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Moulaee K, Neri G. Electrochemical Amino Acid Sensing: A Review on Challenges and Achievements. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:502. [PMID: 34940259 PMCID: PMC8699811 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of research in electrochemistry in the last decade has resulted in a significant advancement in exploiting electrochemical strategies for assessing biological substances. Among these, amino acids are of utmost interest due to their key role in human health. Indeed, an unbalanced amino acid level is the origin of several metabolic and genetic diseases, which has led to a great need for effective and reliable evaluation methods. This review is an effort to summarize and present both challenges and achievements in electrochemical amino acid sensing from the last decade (from 2010 onwards) to show where limitations and advantages stem from. In this review, we place special emphasis on five well-known electroactive amino acids, namely cysteine, tyrosine, tryptophan, methionine and histidine. The recent research and achievements in this area and significant performance metrics of the proposed electrochemical sensors, including the limit of detection, sensitivity, stability, linear dynamic range(s) and applicability in real sample analysis, are summarized and presented in separate sections. More than 400 recent scientific studies were included in this review to portray a rich set of ideas and exemplify the capabilities of the electrochemical strategies to detect these essential biomolecules at trace and even ultra-trace levels. Finally, we discuss, in the last section, the remaining issues and the opportunities to push the boundaries of our knowledge in amino acid electrochemistry even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Moulaee
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.Da Di Dio, I-98166 Messina, Italy;
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, C.Da Di Dio, I-98166 Messina, Italy;
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da Silva JL, Delfino JR, Stradiotto NR. Underivatized amino acids detection by anion-exchange chromatography coupled to a nanostructured detector. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1174:122733. [PMID: 33991824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the development of a fast and reliable amperometric sensor for the detection of amino acids. The detector was constructed using copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) supported on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) modified glassy carbon electrode (CuNPs-RGO/GCE) and based on the application of high performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Under optimized isocratic HPAEC-PAD conditions (using 40 mmol L-1 NaOH as mobile phase, flow rate of 0.30 mL min-1 and detection potential of 0.45 V vs. Pd/PdO), the linear dynamic ranges of the concentration of amino acids obtained were 0.50-50 µmol L-1 for lysine, 1.0-100 µmol L-1 for alanine, glycine and serine, and 5.0-100 µmol L-1 for leucine. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) obtained ranged from 0.10 (for lysine and leucine) to 0.50 µmol L-1 (for alanine, glycine and serine) and sensitivity varied from 6.1 (for leucine) to 21.5 nA µmol-1 L (for serine). The average recovery percentages ranged from 97% (for glycine) to 102% (for leucine and serine). The results obtained showed that the CuNPs-RGO/GCE has good long-term stability, repeatability and reproducibility; this makes the device suitable for application as an electrochemical detector. The successful application of the proposed method for the analysis of sugarcane vinasse demonstrates its suitability for separation and determination of amino acids in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz da Silva
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, São Paulo State, Brazil; Bioenergy Research Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, São Paulo State, Brazil.
| | - José Rodrigues Delfino
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, São Paulo State, Brazil; Bioenergy Research Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Nelson Ramos Stradiotto
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, São Paulo State, Brazil; Bioenergy Research Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Kim SE, Muthurasu A. Highly Oriented Nitrogen‐doped Carbon Nanotube Integrated Bimetallic Cobalt Copper Organic Framework for Non‐enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- So eun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital Jeonju Korea
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University Republic Korea Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Alagan Muthurasu
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University Republic Korea Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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Nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)-sensing: One step ahead in diagnostic and monitoring of metabolic rare diseases. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Azevedo VHR, da Silva JL, Stradiotto NR. Silver oxide nanoparticles in reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for amino acids electrocatalytic oxidation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Arul P, John SA. Organic solvent free in situ growth of flower like Co-ZIF microstructures on nickel foam for glucose sensing and supercapacitor applications. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Premlatha S, Selvarani K, Ramesh Bapu GNK. Facile Electrodeposition of Hierarchical Co-Gd2
O3
Nanocomposites for Highly Selective and Sensitive Electrochemical Sensing of L-Cysteine. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Premlatha
- Research Scholar; CSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Phone: +91 4565 241551, Mobile: +91 9994891833
- Electroplating and Metal Finishing Technology Division
| | - Karunagaran Selvarani
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division; CSIR- Central Electrochemical Research Institute; Karaikudi- 630 003 (Tamilnadu INDIA
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Determination of amino acids in sugarcane vinasse by ion chromatographic using nickel nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide modified electrode. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Balamurugan J, Thanh TD, Karthikeyan G, Kim NH, Lee JH. A novel hierarchical 3D N-Co-CNT@NG nanocomposite electrode for non-enzymatic glucose and hydrogen peroxide sensing applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 89:970-977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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A new kinetic–mechanistic approach to elucidate electrooxidation of doxorubicin hydrochloride in unprocessed human fluids using magnetic graphene based nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 61:638-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cui M, Cao B, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Wang H. Simple synthesis of nitrogen doped graphene/ordered mesoporous metal oxides hybrid architecture as high-performance electrocatalysts for biosensing study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19496f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Construction of nitrogen doped graphene/ordered mesoporous metal oxides hybrid architecture for high-performance electrochemical biosensing study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
- Ministry of Education
- Hebei University
| | - Bohan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
- Ministry of Education
- Hebei University
| | - Yuena Sun
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
- Ministry of Education
- Hebei University
| | - Yufan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
- Ministry of Education
- Hebei University
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
- Ministry of Education
- Hebei University
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Yao DD, Murata H, Tsunega S, Jin RH. Chiral SiO2and Ag@SiO2Materials Templated by Complexes Consisting of Comblike Polyethyleneimine and Tartaric Acid. Chemistry 2015; 21:15667-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vittal R, Ho KC. Cobalt Oxide Electrodes-Problem and a Solution Through a Novel Approach using Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB). CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2015.1035192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang T, Yu Y, Tian H, Hu J. A Novel Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Cobalt Nanoparticles Implantation-Modified Indium Tin Oxide Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Safavi A, Ahmadi R, Mahyari FA. Simultaneous electrochemical determination of L-cysteine and L-cysteine disulfide at carbon ionic liquid electrode. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1079-85. [PMID: 24459003 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A linear sweep voltammetric method is used for direct simultaneous determination of L-cysteine and L-cysteine disulfide (cystine) based on carbon ionic liquid electrode. With carbon ionic liquid electrode as a high performance electrode, two oxidation peaks for L-cysteine (0.62 V) and L-cysteine disulfide (1.3 V) were observed with a significant separation of about 680 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) in phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.0). The linear ranges were obtained as 1.0-450 and 5.0-700 μM and detection limits were estimated to be 0.298 and 4.258 μM for L-cysteine and L-cysteine disulfide, respectively. This composite electrode was applied for simultaneous determination of L-cysteine and L-cysteine disulfide in two real samples, artificial urine and nutrient broth. Satisfactory results were obtained which clearly indicate the applicability of the proposed electrode for simultaneous determination of these compounds in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Safavi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran,
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Wang L, Zhang Q, Chen S, Xu F, Chen S, Jia J, Tan H, Hou H, Song Y. Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing Platform Based on Biomass-Derived Macroporous Carbon Materials. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1414-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401563m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99
Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Qinying Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99
Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Shuiliang Chen
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99
Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Fugang Xu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99
Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Shouhui Chen
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99
Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jianbo Jia
- State
Key Lab of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hongliang Tan
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99
Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Haoqing Hou
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99
Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yonghai Song
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99
Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China
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Electrocatalytic oxidation and detection of N-acetylcysteine based on magnetite/reduced graphene oxide composite-modified glassy carbon electrode. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tsierkezos NG, Haj Othman S, Ritter U. Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes modified with gold nanoparticles for simultaneous analysis of N-acetylcysteine and acetaminophen. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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BEITOLLAHI H, MOHADESI A, GHORBANI F, KARIMI MALEH H, BAGHAYERI M, HOSSEINZADEH R. Electrocatalytic measurement of methionine concentration with a carbon nanotube paste electrode modified with benzoylferrocene. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(12)60582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yu H, Jin J, Jian X, Wang Y, Qi GC. Preparation of Cobalt Oxide Nanoclusters/Overoxidized Polypyrrole Composite Film Modified Electrode and Its Application in Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensing. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Conformal transformation of [Co(bdc)(DMF)] (Co-MOF-71, bdc = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) into porous electrochemically active cobalt hydroxide. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Chekin F, Bagheri S, Abd Hamid SB. Synthesis of Pt doped TiO2 nanoparticles: Characterization and application for electrocatalytic oxidation of l-methionine. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B: CHEMICAL 2013; 177:898-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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23
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Cobalt oxide electrodeposition on various electrode substrates from alkaline medium containing Co–gluconate complexes: a comparative voltammetric study. J Solid State Electrochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-012-1794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Architecture of Fe3O4–graphene oxide nanocomposite and its application as a platform for amino acid biosensing. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Revin SB, John SA. Selective and Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for L-Methionine at Physiological pH Using Functionalized Triazole Polymer Film Modified Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of cobalt nanoparticles deposited on graphene modified glassy carbon electrode: Application to some amino acids detection. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang J, Diao P. Direct electrochemical detection of pyruvic acid by cobalt oxyhydroxide modified indium tin oxide electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Hashemi HS. Voltammetric determination of cysteine using carbon paste electrode modified with Co(II)-Y zeolite. Talanta 2011; 88:201-8. [PMID: 22265488 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel zeolite modified electrode for use in voltammetric determination of l-cysteine (CySH) was described. The electrode comprises a Co(II)-exchanged zeolite Y as modifier in carbon paste matrix. First, the electrochemical behavior of Co(II) in modified carbon paste electrode was studied. The results demonstrated that diffusion can control the redox process of cobalt cations at the surface of the modified electrode. Then, the behavior of the electrode in the presence of CySH was studied by using cyclic voltammetry and a novel behavior was observed. In high concentration of CySH (above 10 mmol L(-1)), one pair of semi-reversible electrochemical extra peak was observed which was assigned to the processes of oxidation-reduction of CySH at the unmodified and modified electrode. Acidic conditions with respect to the neutral one cause an increase in the electrode response. The modified electrode showed a suitable linear calibration graph in the concentration range of 1.0×10(-9)-1.0×10(-3)mol L(-1) cysteine with a detection limit of 2.37×10(-10)mol L(-1). The influence of potential interfering substances on the peak current was studied and the results showed that the method was highly selective for determination of CySH. Thus, the proposed electrode was used for the determination of CySH in real samples including human blood serum, urine, N-acetylcysteine tablet and powdered poultry feed and the satisfactory results were obtained. Typical features of the sensor can be summarized as: low cost, simple preparation, fast response, good stability and selectivity, wide linear range, low detection limit and high reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Iran.
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Casella IG, Di Fonzo DA. Anodic electrodeposition of cobalt oxides from an alkaline bath containing Co-gluconate complexes on glassy carbon. An electroanalytical investigation. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Lin MS, Chen CH, Chen Z. Development of structure-specific electrochemical sensor and its application for polyamines determination. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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