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Sommaggio LRD, Mazzeo DEC, Malvestiti JA, Dantas RF, Marin-Morales MA. Influence of ozonation and UV/H 2O 2 on the genotoxicity of secondary wastewater effluents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170883. [PMID: 38354810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The implementation of novel wastewater treatment technologies, including Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) such as ozonation and ultraviolet radiation (UV) combined with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), can be a promising strategy for enhancing the quality of these effluents. However, during effluent oxidation AOPs may produce toxic compounds that can compromise the water reuse and the receiving water body. Given this possibility, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of secondary effluents from two different Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) that were subjected to ozonation or UV/H2O2 for periods of 20 (T1) and 40 (T2) minutes. The genotoxic potential was carried out with the Comet assay (for clastogenic damage) and the Micronucleus assay (for clastogenic and aneugenic damage) in HepG2/C3A cell culture (metabolizing cell line). The results of the comet assay revealed a significant increase in tail intensity in the Municipal WWTP (dry period) effluents treated with UV/H2O2 (T1 and T2). MN occurrence was noted across all treatments in both Pilot and Municipal WWTP (dry period) effluents, whereas nuclear buds (NBs) were noted for all Pilot WWTP treatments and UV/H2O2 treatments of Municipal WWTP (dry period). Moreover, the UV/H2O2 (T1) treatment of Municipal WWTP (dry period) exhibited a noteworthy incidence of multiple alterations per cell (MN + NBs). These findings imply that UV/H2O2 treatment demonstrates higher genotoxic potential compared to ozonation. Furthermore, seasonal variations can have an impact on the genotoxicity of the samples. Results of the study emphasize the importance of conducting genotoxicological tests using human cell cultures, such as HepG2/C3A, to assess the final effluent quality from WWTP before its discharge or reuse. This precaution is essential to safeguard the integrity of the receiving water body and, by extension, the biotic components it contains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Roberta Deroldo Sommaggio
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Dânia Elisa Christofoletti Mazzeo
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant and Animal Production, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jacqueline Aparecida Malvestiti
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, 13484332, Limeira, SP, Brazil; Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Centenário, 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Renato Falcão Dantas
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Paschoal Marmo 1888, 13484332, Limeira, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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Dramé SI, Oba OA, Pasaoglulari Aydinlik N. Environmental and ecological risk assessment of municipal sewage sludge management using a sustainable solar drying system. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 88:151-168. [PMID: 37452540 PMCID: wst_2023_199 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Providing a cost-effective and suitable way for sewage sludge refinement with the purpose of reducing environmental impacts or reutilization of sewage sludge can be an important issue for researchers. This study is inclined at bringing an economical and sustainable solution to sludge management in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Three types of sludges were collected for the experiments: raw sludge was collected during winter (R.S.), digested sludge was collected during winter (D.S.1), and digested sludge was collected during summer time (D.S.2). This study proposes replacing mechanical drying by a solar drying system. Experimental analysis was carried out to determine the total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), heavy metals concentration, and pollution index (index of geo accumulation, contamination factor, ecological risk factor). The solar drying system was demonstrated to be very efficient with the three samples achieving a dry solid content of 96.96% for R.S., 96.75% for D.S.1, and 93.60% for D.S.2. after solar drying. While pollution index calculations showed that all three sludges present a low potential ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saly Ina Dramé
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Oluwasuyi Ayobami Oba
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Sciences, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Nur Pasaoglulari Aydinlik
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
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Tang Y, Sun J, Dong B, Dai X. Citric acid treatment directly on anaerobic digestor sludge alleviates the inhibitory effect of in-situ generated humic acids by their deconstruction and redistribution. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119680. [PMID: 36841168 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humic acids were known to inhibit sewage sludge anaerobic digestion (AD) and many studies have been investigated to deal with the inhibitory effect of humic acids (HA) in raw sludge feeding the digestor. However, HA could also be in-situ produced during the sludge AD process with a significant amount, but the relieving of the inhibitory effect posed by the in-situ produced HA has been historically ignored. Thus, this study attempted to use citric acid (CA), an easily biodegradable polyatomic acid, to directly treat sludge in the anaerobic digestor instead of the feeding sludge, for alleviating inhibition caused by the in-situ produced HA. Results showed that methane production of AD batches with CA pretreatment at 0.06∼0.10 g/g TS on digestor sludge were effectively enhanced, with the highest production being 2.89 times of that observed in control AD without CA treatment and 2.08 times of that achieved by contrast AD with CA pretreatment on raw sludge. However, the AD batches with CA treatment at low dosages of 0.02∼0.04 g/g TS had lower methane production, during which sludge solubilization and hydrolysis were enhanced initially associated with released HA surfactant and hydrolytic enzymes; then later inhibited since higher structurally sound HA in SP easily rebind proteinaceous substrates and enzymes again. Whilst CA treatment at 0.06∼0.10 g/g TS could promote sludge solubilization and hydrolysis throughout the sludge AD process. This dosage-dependent effect of CA treatment can be caused by its discriminating impact on HA structure and distribution. At low dosages, complexes of HA-proteins (including hydrolases) can be decrosslinked and transferred to the soluble phase (SP), thus enhancing solubilization and hydrolysis initially. However, the released HA in SP could rebind more organics and hydrolases during AD, resulting in augmented inhibition. While the dosage increased, HA were drastically deconstructed with aromatic cores in SP migrating to extracellular polymeric substances, preventing binding effects on organics and hydrolases. Accordingly, a smart mutex-switch operational strategy of CA treatment was proposed. The results suggested, to alleviate the inhibitory effect of HA on sludge AD, more attention should be given to HA produced and accumulated in AD rather than raw sludge so that the CA treatment directly on sludge in the digestor can be a promising method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Cubero-Cardoso J, Maluf Braga AF, Trujillo-Reyes Á, Alonso-Segovia G, Serrano A, Borja R, Fermoso FG. Effect of metals on mesophilic anaerobic digestion of strawberry extrudate in batch mode. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116783. [PMID: 36435128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
According to recent studies, the anaerobic digestion of strawberry extrudate is a promising option with potential in the berry industry biorefinery. However, the lack and/or unbalance of concentrations of metals in some agro-industrial residues could hamper methane production during the anaerobic digestion of these kinds of wastes. In this study, a fractional factorial design was applied to screen the supplementation requirements regarding six metals (Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn) for methane production from strawberry extrudate (SE). The logistic model was used to fit the experimental data of methane production-time. It allowed identifying two different stages in the anaerobic process and obtaining the kinetic parameters for each step. Maximum methane production obtained in the first (Bmax) kinetic stage, the methane production in the second stage (P), and the maximum methane production rates (Rmax) concluded a statistically significant effect for Ni and Zn. The second set of experiments was carried out with Ni and Zn through a central composite design to study the concentration effect in the anaerobic digestion process of the strawberry extrudate. The parameters P and Rmax demonstrated a positive interaction between Ni and Zn. Although, Bmax did not prove a statistically significant effect between Ni and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cubero-Cardoso
- Instituto de Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ctra. de Utrera, Km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Adriana Ferreira Maluf Braga
- Biological Process Laboratory, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo (LPB/EESC/USP), Av.João Dagnone 1100, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil.
| | - Ángeles Trujillo-Reyes
- Instituto de Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ctra. de Utrera, Km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Alonso-Segovia
- Instituto de Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ctra. de Utrera, Km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Antonio Serrano
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain; Department of Microbiology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja S/n, Granada, 18071, Spain.
| | - Rafael Borja
- Instituto de Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ctra. de Utrera, Km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Fernando G Fermoso
- Instituto de Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ctra. de Utrera, Km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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Geng H, Xu Y, Zheng L, Liu H, Dai X. Cation exchange resin pretreatment enhancing methane production from anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 212:118130. [PMID: 35121416 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of anaerobic digestion (AD) to treat waste activated sludge (WAS) still exhibits some limitations, such as low methane production. In this study, cation exchange resin (CER) pretreatment was explored to enhance the efficiency of the AD of WAS. Based on the response surface methodology, the optimal conditions for CER pretreatment were reaction time of 7.4 h, 33.8 g CER (wet weight) /g volatile solids and sludge total solids of 2.4%. Under these optimal CER pretreatment conditions, approximately 30% of metals were removed from the WAS, particularly organic-binding metals. This metal removal disrupted the structures of extracellular polymer substances and led to sludge deflocculation, thereby releasing large amounts of organic substances from the sludge solids. Batch AD experiments showed that CER pretreatment increased the maximal production of volatile fatty acids and methane by 565.7% and 80.5%, respectively. Additionally, CER pretreatment promoted each stage of AD (i.e. solubilisation, hydrolysis, acidification and methanation) and the corresponding activities of key enzymes. Experimental results for semi-continuous AD further confirmed that CER pretreatment enhanced the proportion of methane in the biogas (from 62.75 ± 2.14% to 73.96 ± 0.99%) and the production of methane. An analysis of changes in the microbial communities demonstrated that CER pretreatment enhanced the abundance of microorganisms involved in hydrolysis, acidification and acetification and changed the major methanogenic pathway from acetoclastic methanogens to methylotrophic methanogens. These findings are expected to provide a reference for developing new pretreatment methods for enhancing anaerobic biodegradability of organic matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Linke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; East China Architecture Design & Research Institute, Shanghai 200002 China
| | - Haoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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6
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Silva JAD, F M Braga A, Fermoso FG, Zaiat M, Silva GHR. Evaluation of the influence of trace metals on methane production from domestic sewage, using the Plackett-Burman experimental design. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 294:113002. [PMID: 34146930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methanogenesis involves several enzymes with trace metal components that catalyze major metabolic pathways and, therefore, requires a sufficient supply of micronutrients such as iron, nickel or cobalt. The statistically-based Plackett-Burman experimental design was adopted in this study to identify which trace metal have a statistically significant effect on the maximum methane production from domestic sewage. The addition of Barium (Ba), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni) and Selenium (Se) was tested in batch reactors using domestic sewage as the substrate and sewage sludge as the inoculum. The results showed that the addition of Fe was statistically significant, positively affecting the maximum CH4 production (p-value 0.05). The results are expressed in L of CH4 per g of Chemical Oxygen Demand added, increasing it from 0.10 to 0.13 LCH4 gCODadd-1. In L of CH4 per g of Volatile Solids, increased it from 0.031 to 0.040 LCH4 gVS-1. The addition of Se was statistically significant, but with a negative effect on the maximum methane production (p-value 0.002), which decreased from 0.13 to 0.10 LCH4.gCODadd-1. Moreover, six different Fe concentrations (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 mgL-1) were tested, showing that the addition of 120 mgL-1 had the greatest effect for statistically improving the maximum methane production, with 33% improvement (0.12 ± 0.003 to 0.16 ± 0.012 LCH4 gCODadd-1) compared to no addition of Fe and the specific CH4 production to 0.040 ± 0.001 LCH4 gVS-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julliana Alves da Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa, 17033-360, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adriana F M Braga
- Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Engenharia Ambiental - Bloco 4-F, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Santa Angelina, 13.563-120, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernando G Fermoso
- Instituto de laGrasa (C.S.I.C.), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 - 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Marcelo Zaiat
- Biological Processes Laboratory, Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Environmental Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Engenharia Ambiental - Bloco 4-F, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Santa Angelina, 13.563-120, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo H R Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa, 17033-360, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Costa RB, Godoi LAG, Braga AFM, Delforno TP, Bevilaqua D. Sulfate removal rate and metal recovery as settling precipitates in bioreactors: Influence of electron donors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123622. [PMID: 33264855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Four down-flow structured bed bioreactors were operated targeting biological sulfate-reduction and metal recovery. Three different electron donors were tested: glycerol (R1), lactate (R2), sucrose (R3), and a blend of the previous three (R4) with an increasing copper influent load (5, 15, and 30 mg Cu2+.L-1). Copper inhibited sulfate-reduction in R1 (15 mg Cu2+.L-1) and R3 (5 mg Cu2+.L-1), but the fermentative activity was not affected. R2 and R4 were not inhibited by the copper influent concentration. R2 provided the highest sulfate reduction rate (1767.3 ± 240.1 mg SO42-.L.day-1). Nonetheless, the accumulation of settling precipitates was 22 % higher in R4 than in R2, indicating the former yielded the highest metal recovery as settling precipitates (24.8 g FSS.L-1, 25 % Fe2+, 5% Cu2+). 16S rRNA sequencing showed highest diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in R2. A predominance of sulfate-reducing and fermentative bacteria with more similarity was observed between microbial populations in R1 and R4, despite the difference in toxicity thresholds. Hence, the electron donor influenced not only the biological sulfate reduction, but also metal toxicity thresholds and metal recovery as settling precipitates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Biancalana Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, R. Francisco Degni, 55, 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Augusto Gouvea Godoi
- Biological Processes Laboratory, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Engenharia Ambiental - Bloco 4-F, 1100 João Dagnone Av. - Santa Angelina, 13.563-120, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ferreira Maluf Braga
- Biological Processes Laboratory, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Engenharia Ambiental - Bloco 4-F, 1100 João Dagnone Av. - Santa Angelina, 13.563-120, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Palladino Delforno
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos Km 110, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Denise Bevilaqua
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, R. Francisco Degni, 55, 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Cai Y, Zheng Z, Wang X. Obstacles faced by methanogenic archaea originating from substrate-driven toxicants in anaerobic digestion. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123938. [PMID: 33264986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is used to treat waste and produce bioenergy. However, toxicants, which originate from the substrate, can inhibit or damage the digestion process. Methanogenic archaea (MA), which are the executor in the methanogenesis stage, are more sensitive than bacteria to these toxicants. This review discusses the effects of substrate-driven toxicants, namely, antibiotics, H2S and sulfate, heavy metals (HMs), long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), and ammonia nitrogen, on the activity of MAs, methanogenic pathways, and the inter-genus succession of MAs. The adverse effects of these five toxicants on MA include effects on pH, damages to cell membranes, the prevention of protein synthesis, changes in hydrogen partial pressure, a reduction in the bioavailability of trace elements, and hindrance of mass transfer. These effects cause a reduction in MA activity and the succession of MAs and methanogenic pathways, which affect AD performance. Under the stress of these toxicants, succession occurs among HA (hydrogenotrophic methanogen), AA (acetoclastic methanogen), and MM (methylotrophic methanogen), especially HA gradually replaces AA as the dominant MA. Simultaneously, the dominant methanogenic pathway also changes from the aceticlastic pathway to other methanogenic pathways. A comprehensive understanding of the impact of toxicants on MA permits more specific targeting when developing strategies to mitigate or eliminate the effects of these toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafan Cai
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Biomass Engineering Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Biochemical conversion, Deutsches Biomassforschungszentrum gemeinnütziges GmbH, Torgauer Straße116, 04347 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zehui Zheng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Biomass Engineering Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaofen Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Biomass Engineering Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Riaz U, Murtaza G, Farooq M, Aziz H, Qadir AA, Mehdi SM, Qazi MA. Chemical fractionation and risk assessment of trace elements in sewage sludge generated from various states of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:39742-39752. [PMID: 31993896 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the developing world, rapid urbanization and industrialization produces an enormous volume of wastes daily. This study was aimed to explore the potential and risks associated with sewage sludge through the characterization and fractionation technique. Sewage sludge samples were collected from various wastewater treatment in five different cities of Pakistan. Considerable amounts of macro-elements were detected in all types of sewage sludge samples. The pHw of all sewage sludge were neutral to slightly alkaline in reaction. Total organic carbon (TOC) was maximum (18.73%) with Coca-Cola sewage sludge (CSS) while the minimum (14.69%) was with Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) sewage sludge (WSS). Percent relative distribution of cadmium (Cd) was higher in residual fraction (F4) up to 52% in the Nestle wastewater treatment plant, Sheikhupura (NSS). The chromium (Cr) concentration in Kasur sewage sludge (KSS) was extremely in mobile fraction (exchangeable) as compared with all other sludge samples, therefore showing a higher level of risk assessment code. While in the case of Iron (Fe), mobility was less and its maximum portion was noted in residual fraction (F4) of all sewage sludge samples. Percent distribution of manganese (Mn) showed variable trends for different sewage sludge samples. Zinc (Zn) concentration showed high mobility (exchangeable fraction) in case of NUST wastewater treatment plant, Islamabad (NTS) (31.16%) and WSS (37.83%) as compared with other sewage sludges. The risk assessment code indicated that Zn and Ni had a medium level of risk with I-9 Sector wastewater treatment plant, Islamabad (ISS), CSS, KSS, and NSS whereas these pose a high risk with NTS and WSS. Based on physicochemical properties, nutrients, trace elements, mobility, and risk assessment code, it was concluded that KSS should not be recommended at any application rate while NTS and WSS may be used at low application rates whereas ISS, CSS, and NSS may be used for agricultural crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Riaz
- Soil, Water and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
- Soil and Water Testing Laboratory for Research, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Soil, Water and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, dh-123, Al-Khou, Oman
| | - Humera Aziz
- Soil, Water and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Abdul Qadir
- Soil, Water and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
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10
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Chen S, Dong B, Yang D, Li N, Dai X. Micron-sized silica particles in wastewater influenced the distribution of organic matters in sludge and their anaerobic degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122340. [PMID: 32213426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of micron-sized silica particles on the distribution of organic matters in sludge and anaerobic degradation of macromolecular organic components (MOCs) in sludge was investigated. With the addition of micron-sized particles in the influent (VS/TS decreased gradually from 90.46 ± 0.21 % to 33.36 ± 0.17 %), the protein degradation percentage was significantly promoted while the polysaccharides degradation percentage was largely inhibited, resulting in the total MOCs degradation and methane production increasing firstly (with the promotion extent within 10 %) and then declining slightly, with the peak value at VS/TS of 56.03 ± 0.21 %. The shifted degradation percentage of protein and polysaccharides were caused by the significant changed distribution of organic matters in sludge. With the addition of micron-sized silica particles, the MW of EPS and secondary structure of protein in EPS changed little, which brought about little influence. While, the promoted extracellular protein content (so that the total protein content) and declined extracellular carbohydrates content (so that the total polysaccharides content), were found to be strongly correlated to the enhanced protein degradation and inhibited polysaccharides degradation. The results suggested that large amounts of grit in sludge might not be the main reason for lower degradability of sewage sludge in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Dianhai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Mainardis M, Buttazzoni M, Goi D. Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Technology for Energy Recovery: A Review on State-of-the-Art and Recent Technological Advances. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E43. [PMID: 32397582 PMCID: PMC7355771 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor belongs to high-rate systems, able to perform anaerobic reaction at reduced hydraulic retention time, if compared to traditional digesters. In this review, the most recent advances in UASB reactor applications are critically summarized and discussed, with outline on the most critical aspects for further possible future developments. Beside traditional anaerobic treatment of soluble and biodegradable substrates, research is actually focusing on the treatment of refractory and slowly degradable matrices, thanks to an improved understanding of microbial community composition and reactor hydrodynamics, together with utilization of powerful modeling tools. Innovative approaches include the use of UASB reactor for nitrogen removal, as well as for hydrogen and volatile fatty acid production. Co-digestion of complementary substrates available in the same territory is being extensively studied to increase biogas yield and provide smooth continuous operations in a circular economy perspective. Particular importance is being given to decentralized treatment, able to provide electricity and heat to local users with possible integration with other renewable energies. Proper pre-treatment application increases biogas yield, while a successive post-treatment is needed to meet required effluent standards, also from a toxicological perspective. An increased full-scale application of UASB technology is desirable to achieve circular economy and sustainability scopes, with efficient biogas exploitation, fulfilling renewable energy targets and green-house gases emission reduction, in particular in tropical countries, where limited reactor heating is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matia Mainardis
- Department Polytechnic of Engineering and Architecture (DPIA), University of Udine, Via del Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.B.); (D.G.)
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Laera A, Shakeri Yekta S, Hedenström M, Buzier R, Guibaud G, Dario M, Esposito G, van Hullebusch ED. A simultaneous assessment of organic matter and trace elements bio-accessibility in substrate and digestate from an anaerobic digestion plant. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121587. [PMID: 31200348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates a simultaneous assessment of organic matter (OM) and trace elements (TE) bio-accessibility in substrate and digestate from a full-scale anaerobic digester by a sequential OM extraction method. Simultaneous release of TE was determined along with the extraction of different OM fractions and the effects of extracting reagents on characteristics of OM were evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The reagents used for sequential extraction of OM were not enough selective. However, proteins were particularly removed by 0.1 M NaOH, while 72% H2SO4 mainly extracted hemicellulose and cellulose. The OM fractionation allowed for simultaneous extraction of >60% of total As, Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn, while the extraction was limited for Al, Cr, Cu, Mo, and Pb. In substrate, >50% of total As, Co, Mn and Ni and <40% of total Fe, Zn and Mo were identified in bio-accessible fractions. In digestate, all elements demonstrated poor bio-accessibility except for As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Laera
- University of Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France; University of Limoges, PEIRENE, Equipe Développement d'indicateurs ou prévision de la qualité des eaux, URA IRSTEA, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Sepehr Shakeri Yekta
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change and Biogas Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Rémy Buzier
- University of Limoges, PEIRENE, Equipe Développement d'indicateurs ou prévision de la qualité des eaux, URA IRSTEA, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Guibaud
- University of Limoges, PEIRENE, Equipe Développement d'indicateurs ou prévision de la qualité des eaux, URA IRSTEA, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Mårten Dario
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change and Biogas Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- University of Napoli "Federico II", Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Eric D van Hullebusch
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7154, F-75238 Paris, France
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Montalvo S, Huiliñir C, Borja R, Castillo A, Pereda I. Anaerobic digestion of wastewater rich in sulfate and sulfide: effects of metallic waste addition and micro-aeration on process performance and methane production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:1035-1043. [PMID: 31188049 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1623597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the effect of two metallic wastes (mining wastes, MW; fly ashes, FA) and micro-aeration (MA) on the anaerobic digestion of wastewater which is rich in sulfate and sulfide. Two initial COD concentrations (5,000 and 10,000 mg/L) were studied under both conditions in batch systems at 35 °C, with a fixed COD/SO42- ratio = 10, with 100 mg/L of S2-. It was observed that the use of MW and FA in the assays with an initial COD concentration of 10,000 mg/L resulted in a simultaneous increase in COD removal, sulfate removal, sulfide removal and methane generation, while MA only improved the COD and sulfide removals in comparison with the control system. On the contrary, the use of MW, FA or MA in systems with initial COD concentrations equal to or lower than 5,000 mg/L did not show any improvement with respect to the control system in terms of COD removal, sulfate removal or methane generation, with only sulfide removal being positively affected by MW and FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Montalvo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Santiago de Chile , Santiago de Chile , Chile
| | - César Huiliñir
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Santiago de Chile , Santiago de Chile , Chile
| | | | - Alejandra Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Santiago de Chile , Santiago de Chile , Chile
| | - Ileana Pereda
- Centro de Estudios de Tecnologías Energéticas Renovables, Universidad Tecnológica de La Habana , La Habana , Cuba
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Laera A, Buzier R, Guibaud G, Esposito G, van Hullebusch ED. Assessment of the DGT technique in digestate to fraction twelve trace elements. Talanta 2019; 192:204-211. [PMID: 30348379 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes an evaluation of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) for studying trace elements in digested sewage sludge samples. Twelve elements were monitored by Chelex (Al, Cd, Co, Cr (III), Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb) and zirconia-DGT (As, Mo, Se) samplers exposed from 4 h to 9 days. Twenty-four hours' deployment time was suitable for most of the studied elements. However, short deployment led to insufficient element accumulation or non-establishment of steady state while long deployment (from 18 to 144 h depending on the element) led to saturation of the binding gels and/or competing effects with other major elements. In addition, this study showed that the matrix of the digested sewage sludge lowers the accumulation of some trace elements in the DGT samplers, leading to labile concentrations underestimation of roughly 10-30% (depending on the element). Moreover, compared to the conventional total dissolved elements measurement, DGT technique allowed to quantify 7 out of 12 labile elements whereas only 3 out of 12 dissolved elements were quantified. These results highlight the potential of DGT technique to assess labile trace elements in digestate samples, provided a careful adaptation of the deployment time as well as an evaluation of the matrix effect is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Laera
- University of Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France; University of Limoges, PEIRENE, Equipe Développement d'indicateurs ou prévision de la qualité des eaux, URA IRSTEA, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France; University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, via Gaetano di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy.
| | - Rémy Buzier
- University of Limoges, PEIRENE, Equipe Développement d'indicateurs ou prévision de la qualité des eaux, URA IRSTEA, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France.
| | - Gilles Guibaud
- University of Limoges, PEIRENE, Equipe Développement d'indicateurs ou prévision de la qualité des eaux, URA IRSTEA, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, via Gaetano di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - Eric D van Hullebusch
- University of Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (EA 4508), UPEM, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France; IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
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Garuti M, Langone M, Fabbri C, Piccinini S. Methodological approach for trace elements supplementation in anaerobic digestion: Experience from full-scale agricultural biogas plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 223:348-357. [PMID: 29936348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals play a very important role on the performance and stability of agricultural biogas digesters. The purpose of this study was to develop a methodological approach to quickly detect limiting conditions due to Trace Elements (TE) concentration in full-scale biogas plants. The work was based on long-term process monitoring in two full-scale agricultural biogas plants and on the correlation between their performance and TE concentration in the digesters. Monitoring and analysis of data from two different case studies allowed to understand the effect of the TE added on biogas plant performance. Furthermore, over-dosage has been avoided, minimizing the risk of biological inhibition and excess of heavy metal concentration in the effluent digestate according to regulation for land fertilization. TE supplementation has been successfully applied to optimize the biogas production, when a slight volatile organic acid accumulation has been detected (from about 3515 mg CH3COOHeq L-1 to 4530 mg CH3COOHeq L-1), and to recover the biogas production after a strong organic acid accumulation (up to 7779 mgCH3COOHeq L-1). Molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, and selenium concentrations above the stimulatory level identified in this study showed similar effects in both case studies: a temporary increase of the methane content in the biogas by 15 - 20% and a provisional improvement of the specific methane production. This allowed to decrease the organic loading rate by 10 - 20%, due to rapid degradation of accumulated volatile organic acids. Further, the residual methane potential of the biogas plant in TE limiting conditions reached values up to 4.8% in comparison to the 1.3% residual methane potential achieved when TE concentration was not a limiting factor, proving that a proper use of TE could help in reducing greenhouse gases emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Garuti
- CRPA - Research Center on Animal Production, Viale Timavo, 43/2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Michela Langone
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Claudio Fabbri
- CRPA - Research Center on Animal Production, Viale Timavo, 43/2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sergio Piccinini
- CRPA - Research Center on Animal Production, Viale Timavo, 43/2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Bogusz A, Oleszczuk P. Sequential extraction of nickel and zinc in sewage sludge- or biochar/sewage sludge-amended soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:927-935. [PMID: 29729510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fractionation of nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in sewage sludge-amended soil and in sewage sludge/biochar-amended soil was investigated. The results were compared with ecotoxicological tests in order to determine the contribution of metals to the toxicity of amended soils. The study was conducted as a long-term field experiment. Sewage sludge (SL) or sewage sludge with a 2.5, 5 or 10% addition of biochar (BC) was added to the soil. Samples for analysis were taken immediately after experiment establishment as well as after 12 and 18 months from the beginning of the study. The fractionation analysis of Ni and Zn was performed using the BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) three-step sequential extraction procedure. The following forms were determined: mobile (F1); bound to FeMn oxides (F2); bound to organic matter (F3) and residual (F4). The soil, SL and BC differed in the contribution of individual forms of the metals. The application of SL into the soil resulted in an increased soil content of mobile forms of Ni and Zn by 180 and 103%, respectively. The mobility index (MI) significantly increased, which evidences the risk related to the presence of these metals. Biochar in the sewage sludge significantly reduced the content of Ni and Zn in F1 fraction. The study also demonstrated that biochar amendment promotes the transition over time of available forms of Ni and Zn into their residual forms (F4), which leads to a further reduction in the environmental risk related to their presence in the environment. The conducted statistical analysis revealed only intermittent relationships between the individual forms of the metals and soil physicochemical properties and toxicity, which may indicate more complex mechanisms that occur in the experimental systems investigated. Therefore, the use of SL in combination with BC can be an effective method for reducing the environmental risk related to the presence of metals in SL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bogusz
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Krucza 5/11, 00-548 Warszawa, Poland; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska Square 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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Salles FJ, Sato APS, Luz MS, Fávaro DIT, Ferreira FJ, da Silva Paganini W, Olympio KPK. The environmental impact of informal and home productive arrangement in the jewelry and fashion jewelry chain on sanitary sewer system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:10701-10713. [PMID: 29392608 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The outsourcing informal home practices adopted in jewelry and fashion jewelry chain can cause toxic substance elimination in the effluents and raise a concern for its environmental impact. This study evaluates if this informal work alters the concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs: As, Cd, Cr total and Cr-VI, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sn, and Zn) in the sewage network. The sanitary sewage samples (n = 540) were collected in 15 manholes during two campaigns in three different areas of Limeira-SP, Brazil (industrial area, with informal work and without known industrial/informal activity). The sewage sludge (n = 12), raw (n = 12), and treated sewage (n = 12) were collected in two wastewater treatment plants (WWT: AS and TATU) operating with different treatment process. The PTE determination was performed by ICP-OES, direct mercury analysis, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Cr-VI, Cu, Ni, and Zn were the only elements above the quantification limit. Four samples exceeded Cu or Zn values permitted to be discharged into sewage system; however, the concentration average was lower than that established by Brazilian legislation. A difference was found between values above and below the 75th percentile for campaign and total organic carbon values (p < 0.015). The AS-treated sewage presented low concentrations of Cu (p < 0.05), Zn (p = 0.02), and Ni (p = 0.01) compared to treated sewage from TATU. In the sludge samples, the Cu means exceeded the limits of the Brazilian legislation (1500 mg kg-1) and the Zn results were very close to the limits (2800 mg kg-1). The heterogeneity of the results can indicate the sporadic nature of the PTE's sanitary disposal. PTEs used in jewelry and fashion jewelry chain may precipitate on the sludge, where presented high concentrations of Cu and Zn which require controlled destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Junqueira Salles
- Environmental Health Department, School of Public Health, São Paulo University, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Sayuri Sato
- Epidemiology Departament, School of Public Health, São Paulo University, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Maciel Santos Luz
- Metallurgical Processes Laboratory, Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wanderley da Silva Paganini
- Environmental Health Department, School of Public Health, São Paulo University, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio
- Environmental Health Department, School of Public Health, São Paulo University, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil.
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