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Sala-Garrido R, Mocholi-Arce M, Molinos-Senante M, Maziotis A. Assessing the dynamic performance of water companies through the lens of service quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:121077-121089. [PMID: 37945962 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of performance within the water industry holds significant importance for policymakers, as it can help guide decision-making for future development and management initiatives. In this study, we apply data envelopment analysis (DEA) cross-efficiency techniques to evaluate the productivity change of the Chilean water industry during the years 2010-2018. Water leakage and unplanned interruptions are included in the analysis as quality of service variables. Moreover, we use cluster analysis and regression techniques to better understand what drives productivity change of water companies. The results indicate that the Chilean water industry is characterized by considerable high levels of inefficiency and low levels of productivity change. This is due to the existence of technical regress whereas gains in efficiency were small. Concessionary water companies were found to be more productive than full private and public water companies. Best and worst performers need to make efforts to reduce production costs and improve service quality. Other factors such as customer density and ownership type statistically affect productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Sala-Garrido
- Departament of Mathematics for Economics, University of Valencia, Avd. Tarongers S/N, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Mocholi-Arce
- Departament of Mathematics for Economics, University of Valencia, Avd. Tarongers S/N, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Molinos-Senante
- National Research Center for Integrated Natural Disaster Management (CIGIDEN), CONICYT/FONDAP/15110017, Avda, Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Santiago, Chile.
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, C/ Mergelina S/N, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - Alexandros Maziotis
- National Research Center for Integrated Natural Disaster Management (CIGIDEN), CONICYT/FONDAP/15110017, Avda, Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Santiago, Chile
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Walker NL, Styles D, Williams AP. Water sector resilience in the United Kingdom and Ireland: The COVID-19 challenge. UTILITIES POLICY 2023; 82:101550. [PMID: 37041882 PMCID: PMC10080165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jup.2023.101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 led to restrictions on movements and activities, which presented a serious challenge to the resilience of the water sector. It is essential to understand how successfully water companies responded to this unprecedented event so effective plans can be built for future disruptive events. This study aimed to evaluate how the water sectors in the UK and Ireland were affected from a holistic sustainability and resilience-based perspective. Using pre-COVID data for 18 indicators of company performance and comparing them to the first year of the pandemic, the direction and magnitudes of change varied across companies. Financial indicators were significantly negatively affected, with interest cover ratio, post-tax return on regulated equity, and operating profit, exhibiting the greatest average declines of 21%, 21%, and 18%, respectively, a trend that would be dangerous to provisions and company operations if continued. Despite this, service and environmental indicators improved during the first year of the pandemic, exemplified by unplanned outage, risk of sewer storm flooding, and water quality compliance risk decreasing by a mean average of 37%, 32%, and 27%, respectively. Analysis using the Hicks-Moorsteen Productivity Index concluded that average productivity increased by 35%. The results suggest that the water sector was relatively resilient to the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of services, but adverse effects may have manifested in a deteriorated financial position that could exacerbate future challenges arising from exogenous pressures such as climate change. Specific advice for the UK water sector is to scrutinize non-critical spending, such as shareholder payments, during periods of economic downturn to ensure essential capital projects can be carried out. Although results are temporal and indicator selection sensitive, we recommend that policy, regulation, and corporate culture embrace frameworks that support long-term resilience to since the relative success in response to COVID-19 does not guarantee future success against differing challenges. This study generates a timely yet tentative insight into the diverse performance of the water sector during the pandemic, pertinent to the water industry, regulators, academia, and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Walker
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Gwynedd, UK
| | - David Styles
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Ryan Institute & School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - A Prysor Williams
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Gwynedd, UK
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Amaral AL, Martins R, Dias LC. Efficiency benchmarking of wastewater service providers: An analysis based on the Portuguese case. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 321:115914. [PMID: 35994958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sustainability is increasingly important in the wastewater treatment sector, and benchmarking studies are needed to identify the best practices in using resources efficiently. This work addresses this need by characterizing and benchmarking this sector in Portugal. Data from around 120 service providers, from 2015 to 2019, regarding inputs consumption, desirable and undesirable outputs, are used in a data envelopment analysis to benchmark these operators and to determine improvement potentials. A productivity change analysis revealed an increase from 2015 to 2019, essentially due to an increased technical efficiency. On the other hand, no real technological change seems to have occurred. A positive effect of the service providers dimension and certifications (quality, environmental and energy) on efficiency was found. Service providers with concessionary governance models and urban typology presented the highest efficiencies, whereas treatment plants underuse contributed negatively to efficiency. These results can inform the definition of strategic policies for the water sector, namely concerning the aggregation of small providers. The proposed methodology, based on the use of a comprehensive new set of studied variables and explanatory factors, allowed to determine the best characteristics regarding the techno-economic efficiency of Portuguese service providers, and can potentially be applied to identify role models in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Luís Amaral
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal; CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Universidade de Coimbra, CEBER - Centre for Business and Economics Research, Faculdade de Economia, Av. Dias da Silva, 165, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação Aplicada, Laboratório SiSus, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rita Martins
- Universidade de Coimbra, CEBER - Centre for Business and Economics Research, Faculdade de Economia, Av. Dias da Silva, 165, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís C Dias
- Universidade de Coimbra, CEBER - Centre for Business and Economics Research, Faculdade de Economia, Av. Dias da Silva, 165, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal
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Molinos-Senante M, Maziotis A, Sala-Garrido R. Benchmarking the economic and environmental performance of water utilities: a comparison of frontier techniques. BENCHMARKING-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/bij-08-2021-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to estimate and compare the efficiency of several water utilities using three frontier techniques. Moreover, this study estimates the impact of several qualities of service variables on water utilities’ performance.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper utilizes three frontier techniques such as data envelopment analysis (DEA), stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and stochastic non-parametric envelopment of data (StoNED) to estimate efficiency scores.
Findings
Efficiency scores for each methodological approach were different being on average, 0.745, 0.857 and 0.933 for SFA, DEA and StoNED methods, respectively. Moreover, it was evidenced that water leakage had a statistically significant impact on water utilities’ costs.
Research limitations/implications
The choice of an adequate and robust method for benchmarking the efficiency of water utilities is very relevant for water regulators because it affects decision making process such as water tariffs and design incentives to improve the performance and quality of service of water utilities.
Originality/value
This paper evaluates and compares the performance of a sample of water utilities using three different frontier methods. It has been revealed that the choice of the efficiency assessment method matters. Unlike SFA and DEA, a lower variability was shown in the efficiency scores obtained from the StoNED method.
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Walker NL, Williams AP, Styles D. Pitfalls in international benchmarking of energy intensity across wastewater treatment utilities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113613. [PMID: 34560465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The collection, treatment and disposal of wastewater is estimated to consume more than 2% of the world's electrical energy, whilst some wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can account for over 20% of electrical consumption within municipalities. To investigate areas to improve wastewater treatment, international benchmarking on energy (electrical) intensity was conducted with the indicator kWh/m3 and a quality control of secondary treatment or better for ≥95% of treated volume. The core sample included 321 companies from 31 countries, however, to analyse regional differences, 11 countries from an external sample made up of various studies of WWTPs was also used in places. The sample displayed a weak-negative size effect with energy intensity, although Kruskal-Wallace analyses showed there was a significant difference between the size of groups (p-value of 0.015), suggesting that as companies get larger; they consume less electricity per cubic metre of wastewater treated. This relationship was not completely linear, as mid to large companies (10,001-100,000 customers) had the largest average consumption of 0.99 kWh/m3. In the regional analysis, EU states had the largest average kWh/m3 with 1.18, which appeared a result of the higher wastewater effluent standards of the region. This was supported by Denmark being the second largest average consuming country (1.35 kWh/m3), since it has some of strictest effluent standards in the world. Along with energy intensity, the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were calculated enabling the targeting of regions for improvement in response to climate change. Poland had the highest carbon footprint (0.91 kgCO2e/m3) arising from an energy intensity of 0.89 kWh/m3; conversely, a clean electricity grid can affectively mitigate wastewater treatment inefficiencies, exemplified by Norway who emit just 0.013 kgCO2e per cubic meter treated, despite consuming 0.60 kWh/m3. Finally, limitations to available data and the analysis were highlighted from which, it is advised that influent vs. effluent and net energy, as opposed to gross, data be used in future analyses. The large international sample size, energy data with a quality control, GHG analysis, and specific benchmarking recommendations give this study a novelty which could be of use to water industry operators, benchmarking organisations, and regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Walker
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Gwynedd, UK.
| | - A Prysor Williams
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Gwynedd, UK
| | - David Styles
- School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Comparing Operational, Environmental and Eco-Efficiency of Water Companies in England and Wales. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14123635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of performance of water companies is essential for their regulation. In doing so, several variables and models can be employed. This study evaluates and compares the performance of a sample of English and Welsh water companies from the operational, environmental and eco-efficiency perspectives by applying the non-radial data envelopment analysis range adjusted measure model. This methodological approach allows integrating greenhouse gas emissions as undesirable output. The results indicated that the water industry performed well from an operational perspective. However, environmental inefficiency considerably exists which illustrates the difficulties of the water companies in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The average eco-efficiency was 0.783 which means that while expanding water services, water companies could further reduce costs and carbon emissions by 11.7% on average. Other factors such as water treatment complexity and population density significantly affect water companies’ eco-efficiency. Several policy implications are finally discussed.
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