation between ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio (β = −2.614; 95% CI −3.407 to −1.821; R2 = 0.336; p < 0.0001) was detected. Conclusions: These findings suggest that distance running training and its weekly volume may negatively contribute to changes of the ω-3 index and AA/EPA ratio. Further studies with greater sample size will be required to replicate and extend these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Elena Casiraghi
- Equipe Enervit Srl, Scientific Research Unit of Enervit Spa, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Riccardo Pina
- Equipe Enervit Srl, Scientific Research Unit of Enervit Spa, Milan, Italy
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Ilag LL. Are Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids the Link between the Immune System and the Microbiome towards Modulating Cancer? Medicines (Basel) 2018; 5:E102. [PMID: 30201858 PMCID: PMC6163617 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three recent studies revealed synergy between immune-checkpoint inhibitors and the microbiome as a new approach in the treatment of cancer. Incidentally, there has been significant progress in understanding the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in modulating cancer and the immune system, as well as in regulating the microbiome. Inflammation seems to be the common denominator among these seemingly unrelated biological entities-immune system, the microbiome, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). This commentary presents a hypothesis proposing the existence of an optimal level of LC-PUFAs that nurtures the suitable gut microbiota preventing dysbiosis. This synergy between optimal LC-PUFAs and gut microbiota helps the immune system overcome the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment including enhancing the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. A model on how LC-PUFAs (such as omega(n)-3 and n-6 fatty acids) forms a synergistic triad with the immune system and the microbiome in regulating inflammation to maintain homeostasis is presented. The principles underlying the hypothesis provide a basis in managing and even preventing cancer and other chronic diseases associated with inflammation.
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