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Celicanin M, Harrison AP, Kvistgaard Olsen J, Korbo L, Løkkegård A, Danneskiold-Samsøe B, Siebner HR, Ilic TV, Bartels EM. Probing motor dynamics at the muscle level-Acoustic myography in Parkinson's disease. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15631. [PMID: 36945885 PMCID: PMC10031214 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustic myography (AMG) noninvasively probes muscle activity. We explored whether AMG captures abnormal motor activity in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and how this activity is modulated by antiparkinsonian medication. Twenty patients with PD underwent AMG of the biceps, triceps, extensor carpi radialis longus, and adductor policis muscles of the more affected arm during active and passive movements, using a mobile AMG device (CURO, Denmark). AMG and assessment of motor symptoms were performed in a pragmatic off-medication state, as well as one and 3 h after oral intake of 200 mg levodopa. Three AMG parameters were calculated using the CURO analysis system. Motor efficiency was expressed by the E-score, muscle fiber recruitment by the temporal T-score, spatial summation by the S-score, and S/T ratio. Twenty age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Group mean values were statistically compared using unpaired two-tailed adjusted t-test and ANOVA with Tukey´s correction for multiple comparison (p ≤ 0.05). For the biceps and extensor carpi radialis longus muscles, the active movement S:T ratio was lower in PD relative to healthy controls. The E-score was also lower during active and passive flexion/extension movements in the off-medication state. No significant between-group differences in the AMG scores were noted for the triceps muscle during active or passive movements. The active S:T ratio and the E-score during active elbow flexion and extension may offer a useful means to quickly assess abnormal motor activity and the effect of drug treatment in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Celicanin
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - A P Harrison
- University of Copenhagen, PAS (Physiology), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - J Kvistgaard Olsen
- The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - L Korbo
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Løkkegård
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Danneskiold-Samsøe
- The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - H R Siebner
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, PAS (Physiology), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kobenhavn, Denmark
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - T V Ilic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - E M Bartels
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Harrison AP. Comparative Osteology: A Cross-Species Study of First Rib Parameters and Their Relation to Body Mass with Emphasis on the Woolly Mammoth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.34297/ajbsr.2019.03.000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pawlowska-Olszewska M, Puzio I, Harrison AP, Borkowski L, Tymicki G, Grabos D. Supplementation with camelina oil prevents negative changes in the artery in orchidectomized rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 69:109-116. [PMID: 29769427 DOI: 10.26402/jpp.2018.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to examine the influence of orchidectomy on the elasticity and wall structure of the abdominal aorta in male rats and to check whether camelina oil treatment has an effect on aorta wall characteristics in orchidectomized rats. Forty 2-month-old male Wistar rats were used in the experiment: 10 animals underwent a sham testis repositioning operation (SHO) and 30 rats were orchidectomized (ORX). After the convalescence period, the SHO and ORX1 rats were given physiological saline intragastrically for 8 weeks; simultaneously, the other rats received camelina oil at the dose of 5 g/kg/b.w. (ORX2) or 9 g/kg/b.w. (ORX3) once a day. At the end of experiment, the animals were euthanized and fragments of the aorta were sampled for elasticity measurement and for histomorphometric and immunohistochemistry analysis. Orchidectomy caused a significant increase in the thickness of the total wall and its particular layers, mean intensity of elastin fluorescence in the tunica intima-media, and the volume of collagen I in tunica adventitia of the abdominal aorta in comparison to the other groups. The mean intensity of collagen I fluorescence in the tunica adventitia and tunica intima-media was significantly lower in the aorta of the orchidectomized rats. The values of the histomorphometric parameters of animals receiving camelina oil were lower than in the ORX1 group and higher than in the SHO rats. The values of the other parameters analyzed after the camelina oil treatment were similar to those in the SHO rats. In conclusion, our study showed that orchidectomy induced changes in the abdominal aorta wall characteristic for aging. Supplementation with camelina oil prevents negative consequences in the vessel wall structure in males with impaired endocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pawlowska-Olszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland.
| | - I Puzio
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - A P Harrison
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - L Borkowski
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - G Tymicki
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - D Grabos
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Malhotra R, Usyvat L, Raimann J, Thijssen S, Levin N, Kotanko P, Hilderman M, Qureshi AR, Al-Abed Y, Anderstam B, Bruchfeld A, Minco M, Argentino G, Grumetto L, Postiglione L, Memoli B, Riccio E, Striker G, Yubero-Serrano E, Uribarri J, Vlassara H, do Sameiro-Faria M, Ribeiro S, Kohlova M, Rocha-Pereira P, Fernandes J, Nascimento H, Reis F, Miranda V, Bronze-da-Rocha E, Quintanilha A, Costa E, Belo L, Santos-Silva A, Modilca M, Margineanu M, Gluhovschi G, Vernic C, Velciov S, Petrica L, Barzuca E, Gluhovschi C, Balgradean C, Kaycsa A, Stockler-Pinto M, Dornelles S, Cozzolino S, Malm O, Mafra D, Cobo G, Rodriguez I, Oliet A, Hinostroza J, Vigil A, Di Gioia M, Gallar P, Drechsler C, Wanner C, Blouin K, Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Krane V, Marz W, Ritz E, van der Harst P, de Boer R, Carrero JJ, Cabezas-Rodriguez I, Zoccali C, Qureshi A, Ketteler M, Gorriz J, Rutkowski B, Teplan V, Kramar R, Pavlovic D, Goldsmith D, Benedik M, Fernandez-Martin J, Cannata-Andia J, Guido G, Loiacono E, Serriello I, Camilla R, Coppo R, Amore A, Schiller A, Munteanu M, Schiller O, Mihaescu A, Olariu N, Andrei C, Anton C, Ivacson Z, Roman V, Berca S, Bansal V, Marcelli D, Grassmann A, Bayh I, Scatizzi L, Marelli C, Etter M, Usvyat L, Kooman J, Sande F, Levin N, Kotanko P, Canaud B, Quiroga B, Villaverde M, Abad S, Vega A, Reque J, Yuste C, Barraca D, Perez de Jose A, Lopez-Gomez JM, Castellano Gasch S, Palomares I, Dominguez J, Ramos R, Schmidt J, Hafer C, Clajus C, Hadem J, Schmidt B, Haller H, Kielstein J, Katagiri M, Kamada Y, Kobayashi N, Moriguchi I, Ito Y, Kamekawa D, Akiyama A, Ishii H, Tanaka S, Kamiya K, Hamazaki N, Kato M, Shimizu R, Hotta K, Masuda T, Veronesi M, Mancini E, Valente F, Righetti F, Brunori G, Santoro A, Bal Z, Tutal E, Erkmen Uyar M, Guliyev O, Sayin B, Sezer S, Mikami S, Hamano T, Tanaka T, Iba O, Toki M, Mikami H, Takamitsu Y, Inoue T, Fujii M, Hirayama A, Ueda A, Watanabe R, Matsui H, Nagano Y, Nagase S, Aoyagi K, Owada S, Tutal E, Bal Z, Erkmen Uyar M, Sayin B, Tot U, Sezer S, Onec K, Erten Y, Pasaoglu O, Ebinc F, Uludag K, Okyay G, Inal S, Pasaoglu H, Deger S, Arinsoy T, Arias-Guillen M, Masso E, Perez E, Herrera P, Romano B, Perez N, Maduell F, Jung YS, Kim YN, Shin HS, Rim H, Al Ismaili Z, Hassan M, Dastoor H, Bernieh B, Ismael A, Marcelli D, Richards N, Khil M, Sheiman B, Dudar I, Gonchar Y, Khil V, Kim HL, Ryu HH, Kim SH, Bosch Benitez-Parodi E, Baamonde Laborda E, Perez Suarez G, Ramirez JI, Garcia Canton C, Guerra R, Ramirez Puga A, Toledo A, Lago Alonso MM, Checa Andres MD, Hwang WM, Yun SR, Molsted S, Andersen JL, Eidemak I, Harrison AP, Kose E, Turgutalp K, Kiykim A, Celik F, Gok Oguz E. Protein-energy wasting. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bilgic A, Sezer S, Ozdemir N, Kurita N, Hosokawa N, Nomura S, Maeda Y, Uchihara H, Fukuhara S, Gascon LD, Karohl C, Smith AL, Wilson RO, Raggi P, Ignace S, Loignon RC, Couture V, Marquis K, Utescu M, Lariviere R, Agharazii M, Zahalkova J, Marsova M, Nikorjakova I, vestak M, amboch K, Bellasi A, Gamboa C, Ferramosca E, Ratti C, Block G, Muntner P, Raggi P, Makino J, Makino K, Ito T, Kato S, Yuzawa Y, Yasuda Y, Tsuruta Y, Itoh A, Maruyama S, Karasavvidou D, Kalaitzidis R, Spanos G, Pappas K, Pappas E, Kountouris S, Tatsioni A, Siamopoulos K, Staffolani E, Galli D, Nicolais R, Magliano G, Forleo GB, Santini L, Romano V, Sgueglia M, Romeo F, Di Daniele N, Freercks R, Swanepoel C, Carrara H, Raggi P, Rayner B, Freercks R, Swanepoel C, Carrara H, Raggi P, Rayner B, Fedak D, Kuzniewski M, Galicka-Latala D, Kusnierz-Cabala B, Dumnicka P, Pasowicz M, Solnica B, Sulowicz W, Kuzniewski M, Fedak D, Kapusta M, Kusnierz-Cabala B, Janda K, Pasowicz M, Solnica B, Sulowicz W, Ozcan M, Calayoglu R, Sengul S, Ensari A, Hazinedaroglu S, Tuzuner A, Nergizoglu G, Erbay B, Keven K, Gross T, Floege J, Leon S, Markus K, Vincent B, Ulrich G, Zitt E, Koenig M, Vychytil A, Auinger M, Wallner M, Lingenhel G, Schilcher G, Lhotta K, Csiky B, Toth G, Sulyok E, Melegh B, Vas T, Wittmann I, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Awiszus F, Bode-Boger SM, Staffolani E, Nicolais R, Miani N, Galli D, Borzacchi MS, Cipriani S, Sturniolo A, Di Daniele N, Abouseif K, Bichari W, Elewa U, Buimistriuc LD, Badarau S, Stefan A, Leanca E, Covic A, Kimura H, Mukai H, Miura S, Maeda A, Takeda K, Sikole A, Trajceska L, Selim G, Amitov V, Dzekova P, Gelev S, Severova G, Trajceski T, Abe Y, Watanabe M, Ito K, Ogahara S, Nakashima H, Saito T, Oleniuc M, Secara IF, Nistor I, Onofriescu M, Covic A, Papagianni A, Kasimatis E, Stavrinou E, Pliakos K, Spartalis M, Dimitriadis C, Belechri AM, Giamalis P, Economidou D, Efstratiadis G, Memmos D, Chen R, Xing C, Bi G, Ito S, Oyake N, Tanabe K, Shimada T, Capurro F, De Mauri A, Brustia M, Navino C, David P, De Leo M, Usvyat L, Bayh I, Etter M, Lam M, Levin NW, Marcelli D, Raimann JG, Schuh E, Thijssen S, Kotanko P, Sipahioglu M, Unal A, Kocyigit I, Karakurt M, Oguzhan N, Cilan H, Kavuncu F, Tokgoz B, Oymak O, Utas C, Canas L, Galan A, Ferrer E, Filella A, Fernandez M, Bayes B, Bonet J, Bonal J, Romero R, Amore A, Puccinelli MP, Petrillo G, Albiani R, Bonaudo R, Camilla R, Steckiph D, Grandi F, Bracco G, Coppo R, Chen X, Zhu P, Chen Y, Xu Y, Chen N, Tatar E, Kircelli F, Asci G, Carrero JJ, Gungor O, Demirci MS, Ozkahya M, Toz H, Ok E, Buzdugan E, Condor A, Crisan S, Radulescu D, Lucaciu D, Hakemi MS, Nassiri AA, Asadzadeh R, Faizei AM, Molsted S, Andersen JL, Eidemak I, Harrison AP, Rodriguez Gomez MA, Fernandez-Reyes Luis MJ, Molina Ordas A, Heras Benito M, Sanchez Hernandez R, Mortazavi Najafabadi M, Moinzadeh F, Saadatnia SM, Shahidi S, Davarpanah A, Farajzadegan Z, Rodriguez-Reimundes E, Rognant N, Jolivot A, Abdeljaouad A, Pelletier S, Juillard L, Laville M, Fouque D, Santoro A, Zuccala A, Cagnoli L, Bolasco PG, Panzetta O, Mercadal L, Fessy H, London G, Severi S, Domini R, Grandi F, Corsi C. Cardiovascular complications in CKD 5D (2). Clin Kidney J 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/ndtplus/4.s2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Affymetrix High Density Oligonuclotide Arrays (HDONA) simultaneously measure expression of thousands of genes using millions of probes. We use correlations between measurements for the same gene across 6685 human tissue samples from NCBI's GEO database to indicated the quality of individual HG-U133A probes. Low correlation indicates a poor probe. RESULTS Regular expressions can be automatically created from a Backus-Naur form (BNF) context-free grammar using strongly typed genetic programming. CONCLUSION The automatically produced motif is better at predicting poor DNA sequences than an existing human generated RE, suggesting runs of Cytosine and Guanine and mixtures should all be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- WB Langdon
- Department of Computer Science, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - AP Harrison
- Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
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Ravn LS, Andersen NK, Rasmussen MA, Christensen M, Edwards SA, Guy JH, Henckel P, Harrison AP. De electricitatis catholici musculari - Concerning the electrical properties of muscles, with emphasis on meat quality. Meat Sci 2008; 80:423-30. [PMID: 22063349 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the potential of evoked non-invasive surface electromyography (SEMG) analysis, in predicting meat quality traits in livestock. Evoked SEMG is a system that records, transdermally, electrical signals generated in muscle fibres upon external stimulation. These signals are reported as compound muscle action potentials (CMAP). CMAP parameters of LD correlated negatively and significantly to ultimate pH (pH 24h) at day 61, but not at day 153 after birth, and a similar albeit positive correlation was observed for muscle glycogen content. Muscle glycogen content and pH 24h correlated negatively in LD and BF. Negative significant correlations between CMAP parameters and shear force were found in LD at day 153 after birth, which might, in the range of the recording electrodes, reflect the combined effect of large cross-sectional area fibres and reduced perimysium content per unit volume of muscle. The fact that correlations between CMAP characteristics and quality traits of both metabolic and non metabolic origin could be established, warrants a fuller investigation of this method in terms of its potential as a predictive tool for meat quality traits in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Ravn
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Basic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Andersen NK, Tatara MR, Krupski W, Majcher P, Harrison AP. The long-term effect of α-ketoglutarate, given early in postnatal life, on both growth and various bone parameters in pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 92:519-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Harrison AP, Pierzynowski SG. Biological effects of 2-oxoglutarate with particular emphasis on the regulation of protein, mineral and lipid absorption/metabolism, muscle performance, kidney function, bone formation and cancerogenesis, all viewed from a healthy ageing perspective state of the art--review article. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 59 Suppl 1:91-106. [PMID: 18802218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The fact that men and women are living longer than they have ever done before is something in which we can all rejoice. However, the process of ageing is associated with changes in skeletal, muscular, gastrointestinal, neural hormonal and metabolic processes that seriously affect an individual's performance and quality of life. Indeed, such changes can be contributory to a loss of independence in the elderly. This state-of-the art address highlights the main changes found to occur with ageing whilst simultaneously reporting findings of in vivo and in vitro studies designed to elucidate the potential of the Krebs cycle intermediate - alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) in protecting elderly body systems from failing and degradation. The topics of paramount importance include impaired bone structure and strength, amino acid and mineral absorption, muscle performance, as well as highlighting the role of Krebs cycle intermediates in the debilitating changes that occur with end-stage renal failure and the regulation of the lipid metabolism. Finally, focus will be given to the role of 2-oxoglutarate as a potent protective factor in connection with the development of malignant cells in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Basic Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Copenhagen University, Denmark.
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Moesgaard SG, Olsen LH, Aasted B, Viuff BM, Pedersen LG, Pedersen HD, Harrison AP. Direct measurements of nitric oxide release in relation to expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in isolated porcine mitral valves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:156-60. [PMID: 17381681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the direct release of nitric oxide (NO) from the porcine mitral valve using a NO microelectrode. Furthermore, the expression and localization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the mitral valve was studied using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and RT-PCR. Results show that bradykinin increases NO release from mitral valves (DeltaBradykinin: 33.71 +/- 10.41 nm NO, P < 0.001, n = 10), whereas N-nitro-l-arginine methyl esther (l-NAME) decreases NO release when compared with basal level (Deltal-NAME: 82.69 +/- 15.66 nm NO, P < 0.005, n = 4). Both protein and mRNA expression of eNOS in mitral valves and in isolated valvular endothelial cells suggest that the NO release is mainly associated with the mitral valve endothelium. It is concluded that direct NO release from porcine mitral valves coincides with eNOS expression. This study documents useful techniques for investigations into the role of local NO release in mitral valve diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Moesgaard
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The Royal Vetinary and Agricultural University, Fredriksberg, Denmark.
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Harrison AP, Nielsen AH, Eidemak I, Molsted S, Bartels EM. The Uremic Environment and Muscle Dysfunction in Man and Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 103:p33-42. [PMID: 16352915 DOI: 10.1159/000090221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients reaching end-stage renal disease experience debilitating fatigue, with progression of this disease, rendering patients dysfunctional in their everyday lives. METHODS In vivo measurements of muscle function, assessed using surface electromyography (EMG), were made on 25 patients prior to and after a session of hemodialysis (HD) treatment, along side in vitro measurements of muscle function in isolated rat muscles incubated in normal or uremic conditions approximating to those found in uremic rats (rat uremic: RU) or uremic humans (human uremic: HU). RESULTS HD significantly affected plasma values, e.g. reducing urea (69%), creatinine (62%), potassium (23%) and phosphate (48%) concentrations in patients (all p < 0.01). Treatment also improved the EMG frequency of 2nd dorsal interosseous (fast-twitch) (p < 0.01), although no change was noted for vastus lateralis (slow-twitch). In isolated rat muscles, a uremic environment had no significant effect on slow-twitch soleus during field stimulation, however, in fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus, a significant 23% (RU) and 22% (HU) faster rate of decline in force was measured, compared to controls (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION It is concluded that (1) muscle weakness and its electrophysiological correlates may be rapidly induced by uremic solutes and rapidly reversed when the solutes are removed by dialysis, and (2) fast-twitch muscles are more readily affected by uremic conditions than slow-twitch muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Institute of Anatomy and Physiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Harrison AP, Bartels EM, Erlwanger KH, Elbrønd VS, Skadhauge E, Unmack MA. Effects of antisecretory factor-derived peptides on contractions in guinea pig colon. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 139:143-8. [PMID: 15528162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Revised: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two antisecretory factor (AF)-derived peptides have been studied in relation to effects on motility of guinea pig colon. Colon segments were isolated from adult guinea pigs and incubated in Tyrode Ringer. Motility was measured as the force and frequency of contractions upon addition of the derived peptides AF 1 (8 amino acids (aa)) and AF 3 (10 amino acids). At the lowest concentration (5 pM), peptide AF 1 induced a negative effect on the force of contraction in colon segments; an effect that was abolished by the cholinergic agonist carbachol. Peptide AF 3 induced a significant increase in the force of colon contractions at all concentrations (5-180 pM), with carbachol only reducing the effect of peptide AF 3 at a concentration of 15 pM. Both peptides increased contractile frequency, although the overall response was lower for peptide AF 3 than for peptide AF 1. It is concluded that antisecretory factor-derived peptides may play a role in regulating colon motility such that under pathophysiological conditions, they may serve to hasten the evacuation of noxious agents from the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Grønnegårdsvej 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Harrison AP, Tygesen MP, Sawa-Wojtanowicz B, Husted S, Tatara MR. Alpha-ketoglutarate treatment early in postnatal life improves bone density in lambs at slaughter. Bone 2004; 35:204-9. [PMID: 15207758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study has investigated the long-term effect on skeletal development of a short postnatal period of oral alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) administration, a compound known to regulate the synthesis of proline, which in turn is important for collagen production. Male lambs born to Shropshire ewes were used in this study. Lambs were randomly assigned to either an AKG-treated group or a control group receiving an equal volume of distilled water. AKG-treated lambs received 0.1 g/kg body weight orally from the first 14 days of postnatal life. Lambs were slaughtered at approximately 130 day of life and a body weight of 43-49 kg. Plasma samples, collected from lambs at days 14 and 130, were analyzed for IGF-1 concentration using sheep-specific RIA kits. Bone development was determined on the femur in terms of geometrical and mechanical properties and quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Trabecular bone density, cortical bone density, and the mechanical properties of the bones were significantly higher for AKG-treated compared with control lambs. However, neither plasma IGF-1 concentration nor the geometrical properties of the bones were significantly influenced by AKG treatment. It is concluded that early postnatal treatment of lambs with AKG positively affects bone strength, an effect that does not appear to be mediated by an increased plasma IGF-1 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Institute of Anatomy and Physiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Harrison AP, Erlwanger KH, Elbrønd VS, Andersen NK, Unmack MA. Gastrointestinal-tract models and techniques for use in safety pharmacology. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2004; 49:187-99. [PMID: 15172015 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), which extracts nutrients, electrolytes, minerals, and water, is prone to injury as a result of oral drug administration. Clinical assessment of the GI tract is often limited to measurements of transit time and observations of vomiting or diarrhoea, despite the existence of methods and techniques capable of assessing specific changes in GI function at the membrane, cell, and whole animal levels. Membrane studies, record the uptake of solutes, and electrolyte transport, assessing the affects of compounds on transepithelial GI transport and flux. Such methods lend themselves to permeability, immunohistochemistry, morphology, and molecular biology techniques. Isolated cells from the GI tract or cultured cell lines provide knowledge of regulation and function at a cellular level, whilst motility patterns, taken in vivo or from biopsies, provide information at a more integrated level. In anesthetised animals, ligated segments of the intestine can be infused with test compounds, providing information about absorptive and secretory processes important for the treatment of diarrhoea. Computer simulations and modelling are used to predict the disposition of a chemical and its metabolite and can, to some extent, replace animal testing, thereby reducing development costs. Indeed, software programs can be used to simulate the dissolution, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of potential drugs in the human GI tract. Finally, advances in the field of imaging, combined with endoscopy, have resulted in a wireless capsule, allowing the inspection of the GI tract anatomy and pathology without surgical intervention. It is concluded that the field of safety pharmacology could rapidly, cheaply, and routinely incorporate membrane, isolated tissue, and endoscopy techniques for GI tract testing of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Grønnegårdsvej 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Pearl FMG, Bennett CF, Bray JE, Harrison AP, Martin N, Shepherd A, Sillitoe I, Thornton J, Orengo CA. The CATH database: an extended protein family resource for structural and functional genomics. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:452-5. [PMID: 12520050 PMCID: PMC165509 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2002] [Accepted: 09/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The CATH database of protein domain structures (http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath_new) currently contains 34 287 domain structures classified into 1383 superfamilies and 3285 sequence families. Each structural family is expanded with domain sequence relatives recruited from GenBank using a variety of efficient sequence search protocols and reliable thresholds. This extended resource, known as the CATH-protein family database (CATH-PFDB) contains a total of 310 000 domain sequences classified into 26 812 sequence families. New sequence search protocols have been designed, based on these intermediate sequence libraries, to allow more regular updating of the classification. Further developments include the adaptation of a recently developed method for rapid structure comparison, based on secondary structure matching, for domain boundary assignment. The philosophy behind CATHEDRAL is the recognition of recurrent folds already classified in CATH. Benchmarking of CATHEDRAL, using manually validated domain assignments, demonstrated that 43% of domains boundaries could be completely automatically assigned. This is an improvement on a previous consensus approach for which only 10-20% of domains could be reliably processed in a completely automated fashion. Since domain boundary assignment is a significant bottleneck in the classification of new structures, CATHEDRAL will also help to increase the frequency of CATH updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M G Pearl
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University College London, University of London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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17
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Harrison AP, Cunningham ME, Edwards AV. Effects of endothelin on submandibular salivary responses to parasympathetic stimulation in anaesthetized sheep. Auton Neurosci 2002; 99:47-53. [PMID: 12171256 DOI: 10.1016/s1566-0702(02)00062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Submandibular responses to stimulation of the parasympathetic chorda tympani nerve have been investigated in anaesthetized sheep before, during and after an intracarotid infusion of endothelin, which reduced the blood flow through the gland by 56+/-5%. Stimulation of the peripheral end of the chorda tympani nerve produced a frequency-dependent increase in the flow of submandibular saliva, and in sodium, potassium and protein output. The reduction in submandibular blood flow, which occurred in response to endothelin, was associated with a decrease in the flow of saliva at all frequencies tested amounting on average to 44+/-6% (P<0.01). The flow of saliva was linearly related to the blood flow before and after endothelin. Both parameters were also linearly related during the infusion of endothelin and the regression lines were parallel. Salivary sodium concentration was significantly increased at the lower frequencies (1 and 2 Hz). Protein output was generally reduced but the difference only achieved statistical significance during stimulation at 1 Hz (P<0.01). Thus, submandibular secretory responses to parasympathetic stimulation are significantly attenuated by reducing the blood flow through the gland in this way.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge. UK
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18
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Reusche E, Koch V, Lindner B, Harrison AP, Friedrich HJ. Alzheimer morphology is not increased in dialysis-associated encephalopathy and long-term hemodialysis. Acta Neuropathol 2001; 101:211-6. [PMID: 11307619 DOI: 10.1007/s004010000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the role of aluminium in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Brains taken at autopsy (n = 50) from patients with a history of long-term hemodialysis (HD) and intake of aluminium (Al)-containing drugs were examined by light microscopy. Using our modified silver stain we have been able to demonstrate and clearly discriminate between AD changes and dialysis-associated encephalopathy (DAE) on paraffin sections; evaluation was done with a 3-point scale. DAE morphology is characterized by lysosome-derived intracytoplasmic, Al-containing, pathognomonic, argyrophilic inclusions in choroid plexus epithelia, cortical glia and neurons. A statistically significant difference was found between the amounts of drug-related Al ingested and the degree of DAE-related morphological change (P < 0.001). On the other hand no apparent microscopical increase in AD morphology was found. No AD changes were seen whatsoever in patients under the age of 60, despite a history of long-term HD with ingestion of "pure" Al up to 2.5 kg. Patients over 60 years of age occasionally presented with sparse deposits of beta A4 amyloid (beta A4) and/or a low incidence of AD-type neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). In accordance with CERAD criteria these were identified as normal, age-related phenomena (P < 0.001 for beta A4; P < 0.001 for NFT). Rare, isolated cases from a group of 127 long-term hemodialyzed patients have been reported previously, who presented with intermingled, clearly distinguishable lesions of both age-related AD morphology and DAE changes. Comparison of AD morphology with an age-matched control group was not statistically significant (P > 0.6 for beta A4, P > 0.7 for NFT). In our experience, Al does not cause an increase in AD morphology, at least not in terms of bioavailable Al in drugs or as a result of long-term HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reusche
- Institute of Pathology/Neuropathology, Medical University Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Pearl FM, Martin N, Bray JE, Buchan DW, Harrison AP, Lee D, Reeves GA, Shepherd AJ, Sillitoe I, Todd AE, Thornton JM, Orengo CA. A rapid classification protocol for the CATH Domain Database to support structural genomics. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:223-7. [PMID: 11125098 PMCID: PMC29791 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.1.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to support the structural genomic initiatives, both by rapidly classifying newly determined structures and by suggesting suitable targets for structure determination, we have recently developed several new protocols for classifying structures in the CATH domain database (http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath). These aim to increase the speed of classification of new structures using fast algorithms for structure comparison (GRATH) and to improve the sensitivity in recognising distant structural relatives by incorporating sequence information from relatives in the genomes (DomainFinder). In order to ensure the integrity of the database given the expected increase in data, the CATH Protein Family Database (CATH-PFDB), which currently includes 25,320 structural domains and a further 160,000 sequence relatives has now been installed in a relational ORACLE database. This was essential for developing more rigorous validation procedures and for allowing efficient querying of the database, particularly for genome analysis. The associated Dictionary of Homologous Superfamilies [Bray,J.E., Todd,A.E., Pearl,F.M.G., Thornton,J.M. and Orengo,C.A. (2000) Protein Eng., 13, 153-165], which provides multiple structural alignments and functional information to assist in assigning new relatives, has also been expanded recently and now includes information for 903 homologous superfamilies. In order to improve coverage of known structures, preliminary classification levels are now provided for new structures at interim stages in the classification protocol. Since a large proportion of new structures can be rapidly classified using profile-based sequence analysis [e.g. PSI-BLAST: Altschul,S.F., Madden,T.L., Schaffer,A.A., Zhang,J., Zhang,Z., Miller,W. and Lipman,D.J. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res., 25, 3389-3402], this provides preliminary classification for easily recognisable homologues, which in the latest release of CATH (version 1.7) represented nearly three-quarters of the non-identical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Pearl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Pearl FM, Lee D, Bray JE, Sillitoe I, Todd AE, Harrison AP, Thornton JM, Orengo CA. Assigning genomic sequences to CATH. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:277-82. [PMID: 10592246 PMCID: PMC102424 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.1.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/1999] [Accepted: 10/06/1999] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the latest release (version 1.6) of the CATH protein domains database (http://www.biochem.ucl. ac.uk/bsm/cath ). This is a hierarchical classification of 18 577 domains into evolutionary families and structural groupings. We have identified 1028 homo-logous superfamilies in which the proteins have both structural, and sequence or functional similarity. These can be further clustered into 672 fold groups and 35 distinct architectures. Recent developments of the database include the generation of 3D templates for recognising structural relatives in each fold group, which has led to significant improvements in the speed and accuracy of updating the database and also means that less manual validation is required. We also report the establishment of the CATH-PFDB (Protein Family Database), which associates 1D sequences with the 3D homologous superfamilies. Sequences showing identifiable homology to entries in CATH have been extracted from GenBank using PSI-BLAST. A CATH-PSIBLAST server has been established, which allows you to scan a new sequence against the database. The CATH Dictionary of Homologous Superfamilies (DHS), which contains validated multiple structural alignments annotated with consensus functional information for evolutionary protein superfamilies, has been updated to include annotations associated with sequence relatives identified in GenBank. The DHS is a powerful tool for considering the variation of functional properties within a given CATH superfamily and in deciding what functional properties may be reliably inherited by a newly identified relative.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Pearl
- Department of Biochemistry, University College London, University of London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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22
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Abstract
In isolated soleus muscles of 4-wk-old rats, M wave parameters were recorded with surface and deep recording electrodes and examined in relation to both twitch and tetanic force. Addition of ouabain (10(-5) M for 16 min) to isolated muscles caused an approximately 40% decrease in twitch amplitude and area (P < 0.01) that was associated with a 98% decrease in surface M wave amplitude, a 78% decrease in deep M wave amplitude (both P < 0.001), a 98% decrease in surface M wave area (P < 0.01), 48% of which occurred within 60 s of addition of ouabain (P < 0.05), and a 55% decrease in deep M wave area (P < 0.05). The decrease in twitch parameters on addition of ouabain was most closely correlated with deep M wave area (r = 0.92). Direct tetanic stimulation at a frequency of 30 Hz resulted in an initial potentiation of M waves, which was not seen at a frequency of 90 Hz. Instead, 90 Hz stimulation resulted in a prompt decrease in tetanic force that was correlated with a decrease in both deep M wave amplitude (r = 0.94; P < 0.01) and deep M wave area (r = 0.96; P < 0.01). It is concluded that simultaneous surface and deep recordings involving area and amplitude are fundamental to analysis of the effects of pharmacological agents on muscle performance and the use of M waves as predictors of muscle excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Department of Physiology, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Harrison AP, Latorre R, Dauncey MJ. Postnatal development and differentiation of myofibres in functionally diverse porcine skeletal muscles. Reprod Fertil Dev 1998; 9:731-40. [PMID: 9623494 DOI: 10.1071/r97026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marked changes in muscle function occur after birth, with the response being dependent on developmental stage. Therefore, postnatal cellular ontogeny of functionally distinct skeletal muscles was investigated in the pig, a large mammal born at a relatively advanced stage of development. Assessment of myofibre contractile (type I slow/type II fast) and metabolic (oxidative/glycolytic) properties at Days 0, 2, 5 and 14 revealed type-specific differences in hypertrophy and differentiation. Type I fibre proportions increased significantly in soleus and diaphragm, especially between Days 0 and 5, and rhomboideus showed a similar trend, but in longissimus there was a slight decrease during Days 0-2. Cytochrome oxidase activity was relatively high and similar among myofibres in all muscles at birth, and fibres with low activity were not detected until Day 5. In contrast with previous reports, glycolytic fibres were present in all muscles at birth; postnatal changes in alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity were both muscle- and myofibre-specific. Hence, although myosin ATPase activity and metabolic properties of porcine myofibres are well developed at birth, they continue to mature postnatally. This suggests that postnatal muscle development can be modulated by extrinsic factors, even in mammals born at a relatively advanced stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Department of Cellular Physiology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, England
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Abstract
We have previously observed in rat soleus muscle that endurance is a function of the ratio between the concentration of Na+ channels and Na(+)-K+ pumps [Harrison, A. P., O. B. Nielsen, and T. Clausen. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 41): R1402-R1408, 1997]. In this study we explore this relationship further by comparing the changes in Na+ channel and Na(+)-K+ pump concentrations induced by injections of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) with endurance. T3 induced upregulation of the concentration of Na+ channels and Na(+)-K+ pumps, which was associated with a progressive loss of contractile endurance. The increase in Na+ channels preceded that of the Na(+)-K+ pumps and amounted to 49 and 52% (both P < 0.01) after 48 and 72 h of T3 treatment, respectively. Concomitantly, during 90-Hz stimulation, the initial rate of force decline increased by 42 and 45% after 48 and 72 h of T3 treatment, respectively (both P < 0.001). These observations are important for an understanding of the fatigue associated with hyperthyroidism and add further support to the hypothesis that muscle endurance depends on the leak-to-pump ratio for Na+.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Department of Physiology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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25
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Abstract
Increased passive Na+,K+ fluxes necessitate an efficient activation of the Na+,K+ pump in working muscles to limit the rundown of the Na+,K+ chemical gradients and ensuing loss of excitability. Several studies have demonstrated an increase in Na+,K+-pump rate in working muscles, and in electrically stimulated muscles up to a 22-fold increase in active Na+,K+ transport has been observed. Excitation-induced increase in intracellular Na+ is believed to be the primary stimulus for Na+,K+ pumping in a contracting muscle. In muscles recovering from electrical stimulation, however, the activity of the pump may stay elevated even after intracellular Na+ has been reduced to below the resting level. Moreover, in rat soleus muscles 10-s stimulation at 60 Hz induced a 5-fold increase in the activity of the Na+,K+ pump although mean intracellular [Na+] was unchanged. These findings strongly suggest that a substantial part of the excitation-induced increase in Na+,K+-pump activity is caused by mechanisms other than increased intracellular [Na+]. The mechanism behind this activation is not clear, but may involve a change in the affinity of the Na+,K+ pump for intracellular Na+. In addition to intracellular [Na+], the Na+,K+ pump may be stimulated in contracting muscles by other factors such as catecholamines, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), free fatty acids and cytoskeletal links. Together, this activation may form a feed forward mechanism protecting muscles from loss of excitability during periods of contraction by increasing Na+,K+-pump activity prior to erosion of the Na+,K+ chemical gradients. During exercise of high intensity, however, intracellular [Na+] increases substantially constituting an additional stimulus for the pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- O B Nielsen
- Department of Physiology, University of Aarhus, Arhus, Denmark
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26
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Abstract
In most types of mammalian skeletal muscles the total concentration of Na+,K+ pumps is 0.2-0.8 nmol g wet wt(-1). At rest, only around 5% of these Na+,K+ pumps are active, but during high-frequency stimulation, virtually all Na+,K+ pumps may be called into action within a few seconds. Despite this large capacity for active Na+,K+ transport, excitation often induces a net loss of K+, a net gain of Na+, depolarization and ensuing loss of excitability. In muscles exposed to high [K+]o or low [Na+]o, alone or combined, excitability is reduced. Under these conditions, hormonal or excitation-induced stimulation of the Na+,K+ pump leads to considerable force recovery. This recovery can be blocked by ouabain and seems to be the result of Na+,K+ pump induced hyperpolarization and restoration of Na+,K+ gradients. In muscles where the capacity of the Na+,K+ pump is reduced, the decline in the force developing during continuous electrical stimulation (30-90 Hz) is accelerated and the subsequent force recovery considerably delayed. The loss of endurance is significant within a few seconds after the onset of stimulation. Increased concentration of Na+ channels or open-time of Na+ channels is also associated with reduced endurance and impairment of force recovery. This indicates that during contractile activity, excitability is acutely dependent on the ratio between Na+ entry and Na+,K+ pump capacity. Contrary to previous assumptions, the Na+,K+ pump, due to rapid activation of its large transport capacity seems to play a dynamic role in the from second to second ongoing restoration and maintenance of excitability in working skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Clausen
- Department of Physiology, University of Aarhus, Arhus, Denmark
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27
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Abstract
The dependence of contractile performance on the leak-to-pump ratio for Na+ has been examined. In isolated rat soleus muscle the concentration of Na(+)-K+ pumps was shown to decrease with age (-57%) or K+ deficiency (-69%), whereas Na+ channel concentration remained constant. This relative increase in the ratio between Na+ channels and Na(+)-K+ pumps was associated with a markedly faster rate of force decline (58 and 97%, respectively; both P < 0.001) during stimulation at 90 Hz and reduced subsequent force recovery (-34 and -38%, respectively; both P < 0.001). Similar effects were elicited by acute inhibition of Na(+)-K+ pump activity with ouabain. Preincubation with aconitine and veratridine, resulting in a 91 and 118% increase in Na+ influx per contraction, respectively (both P < 0.05), significantly hastened the initial rate of force decline (19%; P < 0.05 for aconitine and 69%; P < 0.001 for veratridine) and slowed recovery (-59 and -86%, respectively, both P < 0.001). It is concluded that the ratio between excitation-induced Na+ influx and Na(+)-K+ pump capacity is an important determinant for endurance and rate of recovery of force in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Department of Physiology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Harrison AP, Tivey DR, Clausen T, Duchamp C, Dauncey MJ. Role of thyroid hormones in early postnatal development of skeletal muscle and its implications for undernutrition. Br J Nutr 1996; 76:841-55. [PMID: 9014653 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19960091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Energy intake profoundly influences many endocrine axes which in turn play a central role in development. The specific influence of a short period of mild hypothyroidism, similar to that induced by undernutrition, in regulating muscle development has been assessed in a large mammal during early postnatal life. Hypothyroidism was induced by providing methimazole and iopanoic acid in the feed of piglets between 4 and 14 d of age, and controls were pair-fed to the energy intake of their hypothyroid littermates. Thyroid status was evaluated, and myofibre differentiation and cation pump concentrations were then assessed in the following functionally distinct muscles: longissimus dorsi (l. dorsi), soleus and rhomboideus. Reductions in plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4; 32%, P < 0.01), triiodothyronine (T3; 48%, P < 0.001), free T3 (58%, P < 0.001) and hepatic 5'-monodeiodinase (EC 1.11.1.8) activity (74%, P < 0.001) occurred with treatment. Small, although significant, increases in the proportion of type I slow-twitch oxidative fibres occurred with mild hypothyroidism, in l. dorsi (2%, P < 0.01) and soleus (7%, P < 0.01). Nuclear T3-receptor concentration in l. dorsi of hypothyroid animals compared with controls increased by 46% (P < 0.001), a response that may represent a homeostatic mechanism making muscle more sensitive to low levels of circulating thyroid hormones. Nevertheless, Na+, K(+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.37) concentration was reduced by 15-16% in all muscles (l. dorsi P < 0.05, soleus P < 0.001, rhomboideus P < 0.05), and Ca(2+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.38) concentration was significantly reduced in the two slow-twitch muscles: by 22% in rhomboideus (P < 0.001) and 23% in soleus (P < 0.05). It is concluded that during early postnatal development of large mammals a period of mild hypothyroidism, comparable with that found during undernutrition, induces changes in myofibre differentiation and a down-regulation of cation pumps in skeletal muscle. Such changes would result in slowness of movement and muscle weakness, and also reduce ATP hydrolysis with a concomitant improvement in energetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, Denmark
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Abstract
The prenatal and early postnatal periods are critical stages during which long-term development can be affected. For example, retardation of growth during these periods is closely linked to the occurrence of adult degenerative diseases. Appropriate development of muscle is essential for numerous functions, including movement, posture, thermogenesis, breathing and maintenance of the circulation. Defects in normal muscle development could thus impair any of these functions in the neonate and may also have long-term consequences for the health of the individual. Central to normal muscle structure and function is the appropriate development not only of the sarcomeric proteins but also of the sarcolemma, transverse-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum and associated membrane-bound ATPases. Long-term regulation of these ATPases is by changes in their concentration, whereas short-term regulation is mediated by alterations in enzyme activity. This review focuses on changes in total concentrations of Na+, K+, and Ca(2+)-ATPases during prenatal and postnatal life, in functionally diverse muscles of mammalian species born at different stages of maturity. Both these cation pumps belong to multigene families and changes in relative abundance of their specific isoforms are also considered because they may have important consequences for contractile performance during distinct stages of development. Finally, potential regulatory mechanisms which alter markedly during normal ontogeny are discussed. These include intrinsic factors such as hormones and contractile activity, extrinsic factors such as nutrition and environmental temperature, and interactions between these variables which are known to be especially important during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Dauncey
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
The role of energy status in postnatal regulation of porcine skeletal muscle development has been determined in littermate animals kept for 3-4 wk on a high (H) or low (L) energy intake (H = 2L), at a thermally neutral [26 degrees C (26H and 26L, respectively)] or low [10 degrees C (10H and 10L, respectively)] environmental temperature. A variety of skeletal muscles was assessed at 7 wk of age for changes in myofiber hypertrophy and differentiation. In contrast with findings in adult humans and rats, there was no selective preservation of type I slow-oxidative fiber size during energy restriction. However, differentiation between mature skeletal myosin heavy-chain isoforms was markedly affected by energy status, and in rhomboideus there were particularly striking effects of both nutrition and temperature: proportions of type I fibers from the four groups 26H, 26L, 10H, and 10L were 34 +/- 2, 50 +/- 4, 73 +/- 2, and 72 +/- 3 (P < 0.005 for diet at 26 degrees C; P < 0.001 for temperature). These changes may have been induced by alterations in both thyroid status and contractile activity. They support the hypothesis of a key role for rhomboideus muscle in thermoregulation and demonstrate the plasticity of skeletal muscle differentiation to environmental change during postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Poyner T, Rix S, Harrison AP, Cerio R. An adolescent worried about his psoriasis. Practitioner 1996; 240:69-76. [PMID: 8736193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Poyner
- Stockton-on-Tees, Cleveland, USA
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32
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Harrison AP, Clausen T, Duchamp C, Dauncey MJ. Roles of skeletal muscle morphology and activity in determining Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase concentration in young pigs. Am J Physiol 1994; 266:R102-11. [PMID: 8304530 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1994.266.1.r102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated previously that the Na(+)-K(+)-adenosinetriphosphatase (Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase) concentration (total concentration of [3H]ouabain-binding sites = maximal [3H]ouabain-binding capacity, Bmax) in longissimus dorsi muscle is higher in young pigs living in a cold than in a warm environment, with the effect being even greater in those on a low rather than a high energy intake in the cold. The importance of thyroid status, myofiber type and size, and muscular activity in determining the concentration of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase has therefore been assessed in longissimus dorsi, semitendinosus, and soleus muscles from 8-wk-old littermate pigs, which had been living 35 or 10 degrees C on either a high or a low energy intake for 3-4 wk. Changes in neither plasma thyroid hormone concentrations nor myofiber type could account for the greater Bmax at 10 vs. 35 degrees C observed in all three muscles; instead, it was possibly related to the greater muscular activity associated with shivering in the cold. More than 50% of the increase in Bmax on the low compared with the high intake in the cold could be attributed to the smaller fiber size and hence greater membrane area in animals on the low intake, and it is concluded that membrane surface area must be assessed in studies of membrane-bound enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Harrison
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Agricultural and Food Research Council Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The role of energy intake in regulating growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene expression has been assessed in young growing pigs living at thermal neutrality (26 degrees C) for a 4-wk period. To determine the importance of altering metabolic demand while maintaining food intake constant, littermates were also studied in a cold environment (10 degrees C). Results were tissue-specific: the level of GHR mRNA per unit total RNA in liver was greater on high than low (high = 2 x low) food intake (P < 0.001), whereas in muscle it was elevated on the low compared with the high intake diet (P < 0.02) and also at 10 degrees C compared with 26 degrees C (P < 0.04). When results for GHR mRNA were expressed per unit weight of tissue, only the effects of diet on liver and temperature on muscle remained significant. The changes in hepatic GHR mRNA may have been driven in part by nutritionally induced changes in thyroid status, because both plasma 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine concentration and liver 5'-deiodinase activity were greater on the high than the low intake diet (P < 0.001). Levels of liver GHR mRNA probably had a direct influence on growth of the animals, as they were positively correlated with plasma IGF-I and growth rate (P < 0.001), whereas muscle GHR mRNA may have had a metabolic role when energy supplies were limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Dauncey
- Department of Cellular Physiology, AFRC Babraham Institute, Cambridge, England
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Abstract
Some 37 reverse transcriptase, partial 16S rRNA sequences from sulfur- and/or iron-oxidizing eubacteria, including sequences from species of the genera Thiobacillus, Thiothrix, Thiomicrospira, Acidophilium, "Leptospirillum," Thiovulum, and Chlorobium, have been determined. In addition, 16S sequences from a number of unnamed sulfur- and/or iron-oxidizing bacteria from hydrothermal vent sites, from invertebrate-bacterial endosymbioses, and from various mineral recovery operations also have been determined. The majority of sequences place their bacterial donors in one or another of the subdivisions of the Proteobacteria. However, three unnamed facultatively thermophilic iron-oxidizing isolates, Alv, BC, and TH3, are affiliated with the gram-positive division. One H2S-oxidizer, from the genus Thiovulum, is affiliated with Campylobacter, Wolinella, and other genera in what appears to be a new subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Three "Leptospirillum"-helical vibrioid isolates, BU-1, LfLa, and Z-2, exhibit no clear phylum level affiliation at all, other than their strong relationship to each other. A picture is emerging of an evolutionary widespread capacity for sulfur and/or iron oxidation among the eubacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lane
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
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Harrison AP, Jarvis BW, Johnson JL. Heterotrophic bacteria from cultures of autotrophic Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: relationships as studied by means of deoxyribonucleic acid homology. J Bacteriol 1980; 143:448-54. [PMID: 7400100 PMCID: PMC294268 DOI: 10.1128/jb.143.1.448-454.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
From several presumably pure cultures of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, we isolated a pair of stable phenotypes. One was a strict autotroph utilizing sulfur or ferrous iron as the energy source and unable to utilize glucose; the other phenotype was an acidophilic obligate heterotroph capable of utilizing glucose but not sulfur or ferrous iron. The acidophilic obligate heterotroph not only was encountered in cultures of T. ferrooxidans, but also was isolated with glucose-mineral salts medium, pH 2.0, directly from coal refuse. By means of deoxyribonucleic acid homology, we have demonstrated that the acidophilic heterotrophs are of a different genotype from T. ferrooxidans, not closely related to this species; we have shown also that the acidophilic obligate heterotrophs, regardless of their source of isolation, are related to each other. Therefore, cultures of T. ferrooxidans reported capable of utilizing organic compounds should be carefully examined for contamination. The acidophilic heterotrophs isolated by us are different from T. acidophilis, which is also associated with T. ferrooxidans but is facultative, utilizing both glucose and elemental sulfur as energy sources. Since they are so common and tenacious in T. ferrooxidans cultures, the heterotrophs must be associated with T. ferrooxidans in the natural habitat.
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Abstract
An artificial pyritic coal spoil was prepared and examined over a period of 1.5 years for changes in the population of various physiological varieties of bacteria and also for mineral leaching. Heterotrophic bacteria were the first to dominate the spoil, acquiring a population of 10(7) cells per g within 2 weeks. Bacteria capable of utilizing choline sulfate as the sole source of energy comprised approximately 1% of the total heterotrophic bacteria. Sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria (Thiobacillus) and finally iron-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) increased in the population, the latter becoming the dominant species where acidity was greatest. Partition of species paralleled partition of acidity in the spoil. Maximum acidity (pH 2.6) and maximum population of T. ferrooxidans (greater than 10(7) cells per g) occurred at the summit. Molds (notably, Aspergillus), algae (Chlorococcales, Oscillatoria, Navicula), cilliated and flagellated protozoa, an arthropod (Podura aquatica), and a moss (aberrant Physcomitrium pyriforme) were observed. The mineral salts leached from the spoil, in decreasing order, were the sulfates of magnesium (predominantly hexahydrite), calcium (gypsum), sodium, aluminum (alunogenite), and iron.
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Harrison AP, Morgan RF. The effect of abrupt changes in sodium chloride concentration upon the viability of gram-negative bacteria at 2 and 40 degrees C. Cryobiology 1974; 11:423-9. [PMID: 4217686 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(74)90109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
A survey for surfactant degradation among aerobic bacteria has been undertaken. Tests have been made in peptone medium where such a degradation, if it occurs, will be gratuitous. Tallow-alkyl-sulfate, alkyl-ethoxylate-sulfate, and linear-alkyl-benzene-sulfonate were used. Forty-five strains of 34 species in 19 genera degrade one or more of these detergent compounds. With some species, the surfactant inhibits degradation without inhibiting growth, whereas with one species slight degradation took place even at a toxic concentration of surfactant.
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Harrison AP. The Patient's Signature. West J Med 1971. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.3.5773.537-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Photodynamic killing of Escherichia coli in acridine orange is influenced by the composition of the containing vessel, and after high kill the variance between replicate suspensions is greater than attributable solely to sampling and plating. Addition of agar minimizes both phenomena, but a higher illumination dose is required to produce the same degree of killing.
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Harrison AP, Raabe VE, Brummett GH. Detection of in vivo protein photooxidation by means of tritium loss from the histidine moieties. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1968; 127:538-43. [PMID: 4868777 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-127-32735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Death of Escherichia coli resulted when a buffer suspension was exposed simultaneously to colloidal benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and 355-mmu illumination. Neither hydrocarbon nor illumination alone caused death; oxygen had to be present. The survival curve had a shoulder, and then death proceeded exponentially with time. Death rate was independent of temperature between 6 and 32 C. The duration of the shoulder, however, decreased slightly with increase in temperature. The shoulder was not due to delay in BP entering the cell. Death was influenced by the composition of the medium in which the cells were grown prior to illumination. The amount of BP bound to the cells was determined after three ethyl alcoholether extractions. Appreciable binding occurred in the presence of 355-mmu illumination with air, and relatively little binding occurred under nitrogen; very little binding occurred in the dark with nitrogen or air. At the outset, rate of binding under illumination with air was not temperature-dependent, but with time it became strongly temperature-dependent. Binding under illumination with nitrogen was temperature-independent. Bound BP was associated primarily with cell protein. Cells in growth medium resisted death and BP binding. At 21 and 32 C, deoxyribonucleic acid damage occurred during exponential death. No damage was detected at 21 and 32 C in the dark with BP, under illumination in absence of BP, or under illumination with BP in a nitrogen atmosphere.
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Abstract
Moore, B. G. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.), and Arthur P. Harrison, Jr. Benzo[a]pyrene uptake by bacteria and yeast. J. Bacteriol. 90:989-1000. 1965.-Various Enterobacteriaceae and yeast incubated in a medium containing 25 mug/ml of H(3)-benzo[a]pyrene (30% serum in the medium dissolves the hydrocarbon) retain radioactivity after washings with fresh 30% serum-medium. This radioactivity is defined as bound and represents intact benzo[a]pyrene. Factors relating to the binding of benzo[a]pyrene (benzo[a]pyrene uptake) have been studied in detail with Escherichia coli Ma, a triple auxotroph requiring l-leucine, uracil, and thymine. In defined medium, benzo[a]pyrene uptake by normally growing cells is 10(-10) to 2 x 10(-10) mug per cell. Uptake is the same in suspensions lacking leucine and containing chloramphenicol where there is neither measurable protein synthesis nor cell division. Uptake is diminished, but not eliminated, by autoclaving the cells; thus, some uptake occurs in the absence of enzymatic activity. Uptake is enhanced by heat shock, thymine deprivation, uracil deprivation, and exposure to penicillin. Thus, uptake is affected by the physiological state of the cells. Either the cells play a direct (enzymatic) role in uptake, or they affect uptake indirectly by increasing or altering the benzo[a]pyrene-binding structure. Physical fractionation of cells demonstrates that this structure is associated with the cell wall-membrane complex. All but 1% of the bound radioactivity is extracted with ethyl alcohol-ether. This residual radioactivity is defined as fixed, and may be associated with cell protein. The extracted radioactivity is identified as benzo[a]pyrene. Very little hydrocarbon is metabolized. Adverse photodynamic effects, increase in mutation, and dimunition in bacteriophage replication (in whole cells) have not been observed in the benzo[a]pyrene cultures.
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Harrison AP. University and Educational Notes. Science 1923; 57:716-7. [PMID: 17759705 DOI: 10.1126/science.57.1486.716-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Harrison AP. A Simple Gas Generator for Laboratory Use. Science 1922; 56:287-8. [PMID: 17815432 DOI: 10.1126/science.56.1445.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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