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Tian H, Liu J, Zhang Y, Yue P. A novel integrated industrial-scale biological reactor for odor control in a sewage sludge composting facility: Performance, pollutant transformation, and bioaerosol emission mechanism. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 164:9-19. [PMID: 37185067 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to remove multiple pollutants in the sewage sludge (SS) composting facility, a novel integrated industrial-scale biological reactor based on biological trickling filtration and fungal biological filtration (BTF-FBF) was developed. This study examined bioaerosol emission, odour removal, pollutant transformation mechanism, and project investment. At an inlet flow rate of 7200 m3/h, the average removal efficiencies of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the steady stage were 97.2 %, 98.9 %, and 92.2 %. The BTF-FBF separates microbial phases (bacteria and fungi) of different modules. BTF removed most hydrophilic compounds, while FBF removed hydrophobic ones. Moreover, the reactor could effectively remove pathogens or opportunistic pathogens bioaerosols, such as Escherichia coli (61.9%), Salmonella sp. (85%), and Aspergillus fumigatus (82.1%). The pollutant transformation mechanism of BTF-FBF was proposed. BTF-FBF annualized costs were 324,783 CNY/year at 15 years. In conclusion, BTF-FBF provides new insights into composting facility bioaerosol, odour, and pathogen emission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China.
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China; School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China.
| | - Yuxiu Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Peng Yue
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China; School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China.
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Odors Emitted from Biological Waste and Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Mini-Review. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, a new generation of waste treatment plants based on biological treatments (mainly anaerobic digestion and/or composting) has arisen all over the world. These plants have been progressively substituted for incineration facilities and landfills. Although these plants have evident benefits in terms of their environmental impact and higher recovery of material and energy, the release into atmosphere of malodorous compounds and its mitigation is one of the main challenges that these plants face. In this review, the methodology to determine odors, the main causes of having undesirable gaseous emissions, and the characterization of odors are reviewed. Finally, another important topic of odor abatement technologies is treated, especially those related to biological low-impact processes. In conclusion, odor control is the main challenge for a sustainable implementation of modern waste treatment plants.
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Liu J, Kang X, Liu X, Yue P, Sun J, Lu C. Simultaneous removal of bioaerosols, odors and volatile organic compounds from a wastewater treatment plant by a full-scale integrated reactor. PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION : TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, PART B 2020; 144:2-14. [PMID: 32834560 PMCID: PMC7341965 DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological control of odors and bioaerosols in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have gained more attention in recent years. The simultaneous removal of odors, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and bioaerosols in each unit of a full-scale integrated-reactor (FIR) in a sludge dewatering room was investigated. The average removal efficiencies (REs) of odors, VOCs and bioaerosols were recorded as 98.5 %, 94.7 % and 86.4 %, respectively, at an inlet flow rate of 5760 m3/h. The RE of each unit decreased, and the activated carbon adsorption zone (AZ) played a more important role as the inlet flow rate increased. The REs of hydrophilic compounds were higher than those of hydrophobic compounds. For bioaerosols, roughly 35 % of airborne heterotrophic bacteria (HB) was removed in the low-pH zone (LPZ) while over 30 % of total fungi (TF) was removed in the neutral-pH zone (NPZ). Most bioaerosols removed by the biofilter (BF) had a particle size larger than 4.7 μm while bioaerosols with small particle size were apt to be adsorbed by AZ. The microbial community in the BF changed significantly at different units. Health risks were found to be associated with H2S rather than with bioaerosols at the FIR outlet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xinyue Kang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xueli Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Peng Yue
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jianbin Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
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Biological Waste Air and Waste Gas Treatment: Overview, Challenges, Operational Efficiency, and Current Trends. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12208577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
International contracts to restrict emissions of climate-relevant gases, and thus global warming, also require a critical reconsideration of technologies for treating municipal, commercial, industrial, and agricultural waste gas emissions. A change from energy- and resource-intensive technologies, such as thermal post-combustion and adsorption, as well to low-emission technologies with high energy and resource efficiency, becomes mandatory. Biological processes already meet these requirements, but show restrictions in case of treatment of complex volatile organic compound (VOC) mixtures and space demand. Innovative approaches combining advanced oxidation and biofiltration processes seem to be a solution. In this review, biological processes, both as stand-alone technology and in combination with advanced oxidation processes, were critically evaluated in regard to technical, economical, and climate policy aspects, as well as present limitations and corresponding solutions to overcome these restrictions.
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Li K, Zhou J, Wang L, Mao Z, Xu R. The styrene purification performance of biotrickling filter with toluene-styrene acclimatization under acidic conditions. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:944-955. [PMID: 30973304 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1604450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The obvious disadvantages of biotrickling filters (BTFs) are the long start-up time and low removal efficiency (RE) when treating refractory hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which limits its industrial application. It is worthwhile to investigate how to reduce the start-up period of the BTF for treating hydrophobic VOCs. Here, we present the first study to evaluate the strategy of toluene induction combined with toluene-styrene synchronous acclimatization during start-up in a laboratory-scale BTF inoculated with activated sludge for styrene removal, as well as the effects of styrene inlet concentration (0.279 to 2.659 g·m-3), empty bed residence time (EBRT) (i.e., 136, 90, 68, 45, 34 sec), humidity (7.7% to 88.9%), and pH (i.e., 4, 3, 2.5, 2) on the performance of the BTF system. The experiments were carried out under acidic conditions (pH 4.5) to make fungi dominant in the BTF. The start-up period for styrene in the BTF was shortened to about 28 days. A maximum elimination capacity (ECmax) of 126 g·m-3·hr-1 with an RE of 80% was attained when styrene inlet loading rate (ILR) was below 180 g·m-3·hr-1. The highest styrene RE(s) [of BTF] that could be achieved were 95% and 93.4%, respectively, for humidity of 7.7% and at pH 2. A single dominant fungal strain was isolated and identified as Candida palmioleophila strain MA-M11 based on the 26S ribosomal RNA gene. Overall, the styrene induction with the toluene-styrene synchronous acclimatization could markedly reduce the start-up period and enhance the RE of styrene. The BTF dominated by fungi exhibited good performance under low pH and humidity and great potential in treating styrene with higher inlet concentrations. Implications: The application of the toluene induction combined with toluene-styrene synchronous acclimatization demonstrated to be a promising approach for the highly efficient removal of styrene. The toluene induction can accelerate biofilm formation, and the adaptability of microorganisms to styrene can be improved rapidly by the toluene-styrene synchronous acclimatization. The integrated application of two technologies can shorten the start-up period of biotrickling filters markedly and promote its industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- a School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazhen Zhou
- b College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- a School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Mao
- a School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiwei Xu
- c College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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Alinezhad E, Haghighi M, Rahmani F, Keshizadeh H, Abdi M, Naddafi K. Technical and economic investigation of chemical scrubber and bio-filtration in removal of H 2S and NH 3 from wastewater treatment plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 241:32-43. [PMID: 30981141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A detailed techno-economic comparison of a chemical scrubber (CS) and a bio-filter (BF) was conducted over a 45-day time period at a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), Yazd city. The assessment of emissions quantity indicated that odor emissions from the Yazd WWPT mainly consist of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3). It was also found that odor gaseous loading changes corresponding to water consumption pattern in society (R2 = 0.922) for H2S and (R2 = 0.978) for NH3. The highest level of 25 and 3 ppm for H2S and NH3, respectively were detected at specific times during the day. The BF system was continuously supplied with Yazd WWPT's off-gas treatment while the CS was only examined at the times during the day when the gas emissions are at the highest level. The removal efficiency of NH3 and H2S were found to be affected by their respective loading rate. Additionally, among the various oxidants examined in the CS, the NaOCl solution showed the best results in terms of removal efficiency and compatibility. The experiment revealed almost complete removal of NH3 while the H2S removal efficiency remained above 95% for both systems regardless of the operating conditions. This study clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of both systems in treating actual waste gases containing H2S and NH3. By comparing the gas loading rate of both systems and considering limitations of the BF system, the CS seems to be more efficient applicable odor control technology from a technical viewpoint. From the economic viewpoint, comparisons revealed that chemical usage and operating expenses were costly parts of the CS and the BF, respectively. The economic indexes of 1.58 €.m-3. h-1 and 2.57 €.m-3. h-1 were obtained for the BF and CS, respectively, reflecting cost-effectiveness of the BF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Alinezhad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Haghighi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
| | - Farhad Rahmani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177, Iran
| | - Habib Keshizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Abdi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Estrada JM, Kraakman NJR, Lebrero R, Muñoz R. Integral approaches to wastewater treatment plant upgrading for odor prevention: Activated Sludge and Oxidized Ammonium Recycling. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:685-693. [PMID: 26316402 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Traditional physical/chemical end-of-the-pipe technologies for odor abatement are relatively expensive and present high environmental impacts. On the other hand, biotechnologies have recently emerged as cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternatives but are still limited by their investment costs and land requirements. A more desirable approach to odor control is the prevention of odorant formation before being released to the atmosphere, but limited information is available beyond good design and operational practices of the wastewater treatment process. The present paper reviews two widely applicable and economic alternatives for odor control, Activated Sludge Recycling (ASR) and Oxidized Ammonium Recycling (OAR), by discussing their fundamentals, key operating parameters and experience from the available pilot and field studies. Both technologies present high application potential using readily available plant by-products with a minimum plant upgrading, and low investment and operating costs, contributing to the sustainability and economic efficiency of odor control at wastewater treatment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Estrada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - N J R Kraakman
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands; CH2M, Level 7, 9 Help Street, Chatswood, NSW 2067, Australia
| | - R Lebrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - R Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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9
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Effect of continuous ozone injection on performance and biomass accumulation of biofilters treating gaseous toluene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:33-42. [PMID: 25492419 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biofilters treating high-concentration gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOC) can be subject to bed clogging induced by excess biomass accumulation. In this study, O3 was continuously injected into biofilters to control biomass. Its effects on the performance of the biofilters and on biomass accumulation were investigated. Four identical biofilters designed to treat gaseous toluene were operated for 70 days, and three of them were continuously injected with O3 at different concentrations (from 80 to 320 mg/m(3)). The results showed that continuous O3 injection could effectively keep the bed pressure drop stable and had no adverse effect on toluene removal when O3 concentrations were 180-220 mg/m(3). The maximum toluene elimination capacity of the four biofilters was 140 g-toluene/m(3)/h, and the bed pressure drop of the biofilter fed with 180-220 mg/m(3) O3 remained below 3 mmH2O/m throughout the operation period. The biomass accumulation rates of the three biofilters with O3 at 80-320 mg/m(3) were lowered by 0.15-0.25 g/L/day compared with the biofilter without O3. The decreases in biomass accumulation resulted in higher void fractions of the filter beds with O3 injection. Carbon balance analysis indicated that CO2 production had increased while biomass accumulation and leachate waste production decreased in response to O3 injection. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded here that continuous O3 injection can reduce increases in bed pressure effectively, preserve VOC removal capacity, and prevent production of extra leachate waste.
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10
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Xi J, Saingam P, Gu F, Hu HY, Zhao X. Effect of continuous ozone injection on performance and biomass accumulation of biofilters treating gaseous toluene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9437-46. [PMID: 25005059 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biofilters treating high-concentration gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOC) can be subject to bed clogging induced by excess biomass accumulation. In this study, O3 was continuously injected into biofilters to control biomass. Its effects on the performance of the biofilters and on biomass accumulation were investigated. Four identical biofilters designed to treat gaseous toluene were operated for 70 days, and three of them were continuously injected with O3 at different concentrations (from 80 to 320 mg/m(3)). The results showed that continuous O3 injection could effectively keep the bed pressure drop stable and had no adverse effect on toluene removal when O3 concentrations were 180-220 mg/m(3). The maximum toluene elimination capacity of the four biofilters was 140 g-toluene/m(3)/h, and the bed pressure drop of the biofilter fed with 180-220 mg/m(3) O3 remained below 3 mmH2O/m throughout the operation period. The biomass accumulation rates of the three biofilters with O3 at 80-320 mg/m(3) were lowered by 0.15-0.25 g/L/day compared with the biofilter without O3. The decreases in biomass accumulation resulted in higher void fractions of the filter beds with O3 injection. Carbon balance analysis indicated that CO2 production had increased while biomass accumulation and leachate waste production decreased in response to O3 injection. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded here that continuous O3 injection can reduce increases in bed pressure effectively, preserve VOC removal capacity, and prevent production of extra leachate waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Xi
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China,
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11
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Kafle GK, Chen L. Emissions of Odor, Ammonia, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Volatile Organic Compounds from Shallow-Pit Pig Nursery Rooms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5307/jbe.2014.39.2.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Estrada JM, Quijano G, Lebrero R, Muñoz R. Step-feed biofiltration: a low cost alternative configuration for off-gas treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4312-4321. [PMID: 23764582 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Clogging due to biomass accumulation and the loss of structural stability of the packing media are common operational drawbacks of standard gas biofiltration inherent to the traditional biofilter design, which result in prohibitive pressure drop buildups and media channeling. In this work, an innovative step-feed biofilter configuration, with the air emission supplied in either two or three locations along the biofilter height, was tested and compared with a standard biofilter using toluene as a model pollutant and two packing materials: compost and perlite. When using compost, the step-feed biofilter supported similar elimination capacities (EC ≈ 80 g m(-3) h(-1)) and CO2 production rates (200 g m(-3) h(-1)) to those achieved in the standard biofilter. However, while the pressure drop in the step-feed system remained below 300 Pa m bed(-1) for 61 days, the standard biofilter reached this value in only 14 days and 4000 Pa m bed(-1) by day 30, consuming 75% more compression energy throughout the entire operational period. Operation with perlite supported lower ECs compared to compost in both the step-feed and standard biofilters (≈ 30 g m(-3) h(-1)), probably due to the high indigenous microbial diversity present in this organic packing material. The step-feed biofilter exhibited 65% lower compression energy requirements than the standard biofilter during operation with perlite, while supporting similar ECs. In brief, step-feed biofiltration constitutes a promising operational strategy capable of drastically reducing the operating costs of biofiltration due to a reduced energy consumption and an increased packing material lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Estrada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Valladolid University, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
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Hernández J, Lafuente J, Prado OJ, Gabriel D. Startup and long-term performance of biotrickling filters packed with polyurethane foam and poplar wood chips treating a mixture of ethylmercaptan, H2S, and NH3. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2013; 63:462-471. [PMID: 23687731 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.763305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Treatment of a mixture of NH3, H2S, and ethylmercaptan (EM) was investigated for more than 15 months in two biotrickling filters packed with poplar wood chips and polyurethane foam. Inlet loads ranging from 5 to 10 g N-NH3 m-3 hr-1, from 5 to 16 g S-H2S m-3 hr-1, and from 0 to 5 g EM m-3 hr-1 were applied. During startup, the biotrickling filter packed with polyurethane foam was re-inoculated due to reduced biomass retention as well as a stronger effect of nitrogen compounds inhibition compared with the biotrickling filter packed with poplar wood. Accurate pH control between 7 and 7.5 favored pollutants abatement. In the long run, complete NH3 removal in the gas phase was achieved in both reactors, while H2S removal efficiencies exceeded 90%. EM abatement was significantly different in both reactors. A systematically lower elimination capacity was found in the polyurethane foam bioreactor. N fractions in the liquid phase proved that high nitrification rates were reached throughout steady-state operation in both bioreactors. CO2 production showed the extent of the organic packing material degradation, which allowed estimating its service lifetime in around 2 years. In the long run, the bioreactor packed with the organic packing material had a lower stability. However, an economic analysis indicated that poplar wood chips are a competitive alternative to inorganic packing materials in biotrickling filters. IMPLICATIONS We provide new insights in the use of organic packing materials in biotrickling filters for the treatment of H2S, NH3, and mercaptans and compare them with polyurethane foam, a packing commonly used in biotrickling filters. We found interesting features related with the startup of the reactors and parameterized both the performance under steady-state conditions and the influence of the gas contact time. We provide relevant conclusions in the profitability of organic packing materials under a biotrickling filter configuration, which is infrequent but proven reliable from our research results. The report is useful to designers and users of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hernández
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Estrada JM, Kraakman N(B, Lebrero R, Muñoz R. A sensitivity analysis of process design parameters, commodity prices and robustness on the economics of odour abatement technologies. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1354-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Roshani B, Torkian A, Aslani H, Dehghanzadeh R. Bed mixing and leachate recycling strategies to overcome pressure drop buildup in the biofiltration of hydrogen sulfide. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 109:26-30. [PMID: 22300638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of leachate recycling and bed mixing on the removal rate of H(2)S from waste gas stream were investigated. The experimental setup consisted of an epoxy-coated three-section biofilter with an ID of 8 cm and effective bed height of 120 cm. Bed material consisted of municipal solid waste compost and PVC bits with an overall porosity of 54% and dry bulk density of 0.456 g cm(-3). Leachate recycling had a positive effect of increasing elimination capacity (EC) up to 21 g S m(-3) bed h(-1) at recycling rates of 75 ml d(-1), but in the bed mixing period EC declined to 8 g S m(-3) bed h(-1). Pressure drop had a range of zero to 18 mm H(2)O m(-1) in the course of leachate recycling. Accumulation of sulfur reduced removal efficiency and increased pressure drop up to 110 mm H(2)O m(-1) filter during the bed mixing stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Roshani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Estrada JM, Kraakman NJRB, Muñoz R, Lebrero R. A comparative analysis of odour treatment technologies in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:1100-6. [PMID: 21275373 DOI: 10.1021/es103478j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Biofiltration, activated sludge diffusion, biotrickling filtration, chemical scrubbing, activated carbon adsorption, regenerative incineration, and a hybrid technology (biotrickling filtration coupled with carbon adsorption) are comparatively evaluated in terms of environmental performance, process economics, and social impact by using the IChemE Sustainability Metrics in the context of odor treatment from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). This comparative analysis showed that physical/chemical technologies presented higher environmental impacts than their biological counterparts in terms of energy, material and reagents consumption, and hazardous-waste production. Among biological techniques, the main impact was caused by the high water consumption to maintain biological activity (although the use of secondary effluent water can reduce both this environmental impact and operating costs), biofiltration additionally exhibiting high land and material requirements. From a process economics viewpoint, technologies with the highest investments presented the lowest operating costs (biofiltration and biotrickling filtration), which suggested that the Net Present Value should be used as selection criterion. In addition, a significant effect of the economy of scale on the investment costs and odorant concentration on operating cost was observed. The social benefits derived from odor abatement were linked to nuisance reductions in the nearby population and improvements in occupational health within the WWTP, with the hybrid technology exhibiting the highest benefits. On the basis of their low environmental impact, high deodorization performance, and low Net Present Value, biotrickling filtration and AS diffusion emerged as the most promising technologies for odor treatment in WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Estrada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Valladolid University, Paseo del Prado de la Magdalena, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
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Gallastegui G, Muñoz R, Barona A, Ibarra-Berastegi G, Rojo N, Elías A. Evaluating the impact of water supply strategies on p-xylene biodegradation performance in an organic media-based biofilter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 185:1019-1026. [PMID: 21030149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The influence of water irrigation on both the long-term and short-term performance of p-xylene biodegradation under several organic loading scenarios was investigated using an organic packing material composed of pelletised sawdust and pig manure. Process operation in a modular biofilter, using no external water supply other than the moisture from the saturated inlet air stream, showed poor p-xylene abatement efficiencies (≈33 ± 7%), while sustained irrigation every 25 days rendered a high removal efficiency (RE) for a critical loading rate of 120 g m(-3)h(-1). Periodic profiles of removal efficiency, temperature and moisture content were recorded throughout the biofilter column subsequent to each biofilter irrigation. Hence, higher p-xylene biodegradation rates were always initially recorded in the upper module, which resulted in a subsequent increase in temperature and a decrease in moisture content. This decrease in the moisture content in the upper module resulted in a higher removal rate in the middle module, while the moisture level in the lower module steadily increased as a result of water condensation. Based on these results, mass balance calculations performed using measured bed temperatures and relatively humidity values were successfully used to account for water balances in the biofilter over time. Finally, the absence of bed compaction after 550 days of continuous operation confirmed the suitability of this organic material for biofiltration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gallastegui
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of the Basque Country, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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18
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Hernández J, Prado OJ, Almarcha M, Lafuente J, Gabriel D. Development and application of a hybrid inert/organic packing material for the biofiltration of composting off-gases mimics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 178:665-672. [PMID: 20188468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The performance of three biofilters (BF1-BF3) packed with a new hybrid (inert/organic) packing material that consists of spherical argyle pellets covered with compost was examined in different operational scenarios and compared with a biofilter packed with pine bark (BF4). BF1, BF2 and BF4 were inoculated with an enriched microbial population, while BF3 was inoculated with sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. A gas mixture containing ammonia and six VOCs was fed to the reactors with N-NH(3) loads ranging from 0 to 10 g N/m(3)h and a VOCs load of around 10 g C/m(3)h. A profound analysis of the fate of nitrogen was performed in all four reactors. Results show that the biofilters packed with the hybrid packing material and inoculated with the microbial pre-adapted population (BF1 and BF2) achieved the highest nitrification rates and VOCs removal efficiencies. In BF3, nitratation was inhibited during most of the study, while only slight evidence of nitrification could be observed in BF4. All four reactors were able to treat the VOCs mixture with efficiencies greater than 80% during the entire experimental period, regardless of the inlet ammonia load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerónimo Hernández
- Chemical Engineering Department, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Q, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Dorado AD, Lafuente FJ, Gabriel D, Gamisans X. A comparative study based on physical characteristics of suitable packing materials in biofiltration. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2010; 31:193-204. [PMID: 20391804 DOI: 10.1080/09593330903426687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, 10 packing materials commonly used as support media in biofiltration are analysed and compared to evaluate their suitability according to physical characteristics. The nature of the packing material in biofilters is an important factor for the success in their construction and operation. Different packing materials have been used in biofiltration without a global agreement about which ones are the most adequate for biofiltration success. The materials studied were chosen according to previous works in the field of biofiltration including both organic and inorganic (or synthetic) materials. A set of nine different parameters were selected to cope with well-established factors, such as a material-specific surface area, pressure drop, nutrient supply, water retentivity, sorption capacity, and purchase cost. One ranking of packing materials was established for each parameter studied in order to define a relative suitability degree. Since biofiltration success generally depends on a combination of the ranked parameters, a procedure was defined to compare packing materials suitability under common situations in biofiltration. The selected scenarios, such as biofiltration of intermittent loads of pollutants and biofiltration of waste gases with low relative humidity, were investigated. The results indicate that, out of the packing materials studied, activated carbons were ranked top of several parameter rankings and were shown to be a significantly better packing material when parameters were combined to assess such selected scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Dorado
- Department of Mining Engineering and Natural Resources, EPSEM, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Manresa, Spain
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