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Ahmad MSA, Hameed M, Kaleem M, Fatima S, Ahmad F, Farooq M, Maratib M, Aziz I. Foliar architecture differentially restrains metal sequestration capacity in wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in hyper-chloride-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:113457-113480. [PMID: 37851260 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities, such as industrial wastewater and use of water softeners, cause hyper-accumulation of Cl- in water sources and soils. Currently, industries have no sustainable method to remove these Cl- ions from wastewater. This study was conducted to evaluate the integrative responses of wheat cultivated in five industrial effluent-affected areas (S2-S6) by investigating soil characters and bioaccumulation of metals in wheat plants and grains. The S4 site (near the second chloride outlet) exhibited a higher concentration of CO2, SO2, NO2, Cl-, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Zn. Soil from S6 (sewage wastewater downstream getting mixed with chloride-contaminated water) had a minimum level of nutrients (Na, K, and Ca), maximum metals (Cd, Fe, Pb, Mn), and reduction in plant biomass. In site S2 (sewage wastewater upstream of the chloride factory), a higher level of minerals and metals was noted in the roots. Maximum metals in grains occurred in S6 with higher organic osmolytes. The sequestration capacity of metals in leaves was also increased by alterations in anatomical traits. Results indicated that metals and hyper-Cl- concentration employed a negative influence on the plants because of poor soil quality, extremely damaged microstructures leading to reduced yield, poor grain quality, and excessive translocation from roots to wheat grains. These findings revealed that contaminated plants used as either green forage or hay are noxious to animals and if used as grain for feed or humans can lead to serious health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mansoor Hameed
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kaleem
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Sana Fatima
- Department of Botany, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Mehtab Maratib
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Aziz
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
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Liu M, Wang X, Deng Y, Guo Y, Zhao J, Li M. Study on Microwave Deicing Efficiency of Microwave-Absorbing Concrete Pavements and Its Influencing Factors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8923. [PMID: 36556729 PMCID: PMC9781608 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microwave deicing technology, as a new environmentally friendly deicing technology, can effectively solve the problem of the frequent icing of road surfaces in the winter, which affects the safety of traffic. To improve the efficiency of microwave deicing on cement concrete pavement, this study proposed the use of magnetite, iron sulfide slag, steel slag, lead-zinc slag, and graphite as microwave-absorbing materials, and conducted microwave deicing tests under the influence of five factors, namely the form of the pavement surface structure, the content of the microwave-absorbing material, microwave power, the shielding state, and dry and wet conditions. Layer by layer, we selected the combination of pavement surface structure, microwave-absorbing material content, microwave power, shielding state, and dry and wet conditions on the bottom surface of the concrete slab with the optimal deicing effect. The results showed that the 2 cm scattered microwave-absorbing surface concrete structure has the fastest heating rate; the higher the magnetite content and microwave power, the higher the deicing efficiency; the maximum heating rate can be increased by 17.6% when the shielding layer is set at the bottom of the cement concrete slab; and the heating rate of the microwave-absorbing concrete slab in the wet state is increased by 20.8% relative to the dry state. In summary, 7000 W of power, a magnetite content of 60 vol % in the scattered microwave-absorbing surface, a shielding layer set at the bottom surface, and wet conditions can greatly improve the efficiency of microwave deicing compared with the microwave ice melting effects of plain cement concrete and other microwave-absorbing materials mixed into the concrete. In addition, the temperature uniformity of the microwave-absorbing materials is essential to improve the deicing efficiency of microwave-absorbing concrete, so it is essential to explore it further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Liu
- School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
| | - Xuancang Wang
- School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
| | - Yuyuan Deng
- School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
| | - Meixin Li
- Shandong Provincial Communications Planning and Design Institute Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, China
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Chen J, Zhang W, Ma B, Che J, Xia L, Wen P, Wang C. Recovering metals from flue dust produced in secondary copper smelting through a novel process combining low temperature roasting, water leaching and mechanochemical reduction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128497. [PMID: 35739678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flue dust from secondary copper smelting (FDSC) is a hazardous waste as well as a secondary resource due to the high content of Cl, Br, and valuable metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd). Herein, a novel process, combined low-temperature roasting, water leaching, and mechanochemical reduction, was developed for recovering metals from the FDSC. The phase conversion and behavior of the main elements in the whole process were explored based on thermodynamic analysis, experimental research, and various characterization. First, thermodynamics calculation revealed that adding H2SO4 could significantly decrease the roasting temperature and promote the generation of soluble metal sulfates. The experimental results showed that more than 99% of Cl and Br were removed by roasting at 325 °C and 1.5 times H2SO4 addition. Subsequently, the Cu, Zn, and Cd were almost completely leached by water under the conditions of 80 ℃, 2 h and L/S = 5 mL·g-1, while Pb was rejected and enriched in the residue. Finally, using iron powder as a reductant, 96.7% of PbSO4 was reduced to elemental lead at room temperature with the aid of mechanical force. The findings illustrated that the recovery performance of metals and environmental benefits will be greatly improved by the proposed process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Baozhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jianyong Che
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peicheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Szklarek S, Górecka A, Wojtal-Frankiewicz A. The effects of road salt on freshwater ecosystems and solutions for mitigating chloride pollution - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150289. [PMID: 34536879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Road salt (mainly NaCl) is commonly used during the winter to ensure road and pavement safety; however, the long-term application of NaCl has negative consequences on soil and the water environment. The aims of the present review were to evaluate the impact of road salt on catchment processes which accelerate the eutrophication of waters, and to identify a possible approach for reducing the impact of winter salt treatments of roads and sidewalks, on water body quality. The objectives were implemented in accordance with the ecohydrological approach, which recommends using hierarchical steps to solve problems. The first step was the monitoring of threats, in which the causes of high chloride (Cl) concentrations in groundwater and surface water were identified. The results indicate that long-term winter application of road salt increases the annual mean concentrations of Cl in rivers and lakes, due to Cl entering groundwater. The second step was a cause-effect analysis of the impact of NaCl on the abiotic processes in soil and water, and on the biotic response to chloride exposure. Chlorides appear to decrease the biodiversity of aquatic animals and plants but favour the growth of phytoplankton, especially cyanobacteria. Moreover, Cl reduces the self-purification processes of water by decreasing nutrient accumulation in macrophytes, decreasing the denitrification rate and reducing organic matter decomposition. The third step was to evaluate possible solutions for reducing the negative impact of NaCl on the environment, and to improve the effectiveness of alternative de-icing agents. An analysis of available literature indicates that a system-based approach integrating engineering knowledge with an understanding of biological and hydrological processes is necessary to indicate solutions for reducing environmental risks from road salt use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Szklarek
- European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tylna 3, 90-364 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Górecka
- University of Lodz, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, 90-237 Lodz, Banacha 12/16, Poland
| | - Adrianna Wojtal-Frankiewicz
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, UNESCO Chair on Ecohydrology and Applied Ecology, 90-237 Lodz, Banacha 12/16, Poland
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Honarvar Nazari M, Mousavi SZ, Potapova A, McIntyre J, Shi X. Toxicological impacts of roadway deicers on aquatic resources and human health: A review. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:1855-1881. [PMID: 33978278 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During winter, snow and ice on roads in regions with cold weather can increase traffic crashes and casualties, resulting in travel delays and financial burdens to society. Anti-icing or deicing the roads can serve a cost-effective method to significantly reduce such risks. Although traditionally the main priorities of winter road maintenance (WRM) have been level of service, cost-effectiveness, and corrosion reduction, it is increasingly clear that understanding the environmental impacts of deicers is vital. One of the most important problems in this regard is environmental contamination caused by cumulative use of deicers, which has many detrimental effects on the aquatic systems. Among the deicers, the chloride-based ones raise the most toxicological concerns because they are highly soluble, can migrate quickly in the environment and have cumulative effects over time. In this review, we summarize and organize existing data, including the latest findings about the adverse effects of deicers on surface water and groundwater, aquatic species, and human health, and identify future research priorities. In addition, the data provided can be used to develop a framework for quantifying some of the variables that stakeholders and agencies use when preparing guidelines and standards for WRM programs. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Pollution from the increasing use of roadway deicers may have detrimental effects on the environment. Of particular concern are the acute and cumulative risks that chloride salts pose to aquatic species. Chloride salts are water-soluble, very difficult to remove, highly mobile, and non-degradable. Deicers cause water stratification, change the chemicophysical properties of water, and affect aquatic species and human health. Current guidelines may not be appropriate for environmental protection and need to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Honarvar Nazari
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - S Zeinab Mousavi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Anna Potapova
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jenifer McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA, USA
| | - Xianming Shi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Fournier IB, Lovejoy C, Vincent WF. Changes in the Community Structure of Under-Ice and Open-Water Microbiomes in Urban Lakes Exposed to Road Salts. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:660719. [PMID: 33868217 PMCID: PMC8044900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinization of freshwater is increasingly observed in regions where chloride de-icing salts are applied to the roads in winter, but little is known about the effects on microbial communities. In this study, we analyzed the planktonic microbiomes of four lakes that differed in degree of urbanization, eutrophication and salinization, from an oligotrophic reference lake with no surrounding roads, to a eutrophic, salinized lake receiving runoff from a highway. We tested the hypothesis that an influence of road salts would be superimposed on the effects of season and trophic status. We evaluated the microbial community structure by 16S rRNA sequencing for Bacteria, and by four methods for eukaryotes: 16S rRNA chloroplast analysis, 18S rRNA sequencing, photosynthetic pigment analysis and microscopy. Consistent with our hypothesis, chloride and total nitrogen concentrations were among the most important statistical factors explaining the differences in taxonomic composition. These factors were positively correlated with the abundance of cryptophytes, haptophytes, and cyanobacteria. Ice-cover was also a major structuring factor, with clear differences between the winter communities and those of the open-water period. Nitrifying and methane oxidizing bacteria were more abundant in winter, suggesting the importance of anaerobic sediment processes and release of reduced compounds into the ice-covered water columns. The four methods for eukaryotic analysis provided complementary information. The 18S rRNA observations were strongly influenced by the presence of ribosome-rich ciliates, but revealed a much higher degree of taxonomic richness and greater separation of lakes, seasonal changes and potential salinity effects than the other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle B. Fournier
- Département de Biologie and Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre for Northern Studies (CEN), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Connie Lovejoy
- Département de Biologie and Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Warwick F. Vincent
- Département de Biologie and Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre for Northern Studies (CEN), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Baraza T, Hasenmueller EA. Road salt retention and transport through vadose zone soils to shallow groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142240. [PMID: 33022462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing background salinity in watersheds has largely been attributed to road salt retention in groundwaters due to their long residence times. However, laboratory studies demonstrate that soils temporarily store salts, either in porewater or adsorbed onto particles. Field studies of road salt retention in soils are nevertheless rare, and mechanisms of salt transport across multiple hydrological reservoirs (e.g., from soil to groundwater) are unknown. Thus, we collected roadside soil porewater and karst spring water weekly for ~1.5 yr to determine salt transport through the vadose zone into the phreatic zone. We observed dual retention mechanisms of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) in soils due to slow porewater movement, causing ion movement through the soil as slow as 1.3 cm/day, and cation exchange processes, leading to initial Na+ retention followed by later release months after application. Cation exchange processes also caused base cation loss from exchange sites into mobile porewater. Rapid Na+ and Cl- delivery to groundwater occurred through karst conduits during the winter. However, elevated background levels of salt ions in groundwater during the non-salting months indicated accumulation in the catchment due to slower porewater flow in the soil and rock matrix and delayed Na+ release from soil exchange sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Baraza
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63108, United States.
| | - Elizabeth A Hasenmueller
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63108, United States
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Dugan HA, Skaff NK, Doubek JP, Bartlett SL, Burke SM, Krivak-Tetley FE, Summers JC, Hanson PC, Weathers KC. Lakes at Risk of Chloride Contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6639-6650. [PMID: 32353225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lakes in the Midwest and Northeast United States are at risk of anthropogenic chloride contamination, but there is little knowledge of the prevalence and spatial distribution of freshwater salinization. Here, we use a quantile regression forest (QRF) to leverage information from 2773 lakes to predict the chloride concentration of all 49 432 lakes greater than 4 ha in a 17-state area. The QRF incorporated 22 predictor variables, which included lake morphometry characteristics, watershed land use, and distance to the nearest road and interstate. Model predictions had an r2 of 0.94 for all chloride observations, and an r2 of 0.86 for predictions of the median chloride concentration observed at each lake. The four predictors with the largest influence on lake chloride concentrations were low and medium intensity development in the watershed, crop density in the watershed, and distance to the nearest interstate. Almost 2000 lakes are predicted to have chloride concentrations above 50 mg L-1 and should be monitored. We encourage management and governing agencies to use lake-specific model predictions to assess salt contamination risk as well as to augment their monitoring strategies to more comprehensively protect freshwater ecosystems from salinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary A Dugan
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 680 North Park Street Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas K Skaff
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 13 Natural Resources Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jonathan P Doubek
- School of Natural Resources & Environment and Center for Freshwater Research and Education, Lake Superior State University, Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - Sarah L Bartlett
- NEW Water, 2231 North Quincy Street Green Bay, Wisconsin 54302, United States
| | - Samantha M Burke
- University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Flora E Krivak-Tetley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03768, United States
| | - Jamie C Summers
- WSP Canada Incorporated, 2300 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario M4P 1E4, Canada
| | - Paul C Hanson
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 680 North Park Street Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kathleen C Weathers
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York 12545, United States
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