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Hunter SK, S Angadi S, Bhargava A, Harper J, Hirschberg AL, D Levine B, L Moreau K, J Nokoff N, Stachenfeld NS, Bermon S. The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2328-2360. [PMID: 37772882 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, and Athletic and Human Performance Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joanna Harper
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SWEDEN
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Natalie J Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco and the LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, FRANCE
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Jo D, Bilodeau M. Sex differences concerning the effects of ankle muscle fatigue on static postural control and spinal proprioceptive input at the ankle. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1015597. [PMID: 37476006 PMCID: PMC10355328 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1015597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The main aim of this study was to determine sex differences in postural control changes with ankle muscle fatigue during a standing forward leaning (FL) task under different vision conditions. The secondary aim was to examine sex differences in the effect of fatigue on soleus (SOL) H-reflex amplitude, a measure of motoneuron excitability with activation of Ia afferents. Methods Fifteen healthy young adult males (mean age: 28.0 years) and 16 healthy young adult females (mean age: 26.1 years) were asked to perform four consecutive FL tasks [30 s; two with eyes open (EO) and two with eyes closed (EC)] before, and immediately following a fatiguing exercise consisting of alternating ankle plantarflexion (6 s) and dorsiflexion (2 s) maximal isometric contractions, and at 5 and 10 min of recovery. Center of pressure (COP) sway variables (mean position, standard deviation, ellipse area, average velocity, and frequency), an ankle co-contraction index, and a ratio of SOL H-reflex to the maximum amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (M-max) were obtained during the FL tasks. A rating of perceived fatigue (RPF) was also documented at the different time points. Results Time to task failure (reduction of 50% in maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque of ankle plantar flexors) and the increase in RPF value were not significantly different between males and females. Both sex groups showed similar and significant increases (p < 0.05) in mean COP sway velocity with no significant changes in co-contraction indices. No significant effects of fatigue and related interactions were found for SOL H/M-max ratio. Discussion The absence of a significant sex difference in postural control change (sway and co-contraction) with fatigue could be explained by similar perceived (RPF) and performance fatigability (exercise duration) between males and females in the present study. Fatigue did not lead to significant changes in SOL spinal motoneuron excitability with activation of Ia afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donguk Jo
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Aging and Movement Laboratory, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Bilodeau
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Aging and Movement Laboratory, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- LIFE Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Nuzzo JL. Narrative Review of Sex Differences in Muscle Strength, Endurance, Activation, Size, Fiber Type, and Strength Training Participation Rates, Preferences, Motivations, Injuries, and Neuromuscular Adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:494-536. [PMID: 36696264 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nuzzo, JL. Narrative review of sex differences in muscle strength, endurance, activation, size, fiber type, and strength training participation rates, preferences, motivations, injuries, and neuromuscular adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 494-536, 2023-Biological sex and its relation with exercise participation and sports performance continue to be discussed. Here, the purpose was to inform such discussions by summarizing the literature on sex differences in numerous strength training-related variables and outcomes-muscle strength and endurance, muscle mass and size, muscle fiber type, muscle twitch forces, and voluntary activation; strength training participation rates, motivations, preferences, and practices; and injuries and changes in muscle size and strength with strength training. Male subjects become notably stronger than female subjects around age 15 years. In adults, sex differences in strength are more pronounced in upper-body than lower-body muscles and in concentric than eccentric contractions. Greater male than female strength is not because of higher voluntary activation but to greater muscle mass and type II fiber areas. Men participate in strength training more frequently than women. Men are motivated more by challenge, competition, social recognition, and a desire to increase muscle size and strength. Men also have greater preference for competitive, high-intensity, and upper-body exercise. Women are motivated more by improved attractiveness, muscle "toning," and body mass management. Women have greater preference for supervised and lower-body exercise. Intrasexual competition, mate selection, and the drive for muscularity are likely fundamental causes of exercise behaviors in men and women. Men and women increase muscle size and strength after weeks of strength training, but women experience greater relative strength improvements depending on age and muscle group. Men exhibit higher strength training injury rates. No sex difference exists in strength loss and muscle soreness after muscle-damaging exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Jo D, Goubran M, Bilodeau M. Sex differences in central and peripheral fatigue induced by sustained isometric ankle plantar flexion. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2022; 65:102676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Chen S, Wang D, Zhang Q, Shi Y, Ding H, Li F. Relationship Between Isokinetic Lower-Limb Joint Strength, Isometric Time Force Characteristics, and Leg-Spring Stiffness in Recreational Runners. Front Physiol 2022; 12:797682. [PMID: 35126180 PMCID: PMC8814442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.797682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular characteristics, such as lower-limb joint strength and the ability to rapidly generate force, may play an important role in leg-spring stiffness regulation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between isokinetic knee and ankle joint peak torque (PT), the force-time characteristics of isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), and leg stiffness (Kleg)/vertical stiffness (Kvert) in recreationally trained runners. Thirty-one male runners were recruited and underwent three separate tests. In the first session, the body composition, Kleg, and Kvert at running speeds of 12 and 14 km⋅h–1 were measured. In the second session, isokinetic knee and ankle joint PT at 60°⋅s–1 were tested. The force-time characteristics of the IMTP were evaluated in the final session. Pearson’s product-moment correlations, with the Benjamini–Hochberg correction procedure, showed that the knee flexor concentric and eccentric and extensor concentric PT (r = 0.473–0.654, p < 0.05) were moderate to largely correlated with Kleg and Kvert at 12 and 14 km⋅h–1. The knee extensor eccentric PT (r = 0.440, p = 0.050) was moderately correlated with the 14 km⋅h–1Kvert. The ankle plantar flexor concentric and dorsiflexor eccentric PT (r = 0.506–0.571, p < 0.05) were largely correlated with Kleg at 12 km⋅h–1. The ankle plantar flexor concentric and eccentric and dorsiflexor eccentric PT (r = 0.436–0.561, p < 0.05) were moderate to largely correlated with Kvert at 12 and 14 km⋅h–1. For IMTP testing, high correlation was only found between the IMPT peak force (PF) and Kvert at 14 km⋅h–1 (r = 0.510, p = 0.014). Thus, superior leg-spring stiffness in recreational runners may be related to increased knee and ankle joint strength, eccentric muscular capacity, and maximal force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Chen
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyong Ding
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Li,
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Fournier G, Bernard C, Cievet-Bonfils M, Kenney R, Pingon M, Sappey-Marinier E, Chazaud B, Gondin J, Servien E. Sex differences in semitendinosus muscle fiber-type composition. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:720-727. [PMID: 34982477 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in muscle fiber-type composition have been documented in several muscle groups while the hamstring muscle fiber-type composition has been poorly characterized. This study aimed to compare the semitendinosus muscle composition between men and women. Biopsy samples were obtained from the semitendinosus muscle of twelve men and twelve women during an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. SDH and ATPase activities as well as the size and the proportion of muscle fibers expressing myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms were used to compare muscle composition between men and women. The proportion of SDH-positive muscle fibers was significantly lower (37.4 ± 11.2% vs. 49.3 ± 10.6%, p < 0.05), and the percentage of fast muscle fibers (i.e., based on ATPase activity) was significantly higher (65.8 ± 10.1% vs. 54.8 ± 8.3%, p < 0.05) in men versus women. Likewise, men muscles exhibited a lower percentage of the area that was occupied by MyHC-I labeling (35.6 ± 10.1% vs. 48.7 ± 8.9%; p < 0.05) and a higher percentage of the area that was occupied by MyHC-IIA (38.3 ± 6.7% vs. 32.5 ± 6.5%; p < 0.05) and MyHC-IIX labeling (26.1 ± 9.6% vs. 18.8 ± 8.5%; p = 0.06) as compared with women muscles. The cross-sectional area of MyHC-I, MyHC-IIA, and MyHC-IIX muscle fibers was 31%, 43%, and 50% larger in men as compared with women, respectively. We identified sex differences in semitendinosus muscle composition as illustrated by a faster phenotype and larger muscle size in men as compared with women. This sexual dimorphism might have functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspard Fournier
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sport Medicine, FIFA medical center of excellence, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Clara Bernard
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Cievet-Bonfils
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sport Medicine, FIFA medical center of excellence, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Raymond Kenney
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Maxime Pingon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sport Medicine, FIFA medical center of excellence, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Elliot Sappey-Marinier
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sport Medicine, FIFA medical center of excellence, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Gondin
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Elvire Servien
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sport Medicine, FIFA medical center of excellence, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,EA 7424 - Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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Anders JPV, Keller JL, Smith CM, Hill EC, Neltner TJ, Housh TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Performance fatigability and the bilateral deficit during maximal, isokinetic leg extensions in men and women. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-202178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined sex differences in performance fatigability and the bilateral deficit in a dynamic modality. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine: 1) Leg-, mode-, and sex-specific differences in performance fatigability during maximal, dynamic leg extension muscle actions and; 2) the time course of fatigue-induced changes in the bilateral deficit for both men and women. METHODS: Eleven men and 11 women participated in 3 test visits consisting of 50 maximal, concentric, isokinetic leg extensions at 60∘/s. Each visit was randomized to perform either unilateral right leg only (RL), unilateral left leg only (LL), or bilateral (BL) leg extensions. RESULTS: The BL performance fatigability was significantly (p< 0.001) less than RL and LL. Both men and women demonstrated significant (p< 0.001) declines in moment and an attenuation of the bilateral deficit throughout the fatiguing task. There were no differences between sex for performance fatigability (p= 0.128) or the bilateral deficit (p= 0.102). CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral muscle actions were more susceptible to fatigue than BL muscle actions. Men exhibited an earlier decline in moment than women, however, men and women exhibited similar magnitudes and patterns of decline in the bilateral deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul V. Anders
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Joshua L. Keller
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Cory M. Smith
- College of Human Sciences, Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ethan C. Hill
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Tyler J. Neltner
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Terry J. Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Richard J. Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Glen O. Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Ferracuti F, Fioretti S, Frontoni E, Iarlori S, Mengarelli A, Riccio M, Romeo L, Verdini F. Functional evaluation of triceps surae during heel rise test: from EMG frequency analysis to machine learning approach. Med Biol Eng Comput 2020; 59:41-56. [PMID: 33191440 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-020-02286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Soleus muscle flap as coverage tissue is a possible surgical solution adopted to cover the wounds due to open fractures. Despite this procedure presents many clinical advantages, relatively poor information is available about the loss of functionality of triceps surae of the treated leg. In this study, a group of patients who underwent a soleus muscle flap surgical procedure has been analyzed through the heel rise test (HRT), in order to explore the triceps surae residual functionalities. A frequency band analysis was performed in order to assess whether the residual heads of triceps surae exhibit different characteristics with respect to both the non-treated lower limb and an age-matched control group. Then, an in-depth analysis based on a machine learning approach was proposed for discriminating between groups by generalizing across new unseen subjects. Experimental results showed the reliability of the proposed analyses for discriminating between-group at a specific time epoch and the high interpretability of the proposed machine learning algorithm allowed the temporal localization of the most discriminative frequency bands. Findings of this study highlighted that significant differences can be recognized in the myoelectric spectral characteristics between the treated and contralateral leg in patients who underwent soleus flap surgery. These experimental results may support the clinical decision-making for assessing triceps surae performance and for supporting the choice of treatment in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Graphical Abstract The Graphical abstract presents the scope of the proposed analysis of myoelectric signals of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of patiens groups during Hell Rise Test, highlighting the applied methods and the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferracuti
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 1, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sandro Fioretti
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 1, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emanuele Frontoni
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 1, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sabrina Iarlori
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 1, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
| | | | - Michele Riccio
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Hand Surgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Romeo
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 1, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Verdini
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 1, 60131, Ancona, Italy
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Muscle function assessed by the non-invasive method acoustic myography (AMG) in a Danish group of healthy adults. Curr Res Physiol 2020; 2:22-29. [PMID: 34746813 PMCID: PMC8562189 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic myography (AMG) is a non-invasive method to assess muscle function during daily activities. AMG has great scope for assessment of musculoskeletal problems. The aim of this study was to create an AMG data set for general clinical use and relate these findings to age and gender. 10 healthy subjects (5 men/5 women), in each decade from 20 to 69 years of age (n = 50), were assessed. Their clinical health was tested. AMG measurements were carried out on muscles involved in defined movements of the upper and lower extremities. Muscle performance was measured using efficiency (E-score) and fibre recruitment (temporal (T-score) and spatial (S-score) summation). AMG-measurements showed good reproducibility. In each age group, it was found that for all those daily living skills measured, there was no gender difference. A walking and stair climbing test revealed that both legs are used equally and in a balanced way in healthy subjects. Moreover, there was no change in this function with increasing age up to 69 years. However, a cycling test with loading revealed that in elderly subjects the coordination of muscle use is impaired compared to that of the younger adults. Finally, a flexion test of the arm revealed an age-related decrease in the efficiency/coordination of m.Biceps alone, and a keyboard writing test suggests no effect on m.Trapezius. This reference data set now illustrates the reproducibility and ease of use of acoustic myography in the clinic and provides a means of assessing individuals with musculoskeletal problems. Acoustic myography is a non-invasive, real-time and repeatable tool for assessing musculoskeletal problems in the clinic. A walking and stair climbing test revealed both legs to be used in a balanced way in healthy subjects, with no age effect. A cycling test with loading showed that coordination of muscle use was impaired with increasing age. A flexion test of the arm revealed an age-related decrease in the efficiency/coordination of m.Biceps alone. This reference data set illustrates the ease of use of this technique in the clinic for musculoskeletal problems.
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Bartels EM, Andersen EL, Olsen JK, Kristensen LE, Bliddal H, Danneskiold‐Samsøe B, Harrison AP. Muscle assessment using multi-frequency bioimpedance in a healthy Danish population aged 20-69 years: a powerful non-invasive tool in sports and in the clinic. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14109. [PMID: 31197976 PMCID: PMC6565800 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The condition of active muscles determines an individual's ability to carry out daily activities and has implications for an athlete's performance. Multi-frequency bioimpedance (mfBIA) is a non-invasive, well-known, validated, and much used method to assess muscle condition. However, it is rarely used to its full potential. Our aim was to apply mfBIA fully in the assessment of an adult healthy population, to compare muscle condition in different functional rested muscle groups, with age, and between men and women, and establish a control data set. Fifty healthy subjects (25 men/25 women) aged 20-69 years, participated. mfBIA measurements at a frequency range of 4-1000 kHz were taken from muscles of the lower and the upper extremities, the upper back, and the hand. Data were analyzed using ImpediMed software, giving Impedance, Resistance, Reactance, Phase Angle, Center Frequency, external and internal Resistance, and Membrane Capacitance. Differences between means were tested for statistical significance. A P value >0.05 was considered nonsignificant. While no difference in the mfBIA parameters was seen with age, a highly significant gender difference was seen. At rest, women's muscles cf men's showed a significantly higher center frequency and intra- and extra-cellular resistance, while the membrane capacitance was lower. A set of values for mfBIA parameters for healthy adult individuals are given for some of the main muscles which are frequently part of muscle assessment. The documented gender difference in muscle condition at rest has important implications in work situations, during physical rehabilitation and when training for competitive sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Bartels
- The Parker InstituteCopenhagen University HospitalBispebjerg & FrederiksbergFrederiksbergDenmark
- Department of NeurologyCopenhagen University HospitalBispebjerg & FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational ResearchCopenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg & FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Eva Littrup Andersen
- The Parker InstituteCopenhagen University HospitalBispebjerg & FrederiksbergFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Jack Kvistgaard Olsen
- The Parker InstituteCopenhagen University HospitalBispebjerg & FrederiksbergFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Lars Erik Kristensen
- The Parker InstituteCopenhagen University HospitalBispebjerg & FrederiksbergFrederiksbergDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health & Medical SciencesCopenhagen UniversityCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Henning Bliddal
- The Parker InstituteCopenhagen University HospitalBispebjerg & FrederiksbergFrederiksbergDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health & Medical SciencesCopenhagen UniversityCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Bente Danneskiold‐Samsøe
- The Parker InstituteCopenhagen University HospitalBispebjerg & FrederiksbergFrederiksbergDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health & Medical SciencesCopenhagen UniversityCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Adrian Paul Harrison
- Pathobiological Sciences (Physiology)Faculty of Health & Medical SciencesCopenhagen UniversityFrederiksbergDenmark
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Kermani M, Ghasemi M, Rahimi A, Khademi-Kalantari K, Akbarzadeh-Bghban A. Electromyographic changes in muscles around the ankle and the knee joints in women accustomed to wearing high-heeled or low-heeled shoes. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2018; 22:129-133. [PMID: 29332736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate muscle activities in the muscles around the ankle and knee joints in women accustomed to wearing high-heeled or low-heeled shoes. METHODOLOGY Forty young women (age: 18-40 years) participated in this comparative clinical study. Twenty of the recruited subjects were accustomed to high-heeled shoes and the other half to low-heeled shoes. Electrical activities of the ankle and knee muscles in both groups with and without wearing their accustomed shoes were studied during walking. RESULTS Tibialis anterior and the medial gastrocnemius muscles started contraction earlier in the high-heeled shoe group. The duration of medial gastrocnemius activity and the intensity of proneus longus activity were significantly more in the high-heeled shoe group. CONCLUSION Wearing high-heeled shoe for a long time could result in over work of muscles such as medial gastrocnemius and proneus longus by increasing the duration or the intensity of their contractions during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Kermani
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehri Ghasemi
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Rahimi
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosro Khademi-Kalantari
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Akbarzadeh-Bghban
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Performance fatigability differs between men and women for a range of fatiguing tasks. Women are usually less fatigable than men, and this is most widely described for isometric fatiguing contractions and some dynamic tasks. The sex difference in fatigability is specific to the task demands so that one mechanism is not universal, including any sex differences in skeletal muscle physiology, muscle perfusion, and voluntary activation. However, there are substantial knowledge gaps about the task dependency of the sex differences in fatigability, the involved mechanisms, and the relevance to clinical populations and with advanced age. The knowledge gaps are in part due to the significant deficits in the number of women included in performance fatigability studies despite a gradual increase in the inclusion of women for the last 20 yr. Therefore, this review 1) provides a rationale for the limited knowledge about sex differences in performance fatigability, 2) summarizes the current knowledge on sex differences in fatigability and the potential mechanisms across a range of tasks, 3) highlights emerging areas of opportunity in clinical populations, and 4) suggests strategies to close the knowledge gap and understanding the relevance of sex differences in performance fatigability. The limited understanding about sex differences in fatigability in healthy and clinical populations presents as a field ripe with opportunity for high-impact studies. Such studies will inform on the limitations of men and women during athletic endeavors, ergonomic tasks, and daily activities. Because fatigability is required for effective neuromuscular adaptation, sex differences in fatigability studies will also inform on optimal strategies for training and rehabilitation in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
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Politti F, Casellato C, Kalytczak MM, Garcia MBS, Biasotto-Gonzalez DA. Characteristics of EMG frequency bands in temporomandibullar disorders patients. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2016; 31:119-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Christidis N, Ghafouri B, Larsson A, Palstam A, Mannerkorpi K, Bileviciute-Ljungar I, Löfgren M, Bjersing J, Kosek E, Gerdle B, Ernberg M. Comparison of the Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Released in the Vastus Lateralis Muscle of Patients with Fibromyalgia and Healthy Controls during Contractions of the Quadriceps Muscle--A Microdialysis Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143856. [PMID: 26624891 PMCID: PMC4666439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibromyalgia is associated with central hyperexcitability, but it is suggested that peripheral input is important to maintain central hyperexcitability. The primary aim was to investigate the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines released in the vastus lateralis muscle during repetitive dynamic contractions of the quadriceps muscle in patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. Secondarily, to investigate if the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were correlated with pain or fatigue during these repetitive dynamic contractions. Material and Methods 32 women with fibromyalgia and 32 healthy women (controls) participated in a 4 hour microdialysis session, to sample IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF from the most painful point of the vastus lateralis muscle before, during and after 20 minutes of repeated dynamic contractions. Pain (visual analogue scale; 0–100) and fatigue Borg’s Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale; 6–20) were assessed before and during the entire microdialysis session. Results The repetitive dynamic contractions increased pain in the patients with fibromyalgia (P < .001) and induced fatigue in both groups (P < .001). Perceived fatigue was significantly higher among patients with fibromyalgia than controls (P < .001). The levels of IL-1β did not change during contractions in either group. The levels of TNF did not change during contractions in patients with fibromyalgia, but increased in controls (P < .001) and were significantly higher compared to patients with fibromyalgia (P = .033). The levels of IL-6 and IL-8 increased in both groups alike during and after contractions (P’s < .001). There were no correlations between pain or fatigue and cytokine levels after contractions. Conclusion There were no differences between patients with fibromyalgia and controls in release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and no correlations between levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pain or fatigue. Thus, this study indicates that IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF do not seem to play an important role in maintenance of muscle pain in fibromyalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Christidis
- Section for Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and the Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bijar Ghafouri
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Pain and Rehabilitation Center, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anette Larsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Centre for Person Centered Care (GPCC), University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Annie Palstam
- Section of Health and Rehabilitation/Physiotherapy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kaisa Mannerkorpi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Section of Health and Rehabilitation/Physiotherapy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Centre for Person Centered Care (GPCC), University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Monika Löfgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Bjersing
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Kosek
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Spine Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Gerdle
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Pain and Rehabilitation Center, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Malin Ernberg
- Section for Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and the Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Huddinge, Sweden
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Roman-Liu D. Comparison of concepts in easy-to-use methods for MSD risk assessment. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2014; 45:420-427. [PMID: 23849897 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a comparative analysis of easy-to-use methods for assessing musculoskeletal load and the risk for developing musculoskeletal disorders. In all such methods, assessment of load consists in defining input data, the procedure and the system of assessment. This article shows what assessment steps the methods have in common; it also shows how those methods differ in each step. In addition, the methods are grouped according to their characteristic features. The conclusion is that the concepts of assessing risk in different methods can be used to develop solutions leading to a comprehensive method appropriate for all work tasks and all parts of the body. However, studies are necessary to verify the accepted premises and to introduce some standardization that would make consolidation possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Roman-Liu
- Department of Ergonomics, Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), ul. Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland.
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Hébert-Losier K, Holmberg HC. Dynamometric Indicators of Fatigue From Repeated Maximal Concentric Isokinetic Plantar Flexion Contractions Are Independent of Knee Flexion Angles and Age but Differ for Males and Females. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:843-55. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a993a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Hébert-Losier K, Holmberg HC. Biomechanics of the heel-raise test performed on an incline in two knee flexion positions. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2013; 28:664-71. [PMID: 23810663 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although single-legged heel-raise cycles are often performed on an incline in different knee flexion positions to discriminate the relative contribution of the triceps surae muscles, detailed kinematic and kinetic analyses of this procedure are not available. Our study characterizes and compares the biomechanics and clinical outcomes of single-legged heel-raise cycles performed to volitional exhaustion on an incline with the knee straight (0°) and bent (45°), considering the effect of sex and age. METHODS Fifty-six male and female volunteers, with equal numbers of younger (20 to 40 years of age) and older (40 to 60 years of age) individuals, completed a maximal number of heel-raise cycles on an incline at both nominal knee angles. Kinematic and kinetic data were acquired during testing using a 3D motion capturing system and multi-axial force plate. The impact of fatigue on performance was quantified using changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction force and biomechanical performance of cycles. FINDINGS Overall, participants completed three more cycles and maintained better biomechanical performance with 45° than 0° of knee flexion. More precisely, the decreases in maximal heel-raise heights, plantar-flexion angles at maximal height and ranges of ankle motion per cycle were all smaller with the knee bent. However, several outcomes indicated similar plantar-flexion fatigue at both knee angles. Males demonstrated a more rapid decline in peak ground reaction forces during testing; but otherwise, neither sex nor age significantly impacted outcomes. INTERPRETATION It is concluded that the differences discerned here in the biomechanics of single-legged heel-raise cycles performed at 0° and 45° of knee flexion to volitional exhaustion on an incline may be too small to identify in clinical settings or reflect substantial alterations in the relative contribution of the triceps surae muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hébert-Losier
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Kunskapens väg 8, Hus D, 83125 Östersund, Sweden.
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Ghasemi M, Bagheri H, Olyaei G, Talebian S, Shadmehr A, Jalaei S, Kalantari KK. Effects of cyclic static stretch on fatigue recovery of triceps surae in female basketball players. Biol Sport 2013; 30:97-102. [PMID: 24744474 PMCID: PMC3944585 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1044224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Static stretch is a safe and feasible method which usually is used before exercise to avoid muscle injury and to improve muscle performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cyclic static stretch (CSS) on fatigue recovery of triceps surae (TS) in female basketball players. Nine athlete volunteers between 20 and 30 years participated in this study containing two sessions. After warm-up a pressure cuff was fastened above the knee joint and its pressure was increased to 140 mmHg. The subjects were asked to perform one maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) followed by a fatigue test including maximum isometric fatiguing contraction of TS. These steps were similar in both sessions. Then, a two-minute rest was included in the first session while 4 static stretches were performed to TS in the second session. After interventions, one MVC was done and the pressure cuff was released. During these steps, peak torque (PT) and electromyography (EMG) were recorded. The amount of lower leg pain was determined by the visual analogue scale (VAS). The value of PT increased significantly after CSS but its increase was not significant after rest. It seems that the effects of rest and CSS on the EMG parameters, PT and pain are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ghasemi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Bagheri
- Department of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - G Olyaei
- Department of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Talebian
- Department of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Shadmehr
- Department of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Jalaei
- Department of Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - K K Kalantari
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Peak triceps surae muscle activity is not specific to knee flexion angles during MVIC. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011; 21:819-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Ravn LS, Andersen NK, Rasmussen MA, Christensen M, Edwards SA, Guy JH, Henckel P, Harrison AP. De electricitatis catholici musculari - Concerning the electrical properties of muscles, with emphasis on meat quality. Meat Sci 2008; 80:423-30. [PMID: 22063349 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the potential of evoked non-invasive surface electromyography (SEMG) analysis, in predicting meat quality traits in livestock. Evoked SEMG is a system that records, transdermally, electrical signals generated in muscle fibres upon external stimulation. These signals are reported as compound muscle action potentials (CMAP). CMAP parameters of LD correlated negatively and significantly to ultimate pH (pH 24h) at day 61, but not at day 153 after birth, and a similar albeit positive correlation was observed for muscle glycogen content. Muscle glycogen content and pH 24h correlated negatively in LD and BF. Negative significant correlations between CMAP parameters and shear force were found in LD at day 153 after birth, which might, in the range of the recording electrodes, reflect the combined effect of large cross-sectional area fibres and reduced perimysium content per unit volume of muscle. The fact that correlations between CMAP characteristics and quality traits of both metabolic and non metabolic origin could be established, warrants a fuller investigation of this method in terms of its potential as a predictive tool for meat quality traits in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Ravn
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Basic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Andersen N, Ravn L, Guy J, Edwards S, Harrison A. Postnatal changes in electromyographic signals during piglet growth, and in relation to muscle fibre types. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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