1
|
Long XX, Yu ZN, Liu SW, Gao T, Qiu RL. A systematic review of biochar aging and the potential eco-environmental risk in heavy metal contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134345. [PMID: 38696956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Biochar is widely accepted as a green and effective amendment for remediating heavy metals (HMs) contaminated soil, but its long-term efficiency and safety changes with biochar aging in fields. Currently, some reviews have qualitatively summarized biochar aging methods and mechanisms, aging-induced changes in biochar properties, and often ignored the potential eco-environmental risk during biochar aging process. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the study methods of biochar aging, quantitatively compares the effects of different biochar aging process on its properties, and discusses the potential eco-environmental risk due to biochar aging in HMs contaminated soil. At present, various artificial aging methods (physical aging, chemical aging and biological aging) rather than natural field aging have been applied to study the changes of biochar's properties. Generally, biochar aging increases specific surface area (SSA), pore volume (PV), surface oxygen-containing functional group (OFGs) and O content, while decreases pH, ash, H, C and N content. Chemical aging method has a greater effect on the properties of biochar than other aging methods. In addition, biochar aging may lead to HMs remobilization and produce new types of pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and colloidal/nano biochar particles, which consequently bring secondary eco-environmental risk. Finally, future research directions are suggested to establish a more accurate assessment method and model on biochar aging behavior and evaluate the environmental safety of aged biochar, in order to promote its wider application for remediating HMs contaminated soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xian Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ze-Ning Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Shao-Wen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Rong-Liang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amalina F, Krishnan S, Zularisam AW, Nasrullah M. Pristine and modified biochar applications as multifunctional component towards sustainable future: Recent advances and new insights. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169608. [PMID: 38157898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Employing biomass for environmental conservation is regarded as a successful and environmentally friendly technique since they are cost-effective, renewable, and abundant. Biochar (BC), a thermochemically converted biomass, has a considerably lower production cost than the other conventional activated carbons. This material's distinctive properties, including a high carbon content, good electrical conductivity (EC), high stability, and a large surface area, can be utilized in various research fields. BC is feasible as a renewable source for potential applications that may achieve a comprehensive economic niche. Despite being an inexpensive and environmentally sustainable product, research has indicated that pristine BC possesses restricted properties that prevent it from fulfilling the intended remediation objectives. Consequently, modifications must be made to BC to strengthen its physicochemical properties and, thereby, its efficacy in decontaminating the environment. Modified BC, an enhanced iteration of BC, has garnered considerable interest within academia. Many modification techniques have been suggested to augment BC's functionality, including its adsorption and immobilization reliability. Modified BC is overviewed in its production, functionality, applications, and regeneration. This work provides a holistic review of the recent advances in synthesizing modified BC through physical, chemical, or biological methods to achieve enhanced performance in a specific application, which has generated considerable research interest. Surface chemistry modifications require the initiation of surface functional groups, which can be accomplished through various techniques. Therefore, the fundamental objective of these modification techniques is to improve the efficacy of BC contaminant removal, typically through adjustments in its physical or chemical characteristics, including surface area or functionality. In addition, this article summarized and discussed the applications and related mechanisms of modified BC in environmental decontamination, focusing on applying it as an ideal adsorbent, soil amendment, catalyst, electrochemical device, and anaerobic digestion (AD) promoter. Current research trends, future directions, and academic demands were available in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Amalina
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA), Lbh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Santhana Krishnan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - A W Zularisam
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA), Lbh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nasrullah
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA), Lbh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nishshankage K, Buddhinie PKC, Ezzat AO, Zhang X, Vithanage M. Antifungal efficacy of biogenic waste derived colloidal/nanobiochar against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117621. [PMID: 37952852 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. usually resulting in significant postharvest losses in the banana production chain. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of corn cob colloidal/nanobiochar (CCN) and Gliricidia sepium wood colloidal/nanobiochar (GCN) on the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex. The CCN and GCN materials were synthesized and thoroughly characterized using various techniques, including UV-Vis and Fluorescence spectroscopy. Then after the fungal growth was examined on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media supplemented with different CCN and GCN concentrations of 0.4 - 20 g/L and CCN and GCN with zeolite at various weight percentages of 10% to 50% w/w. Results from the characterization revealed that CCN exhibited a strong UV absorbance peak value of 0.630 at 203 nm, while GCN had a value of 0.305 at 204 nm. In terms of fluorescence emission, CCN displayed a strong peak intensity of 16,371 at 412 nm, whereas GCN exhibited a strong peak intensity of 32,691 at 411 nm. Both CCN and GCN, at concentrations ranging from 1 to 8 and 0.4 - 20 g/L, respectively, displayed notable reductions in mycelial densities and inhibited fungal growth compared to the control. Zeolite incorporation further enhanced the antifungal effect. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the promising potential of colloidal/nanobiochar in effectively controlling anthracnose disease. The synthesized CCN and GCN demonstrate promising antifungal potential against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex, offering the potential for the development of novel and effective antifungal strategies for controlling anthracnose disease in Musa spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kulathi Nishshankage
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - P K C Buddhinie
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Abdelrahman O Ezzat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karimian S, Farahmandzad N, Mohammadipanah F. Manipulation and epigenetic control of silent biosynthetic pathways in actinobacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:65. [PMID: 38191749 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Most biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of Actinobacteria are either silent or expressed less than the detectable level. The non-genetic approaches including biological interactions, chemical agents, and physical stresses that can be used to awaken silenced pathways are compared in this paper. These non-genetic induction strategies often need screening approaches, including one strain many compounds (OSMAC), reporter-guided mutant selection, and high throughput elicitor screening (HiTES) have been developed. Different types of genetic manipulations applied in the induction of cryptic BGCs of Actinobacteria can be categorized as genome-wide pleiotropic and targeted approaches like manipulation of global regulatory systems, modulation of regulatory genes, ribosome and engineering of RNA polymerase or phosphopantheteine transferases. Targeted approaches including genome editing by CRISPR, mutation in transcription factors and modification of BGCs promoters, inactivation of the highly expressed biosynthetic pathways, deleting the suppressors or awakening the activators, heterologous expression, or refactoring of gene clusters can be applied for activation of pathways which are predicted to synthesize new bioactive structures in genome mining studies of Acinobacteria. In this review, the challenges and advantages of employing these approaches in induction of Actinobacteria BGCs are discussed. Further, novel natural products needed as drug for pharmaceutical industry or as biofertilizers in agricultural industry can be discovered even from known species of Actinobactera by the innovative approaches of metabolite biosynthesis elicitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Karimian
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Farahmandzad
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn university, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6455, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6455, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sani MNH, Amin M, Siddique AB, Nasif SO, Ghaley BB, Ge L, Wang F, Yong JWH. Waste-derived nanobiochar: A new avenue towards sustainable agriculture, environment, and circular bioeconomy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166881. [PMID: 37678534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The greatest challenge for the agriculture sector in the twenty-first century is to increase agricultural production to feed the burgeoning global population while maintaining soil health and the integrity of the agroecosystem. Currently, the application of biochar is widely implemented as an effective means for boosting sustainable agriculture while having a negligible influence on ecosystems and the environment. In comparison to traditional biochar, nano-biochar (nano-BC) boasts enhanced specific surface area, adsorption capacity, and mobility properties within soil, allowing it to promote soil properties, crop growth, and environmental remediation. Additionally, carbon sequestration and reduction of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture can be achieved with nano-BC applications, contributing to climate change mitigation. Nonetheless, due to cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and environmental friendliness, waste-derived nano-BC may emerge as the most viable alternative to conventional waste management strategies, contributing to the circular bioeconomy and the broader goal of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, it's important to note that research on nano-BC is still in its nascent stages. Potential risks, including toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial environments, necessitate extensive field investigations. This review delineates the potential of waste-derived nano-BC for sustainable agriculture and environmental applications, outlining current advancements, challenges, and possibilities in the realms from a sustainability and circular bioeconomy standpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Nasir Hossain Sani
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 234 56 Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - Mehedi Amin
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Abu Bakar Siddique
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect 7250, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Saifullah Omar Nasif
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Bhim Bahadur Ghaley
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Alle 30, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Liya Ge
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Feng Wang
- Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizer Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 234 56 Alnarp, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu X, Ahmad S, Ma J, Wang D, Tang J. Comparative study on the toxic effects of secondary nanoplastics from biodegradable and conventional plastics on Streptomyces coelicolor M145. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132343. [PMID: 37639795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Because of the excellent properties, plastics have been widely used in the past decades and caused serious environmental issues. As an excellent substitute for conventional plastics, the biodegradable plastics have attracted increasing attention. However, biodegradable plastics may produce more micro/nanoplastics in the short time compared with conventional plastics, and cause more serious ecological risks. In this study, the short-term toxicity of nanoplastics released from biodegradable and conventional plastics on Streptomyces coelicolor M145 was investigated. After 30 days of degradation, the biodegradable microplastics, polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) released more secondary nanoplastics than conventional microplastics, polystyrene (PS). After exposure, PLA and PHA nanoplastics showed significant toxicity to M145. The survival rate of M145 cells was 16.1% after treatment with PLA nanoplastics for 7 days (PLA-7). The toxicity of PHA was lower than that of PLA. This might have been due to the agglomeration of PHA nanoplastics in the solution. Compared with the controls, the PS secondary nanoplastics showed no significant toxicity to M145. After the treatment, the production of antibiotics, actinorhodin (ACT) and undecylprodigiosin (RED), significantly increased. The yields of ACT and RED reached their maximum values after treatment with PLA-7, which were 4.2-fold and 2.1-fold higher than those of the controls, respectively. The addition of biodegradable nanoplastics significantly increased the expression of these key pathway-specific regulatory genes, leading to increased antibiotic production. This study provides toxicological insights into the impacts of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on S. coelicolor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingkang Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Dan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang Y, Lv J, Liu S, Zhu S, Yao W, Sun J, Wang H, Chen D, Huang X. Physicochemical properties of nanosized biochar regulated by heat treatment temperature dictates algal responses: From the perspective of fatty acid metabolism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 444:130342. [PMID: 36423452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanosized biochar (NBC) is an important fraction of biochar (BC) as it can exert nano-scale effects on aquatic organisms, attracting increasing research attention. However, effects of different physicochemical properties of NBC on biological responses at the metabolic and gene expression level are not comprehensively understood. Here, biological effects of NBCs pyrolyzed at different heat treatment temperatures (HTTs, 350-700 °C) were evaluated using freshwater algae Chlorella vulgaris, from the perspectives of growth and fatty acid (FA) profile changes. NBC pyrolyzed at 700 °C (N700) induced the greatest algal growth inhibition and oxidative stress than N350 and N500. In addition, NBC exposure to 50 mg/L increased saturated and monounsaturated FAs, along with a decrease in polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs). Exposure to NBC also significantly influenced the expression of key FA metabolism genes (3fad, sad, kasi and accd), demonstrating the potential role of reactive oxygen species-mediated PUFA reduction accompanied by increased membrane permeability in algal toxicity upon NBC exposure. The observed differences in response to N700 were attributed to its smaller particle size and higher abundance of -COOH. These findings reveal the underlying mechanisms in the algal response to NBCs and provide valuable guidance for the safe design and application of BC materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Saibo Liu
- State Key Lab of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Shishu Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wencong Yao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Da Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- State Key Lab of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Han M, Si X, Bai L, Zhang C, Quan X. Toxicity of biochar influenced by aging time and environmental factors. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134262. [PMID: 35271908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The extensive application of biochar has drawn more attentions on its potential risk to aquatic organisms. However, the influence of environmental factors (i.e. pH, HA, SDBS and aging time) after they discharged into environment on their toxicity have not been clarified. Here, we synthesized biochar with local pine needles via pyrolysis, and then aged in different media. Followed, the toxicity of pristine and aged biochar was checked with Scenedesmus obliquus (S. obliquus). Our investigation showed that the toxicity of biochar was mitigated when aged in different pH levels or SDBS, while it was opposite in the presence of HA. The increment of pH decreased the toxicity of both the pristine and the aged biochar, while the presence of HA did same impact on the pristine biochar. The presence of SDBS decreased the toxicity of pristine biochar but increased that of aged biochar. Meanwhile, we showed these environmental factors (pH, HA, SDBS and aging time) influenced the biochar toxicity may be due to the adjustment of the aggregation and adhesion of biochar on cell surfaces or the intracellular oxidative stress. Further, the PFRs contained in biochar did influence the toxicity, along with the physicochemical properties of biochar (i.e. carbon structure, functional group or surface charge). Our results aimed to reflect the toxicity profile of biochar in the natural aquatic environment, without misunderstanding of potential ecological risk of biochar in the future application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Meng Han
- Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xiaohui Si
- Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Lulu Bai
- Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xie Quan
- Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu X, Ma J, Guo S, Shi Q, Tang J. The combined effects of nanoplastics and dibutyl phthalate on Streptomyces coelicolor M145. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154151. [PMID: 35231524 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The environmental and human health risks posed by nanoplastics have attracted considerable attention; however, research on the combined toxicity of nanoplastics and plasticizers is limited. This study analyzed the combined effects of nanoplastics and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on Streptomyces coelicolor M145 (herein referred to as M145) and its mechanism. The results demonstrated that when the concentration of both nanoplastics and DBP was 1 mg/L, the co-addition was not toxic to M145. When the DBP concentration increased to 5 mg/L, the combined toxicity of 1 mg/L nanoplastics and 5 mg/L DBP reduced when compared to the 5 mg/L DBP treatment group. Similarly, the combined toxicity of 10 mg/L nanoplastics and 1 mg/L DBP on M145 was also lower than that of only 10 mg/L nanoplastics. The co-addition of 10 mg/L nanoplastics and 5 mg/L DBP resulted in the lowest survival rate (41.3%). The key reason for differences in cytotoxicity were variations in the agglomeration of nanoplastics and the adsorption of DBP on nanoplastics. The combination of 10 mg/L nanoplastics and 5 mg/L DBP maximized the production of antibiotics; actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin yields were 3.5 and 1.8-fold higher than that of the control, respectively. This indicates that the excessive production of antibiotics may be a protective mechanism for bacteria. This study provides a new perspective for assessing the risk of co-exposure to nanoplastics and organic contaminants on microorganisms in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingkang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Saisai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qingying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo S, Liu X, Wang L, Liu Q, Xia C, Tang J. Ball-milled biochar can act as a preferable biocompatibility material to enhance phenanthrene degradation by stimulating bacterial metabolism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 350:126901. [PMID: 35217154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different concentrations of ball-milled biochar pyrolyzed at 300-700 °C on the lethality, growth, metabolism, and degradability of gram-negative petroleum-degrading bacteria. BM-biochar was not toxic to Acinetobacter venetianus, only slowing the growth rate and extending the logarithmic phase. The ability of A. venetianus to produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and biosurfactants was positive with ROS level. The highest degradation efficiency of phenanthrene (PHE) was 2.84-fold that of the control. Mechanism analysis revealed that increased EPS stimulated the adsorption of PHE and biosurfactant enhanced PHE solubility. The improved PHE biodegradability of A. venetianus through phthalic acid pathway is mainly owing to the intensify of PHE bioavailability and accessibility. These findings provide new insights into effects of BM-biochar on cellular responses and indicate that BM-biochar can act as a biocompatible material to enhance the degradation of organic pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qinglong Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chunqing Xia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cao G, Qiao J, Ai J, Ning S, Sun H, Chen M, Zhao L, Zhang G, Lian F. Systematic Research on the Transport of Ball-Milled Biochar in Saturated Porous Media: Effect of Humic Acid, Ionic Strength, and Cation Types. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060988. [PMID: 35335801 PMCID: PMC8953993 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ball-milled biochar (BMBC) is a typical engineering material that has promising application prospects in remediating contaminated soil and water. It is fundamental to rate the transport behaviors of BMBC in the underground environment before extensive use. In this study, the effects of the ubiquitous cations (Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+) and model organic matter (humic acid) on the transport of BMBC were investigated using laboratory column experiments. The results demonstrated the facilitated effect of HA on the transport of BMBC due to the negatively charged surface and steric effect under neutral conditions. HA and ionic strength manifested an antagonistic effect on the transport of BMBC, where the presence of one could weaken the effect from the other. We also found the charge reversal of the BMBC surface in the presence of Mg2+, thus enhancing the deposition of BMBC onto the medium surface. On the other hand, the charge reversal from Al3+-coupled acid conditions led to the restabilization and transport of BMBC in porous media. Therefore, the rational usage of BMBC is indispensable and more attention should be paid to the composition and change in underground water that might facilitate the transport of BMBC and thus lead to negative environmental implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.C.); (J.Q.); (J.A.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Jiachang Qiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.C.); (J.Q.); (J.A.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Juehao Ai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.C.); (J.Q.); (J.A.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Shuaiqi Ning
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.C.); (J.Q.); (J.A.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Huimin Sun
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.C.); (J.Q.); (J.A.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (G.Z.); Tel.: +86-029-87080050 (G.Z.); Fax: +86-029-87080055 (G.Z.)
| | - Menghua Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.C.); (J.Q.); (J.A.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Lin Zhao
- Shaanxi Provincial Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Guilong Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Tianjin 300191, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (G.Z.); Tel.: +86-029-87080050 (G.Z.); Fax: +86-029-87080055 (G.Z.)
| | - Fei Lian
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu X, Wang D, Wang L, Tang J. Dissolved biochar eliminates the effect of Cu(II) on the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127251. [PMID: 34583164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has posed significant risks to human and environmental health. Research has confirmed that Cu(II) could accelerate the conjugative transfer of ARGs between bacteria. This study found that adding dissolved biochar effectively weakened or eliminated the Cu(II)-facilitated efficient transfer of ARGs. The efficiency of conjugative transfer was promoted after treatment with Cu(II) (0.05 mg/L) or dissolved biochar at a pyrolysis temperature of 300 °C. When exposed to the combination of Cu(II) and dissolved biochar, the transfer frequency was significantly reduced; this occurred regardless of the Cu(II) concentration or pyrolysis temperature of dissolved biochar. In particular, when the Cu(II) concentration exceeded 0.5 mg/L, the transfer efficiency was entirely inhibited. Gene expression analysis indicated that different treatments affect transfer efficiency by regulating the expression of three global regulatory genes: korA, korB, and trbA. Among them, humic acid repressed the expression of these genes; however, Cu(II) formed complex with the humic acid-like components, gradually weakening the inhibitive effect of these components. The promotion of low molecule organic matters dominated, resulting in a dynamic decline in the transfer efficiency. This study provides a new environmental contaminant treatment approach to eliminate the heavy metal-facilitated transfer of ARGs between bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu X, Wang D, Tang J, Liu F, Wang L. Effect of dissolved biochar on the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117718. [PMID: 34274650 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is a global environmental issue. Dissolved biochar is more likely to contact bacteria in water, producing ecological risks. This study explored the effects of dissolved biochar on ARGs transfer in bacteria. Conjugative transfer efficiency was significantly different following treatment with different types of dissolved biochar. Typically, humic acid-like substance in dissolved biochar can significantly improve the transfer efficiency of ARGs between bacteria. When the concentration of dissolved biochar was ≤10 mg biochar/mL, humic acid-like substance substantially promoted ARGs transfer. An increase in dissolved biochar concentration weakened the ARGs transfer from humic acid-like substance. The inhibitory effects of small-molecule matters dominated, decreasing conjugative transfer frequency. At a concentration of 100 mg biochar/mL, the conjugative transfer efficiency of all treatments was lower than that of control. Compared with corn straw dissolved biochar, there were more transconjugants in pine sawdust dissolved biochar. Following treatment with 10 mg biochar/mL pine sawdust dissolved biochar, the number of transconjugants was at its maximum; approximately 7.3 folds higher than the control. We also explored mechanisms by which dissolved biochar impacts conjugative transfer. Due to the complex composition of dissolved biochar, its effects on the expression of conjugative transfer-related genes were also dynamic. This study investigates the ecological risk of biochar and guides its scientific application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Comprehensive Support Center, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zong G, Fu J, Zhang P, Zhang W, Xu Y, Cao G, Zhang R. Use of elicitors to enhance or activate the antibiotic production in streptomyces. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1260-1283. [PMID: 34706600 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1987856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces is the largest and most significant genus of Actinobacteria, comprising 961 species. These Gram-positive bacteria produce many versatile and important bioactive compounds; of these, antibiotics, specifically the enhancement or activation of their production, have received extensive research attention. Recently, various biotic and abiotic elicitors have been reported to modify the antibiotic metabolism of Streptomyces, which promotes the production of new antibiotics and bioactive metabolites for improvement in the yields of endogenous products. However, some elicitors that obviously contribute to secondary metabolite production have not yet received sufficient attention. In this study, we have reviewed the functions and mechanisms of chemicals, novel microbial metabolic elicitors, microbial interactions, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, environmental factors, and novel combination methods regarding antibiotic production in Streptomyces. This review has aimed to identify potentially valuable elicitors for stimulating the production of latent antibiotics or enhancing the synthesis of subsistent antibiotics in Streptomyces. Future applications and challenges in the discovery of new antibiotics and enhancement of existing antibiotic production using elicitors are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gongli Zong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jiafang Fu
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Wenchi Zhang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangxiang Cao
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xiang L, Liu S, Ye S, Yang H, Song B, Qin F, Shen M, Tan C, Zeng G, Tan X. Potential hazards of biochar: The negative environmental impacts of biochar applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126611. [PMID: 34271443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been widely used as an environmentally friendly material for soil improvement and remediation, water pollution control, greenhouse gas emission reduction, and other purposes because of its characteristics such as a large surface area, porous structure, and abundant surface O-containing functional groups. However, some surface properties (i.e., (i) some surface properties (i.e., organic functional groups and inorganic components), (ii) changes in pH), and (iii) chemical reactions (e.g., aromatic C ring oxidation) that occur between biochar and the application environment may result in the release of harmful components. In this study, biochars with a potential risk to the environment were classified according to their harmful components, surface properties, structure, and particle size, and the potential negative environmental effects of these biochars and the mechanisms inducing these negative effects were reviewed. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the negative environmental impacts of biochar on soil, water, and atmospheric environments. It also summarizes various technical methods of environment-related risk detection and evaluation of biochar application, thereby providing a baseline reference and guiding significance for future biochar selection and toxicity detection, evaluation, and avoidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Shaoheng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shujing Ye
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hailan Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Biao Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Fanzhi Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Maocai Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chang Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Xiaofei Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Du YD, Zhang XQ, Shu L, Feng Y, Lv C, Liu HQ, Xu F, Wang Q, Zhao CC, Kong Q. Safety evaluation and ibuprofen removal via an Alternanthera philoxeroides-based biochar. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:40568-40586. [PMID: 32564323 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are a representative class of emerging contaminants. This study aimed to investigate the PPCP removal performance and application safety of a biochar fabricated using the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (APBC). According to scanning electron microscopy and pore size analyses, APBC exhibited a porous structure with a specific surface area of 857.5 m2/g. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated the presence of surface functional groups, including phosphorus-containing groups, C=O, C=C, and -OH. The adsorption experiment showed that the maximum removal efficiency of ibuprofen was 97% at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L and APBC dosage of 0.8 g/L. The adsorption kinetics were fitted by the pseudo-second-order model with the highest correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9999). The adsorption isotherms were well described by the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.9896), which indicates a dominant multilayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of APBC was 172 mg/g. A toxicity evaluation, based on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and human epidermal BEAS-2B cells, was carried out using a spectrum analysis, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay, and flow cytometry. The results of the above showed the low cytotoxicity of APBC and demonstrated its low toxicity in potential environmental applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-da Du
- College of Geography and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Human-Nature and Green Development in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Qian Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Human-Nature and Green Development in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Shu
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 402 Swanston Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Yu Feng
- College of Geography and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Human-Nature and Green Development in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Lv
- Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Liu
- College of Geography and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Human-Nature and Green Development in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xu
- College of Geography and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Human-Nature and Green Development in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Human-Nature and Green Development in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Cong Zhao
- College of Geography and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Human-Nature and Green Development in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Kong
- College of Geography and Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center of Human-Nature and Green Development in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ahmad K, Shah HUR, Ashfaq M, Nawaz H. Removal of decidedly lethal metal arsenic from water using metal organic frameworks: a critical review. REV INORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2021-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Water contamination is worldwide issue, undermining whole biosphere, influencing life of a large number of individuals all over the world. Water contamination is one of the chief worldwide danger issues for death, sickness, and constant decrease of accessible drinkable water around the world. Among the others, presence of arsenic, is considered as the most widely recognized lethal contaminant in water bodies and poses a serious threat not exclusively to humans but also towards aquatic lives. Hence, steps must be taken to decrease quantity of arsenic in water to permissible limits. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with outstanding stability, sorption capacities, and ecofriendly performance have empowered enormous improvements in capturing substantial metal particles. MOFs have been affirmed as good performance adsorbents for arsenic removal having extended surface area and displayed remarkable results as reported in literature. In this review we look at MOFs which have been recently produced and considered for potential applications in arsenic metal expulsion. We have delivered a summary of up-to-date abilities as well as significant characteristics of MOFs used for this removal. In this review conventional and advanced materials applied to treat water by adsorptive method are also discussed briefly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Ahmad
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad ul Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Bahawalpur 63100 , Pakistan
| | - Habib-Ur-Rehman Shah
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad ul Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Bahawalpur 63100 , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad ul Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Bahawalpur 63100 , Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190 , China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen Y, Wu H, Sun P, Liu J, Qiao S, Zhang D, Zhang Z. Remediation of Chromium-Contaminated Soil Based on Bacillus cereus WHX-1 Immobilized on Biochar: Cr(VI) Transformation and Functional Microbial Enrichment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641913. [PMID: 33841363 PMCID: PMC8027096 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are applied to remediate chromium (Cr)-contaminated soil extensively. Nevertheless, the microbial loss and growth inhibition in the soil environment restrain the application of this technology. In this study, a Cr(VI)-reducing strain named Bacillus cereus WHX-1 was screened, and the microbial aggregates system was established via immobilizing the strain on Enteromorpha prolifera biochar to enhance the Cr(VI)-reducing activity of this strain. The mechanism of the system on Cr(VI) transformation in Cr-contaminated soil was illuminated. Pot experiments indicated that the microbial aggregates system improved the physicochemical characteristics of Cr-contaminated soil obviously by increasing organic carbon content and cation exchange capacity, as well as decreasing redox potential and bulk density of soil. Moreover, 94.22% of Cr(VI) was transformed into Cr(III) in the pot, and the content of residue fraction Cr increased by 63.38% compared with control check (CK). Correspondingly, the physiological property of Ryegrass planted on the Cr-contaminated soil was improved markedly and the main Cr(VI)-reducing microbes, Bacillus spp., were enriched in the soil with a relative abundance of 28.43% in the microbial aggregates system. Considering more active sites of biochar for microbial aggregation, it was inferred that B. cereus WHX-1 could be immobilized by E. prolifera biochar, and more Cr(VI) was transformed into residue fraction. Cr stress was decreased and the growth of plants was enhanced. This study would provide a new perspective for Cr-contaminated soil remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youyuan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shixuan Qiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Dakuan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Key Lab of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu X, Ma J, Yang C, Wang L, Tang J. The toxicity effects of nano/microplastics on an antibiotic producing strain - Streptomyces coelicolor M145. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142804. [PMID: 33131862 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of nano/microplastics on microorganisms are still unclear. In this study, Streptomyces coelicolor (S. coelicolor) M145 was selected to study the toxicity and mechanism of nano/microplastics (20 nm, 100 nm, 1 μm and 1 mm) at concentration of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L on microorganisms. Results showed that the cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, permeability, and antibiotic production of M145 cells changed significantly after the addition of nano/microplastics, and the trends were size and concentration dependent. After M145 was exposed to 10 mg/L of 20 nm nanoplastics, its fatality rate was 64.8%, which was the highest among the particle size of 20 nm to 1 mm at a concentration of 0.1-10 mg/L. And the ROS level and cell permeability also reached their highest values, which was about 2.7 folds and 2.2 folds of control, respectively. After this treatment, the maximum yields of actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin were 6.7 and 5.3 mg/L, respectively. Transcriptome analysis indicated that nanoplastics could inhibit the transport capacity, primary metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation of M145, and that the inhibition extend was negatively related to the particle size. Moreover, the toxicity of microplastics to M145 was significantly less than that of nanoplastics. This study provides a new perspective for understanding the toxicity of nano/microplastics on microorganisms in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingkang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chengliang Yang
- BCIG Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300042, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Godlewska P, Ok YS, Oleszczuk P. THE DARK SIDE OF BLACK GOLD: Ecotoxicological aspects of biochar and biochar-amended soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123833. [PMID: 33264919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biochar, a product of biomass pyrolysis, is characterized by significant surface area, porosity, high water holding capacity, and environmental persistence. It is perceived as a material that can counteract climate change due to its high carbon stability and is also considered suitable for soil amendment (fertility improvement, soil remediation). However, biochar can have a toxic effect on organisms as harmful substances may be present in it. This paper reviews the literature regarding the current knowledge of harmful substances in biochar and their potential negative impact on organisms from different trophic levels. The effects of biochar on the content and toxicity of harmful substances in biochar-amended soils are also reviewed. Application of biochar into soil does not usually have a toxic effect and very often stimulate plants, bacteria activity and invertebrates. The effect however is strictly determined by type of biochar (especially the feedstock used and pyrolysis temperature) as well as contaminants content. The pH, electrical conductivity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as heavy metals are the main factor usually responsible for biochar toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Godlewska
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Square, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kumar M, Xiong X, Wan Z, Sun Y, Tsang DCW, Gupta J, Gao B, Cao X, Tang J, Ok YS. Ball milling as a mechanochemical technology for fabrication of novel biochar nanomaterials. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 312:123613. [PMID: 32513509 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical synthesis of nano-biochar by ball-milling technology is gaining attention for the sake of its low-cost and eco-friendly nature. Ball milling as a non-/less-solvent technology can propel environmental sustainability and waste valorization into engineered biochar for advanced applications. Scalable production of biochar nanomaterials with superior properties (e.g., 400-500 m2 g-1 surface area and 0.5-1000 nm pore sizes) enables diverse applications in the field of energy and environment. This review critically evaluates the synthesis, characterization, and application of ball-milled biochar nanomaterials based on the latest findings. Limitations such as feedstock selection, process optimization, product homogeneity and reusability, environmental risks, and sustainability assessment remain challenging for further studies. This work highlights the recent advances on mechanochemical biochar technology and offer insights into opportunities and future prospects related to sustainable and facile synthesis of biochar-based novel materials for achieving sustainable development goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinni Xiong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhonghao Wan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Juhi Gupta
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Centre & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu X, Tang J, Wang L, Liu R. Synergistic toxic effects of ball-milled biochar and copper oxide nanoparticles on Streptomyces coelicolor M145. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137582. [PMID: 32146398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of multi-nanomaterial systems are receiving increasing attention owing to their inevitable release of various nanomaterials. Knowledge of the bioavailability of the new carbon material ball-milled biochar (BMB) and its synergistic toxicity with metal oxide nanoparticles in bacteria is currently limited. In this study, the interactions of BMB with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and their synergistic toxicity towards Streptomyces coelicolor M145 were analyzed. Results showed that the cytotoxicity, ROS level and permeability of cells changed greatly with the pyrolysis temperatures of biochar and the concentrations of CuO NPs. The greatest cytotoxicity (up to 63.1%) was achieved by adding 20 mg/L CuO NPs to BMB700. The ROS level and cell permeability of this treatment was also the highest, about 4.2 folds and 2.9 folds greater than that of control, respectively. The combination of 10 mg/L BMB700 with 10 mg/L CuO NPs can maximize production of antibiotics, with the yield of undecylprodigiosin (RED) and actinorhodin (ACT) 3.0 times and 4.2 times higher than that in the control, respectively, and the change trend of related genes was consistent with that of antibiotics production. Mechanism analysis showed that the different adsorption capacity of BMB of different pyrolysis temperatures on copper ions played a vital role in the synergistic toxicity, and the increase in cell membrane permeability caused by cell collisions with particles was also an important reason for cytotoxicity. Overall, the synergistic toxicity of BMB with other NPs varies the pyrolysis temperatures, when considering the synergistic toxicity of these materials, the preparation conditions need to be taken into account so as to assess their environmental risks more accurately. On the other hand, this research may provide a new approach for the antibiotic industry to increase its output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xiong G, Deng Y, Liao X, Zhang J, Cheng B, Cao Z, Lu H. Graphene oxide nanoparticles induce hepatic dysfunction through the regulation of innate immune signaling in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:667-682. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1735552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Xiong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunyun Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinjun Liao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun’e Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zigang Cao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lu JS, Chang JS, Lee DJ. Adding carbon-based materials on anaerobic digestion performance: A mini-review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 300:122696. [PMID: 31928924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic digestion is the adopted to remediate the pollutant and extract the bioenergy from the waste during the treatment. Effects of adding carbon-based materials on enhancement of digestion performance are studied in literature. This paper provided a mini review on the current research efforts on the traditional view on the cytotoxicity of carbon-based materials to the aquatic microorganisms and the novel "adding carbon-based material strategy" for improving the anaerobic digestion performances. The further research needs for comprehending the interactions between the added carbon materials, the substrates and the microorganisms and the impacts of adopting these additives on full-scale operations were highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shun Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; College of Technology and Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|