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Huang X, Sun Z, Zhao Y, Wang H, Xue F, Hou H. Zero-carbon inertization processes of hazardous mine tailings: Mineral physicochemical properties, transformation mechanism, and long-term stability. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133882. [PMID: 38412646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Hazardous mine tailings (HMTs) dam failures can cause devastation to the ecology environment, people's lives and property, which require expensive and complicated remediation engineering systematacially. A cheap and sustainable inertization disposal is proposed for de-risking HMTs without any carbon emissions, stabilizing hazardous heavy metal cations within safety minerals and also sequestering CO2 in the process, simultaneously. Herein, lead-zinc tailings as target HMTs were inertized by using waste rice husk ashes (RHAs) and carbide slag (CS) with a certain ratio, and lead-zinc tailings hardened pastes (LZTHPs) were investigated based on the experimental performance, analytical characteristics, and simulation diffusion methods, to deeply unveil the minerals transformation mechanisms and long-term stability from the cation perspectives. Results revealed that LZTHPs' compressive strength ranged from 1.04-4.73 MPa and leaching toxicity concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd reached 0.03 mg/L, 1.78 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L, and 0.01 mg/L, respectively. C-S-H gels (Type I and II), cation hydroxides and CO2 mineralization carbonates were the hydrates in LZTHPs. Pb (86%), Zn (78%), Cr (76%), and Cd (65%) were immobilized as residual state, and CO2 mineralization capacity was 0.16 kg/kg. The diffusion coefficient of Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd below 4.48 × 10-10 cm2/s, 1.39 × 10-10 cm2/s, 4.72 × 10-10 cm2/s, and 0.30 × 10-12 cm2/s, which would be sufficient in most scenarios to adequately stabilize tailings. Diffusion control is the leaching mechanism of cations. After 100 years of simulation diffusion, the diffusion areas of Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd are 1.33 × 10-3∼1.49 cm2, 2.47 × 10-4∼0.48 cm2, 2.47-8.61 × 10-4 cm2, and 1.49 cm2, respectively, and the environmental impact of LZTHPs was negligible. This study provides promising solutions for alleviating hazardous tailings dangerous, achieving sustainable development with zero-carbon emission, implying the concept of eliminating waste by waste, synchronously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuquan Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China; College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Zhenghua Sun
- College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Yangtze Basin Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecological and Environment, Wuhan 430010, PR China
| | - Haojie Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China; College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China; School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Fei Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China; College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Haobo Hou
- School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Hassan S, Bhadwal SS, Khan M, Sabreena, Nissa KU, Shah RA, Bhat HM, Bhat SA, Lone IM, Ganai BA. Revitalizing contaminated lands: A state-of-the-art review on the remediation of mine-tailings using phytoremediation and genomic approaches. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141889. [PMID: 38583533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The mining industry has historically served as a critical reservoir of essential raw materials driving global economic progress. Nevertheless, the consequential by-product known as mine tailings has consistently produced a substantial footprint of environmental contamination. With annual discharges of mine tailings surpassing 10 billion tons globally, the need for effective remediation strategies is more pressing than ever as traditional physical and chemical remediation techniques are hindered by their high costs and limited efficacy. Phytoremediation utilizing plants for remediation of polluted soil has developed as a promising and eco-friendly approach to addressing mine tailings contamination. Furthermore, sequencing of genomic DNA and transcribed RNA extracted from mine tailings presents a pivotal opportunity to provide critical supporting insights for activities directed towards the reconstruction of ecosystem functions on contaminated lands. This review explores the growing prominence of phytoremediation and metagenomics as an ecologically sustainable techniques for rehabilitating mine-tailings. The present study envisages that plant species such as Solidago chilensis, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Polygonum capitatum, Pennisetum purpureum, Maireana brevifolia, Prosopis tamarugo etc. could be utilized for the remediation of mine-tailings. Furthermore, a critical evaluation of the organic and inorganic ammendments that optimize conditions for the remediation of mine tailings is also provided. The focus of this review extends to the exploration of environmental genomics to characterize microbial communities in mining sites. By delving into the multifaceted dimensions of phytoremediation and genomics for mine tailings, this study contributes to the ongoing efforts to revitalize contaminated lands for a sustainable and environmentally friendly future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz Hassan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Siloni Singh Bhadwal
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Misba Khan
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Sabreena
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Khair-Ul Nissa
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Rameez Ahmad Shah
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Haneef Mohammad Bhat
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Shabir Ahmad Bhat
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Ishfaq Maqbool Lone
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
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Liu Y, Molinari S, Dalconi MC, Valentini L, Bellotto MP, Ferrari G, Pellay R, Rilievo G, Vianello F, Famengo A, Salviulo G, Artioli G. Industrial by-products-derived binders for in-situ remediation of high Pb content pyrite ash: Synergistic use of ground granulated blast furnace slag and steel slag to achieve efficient Pb retention and CO 2 mitigation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123455. [PMID: 38301818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is a cost-effective and conventional binder that is widely adopted in brownfield site remediation and redevelopment. However, the substantial carbon dioxide emission during OPC production and the concerns about its undesirable retention capacity for potentially toxic elements strain this strategy. To tackle this objective, we herein tailored four alternative binders (calcium aluminate cement, OPC-activated ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), white-steel-slag activated GGBFS, and alkaline-activated GGBFS) for facilitating immobilization of high Pb content pyrite ash, with the perspectives of enhancing Pb retention and mitigating anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. The characterizations revealed that the incorporation of white steel slag efficiently benefits the activity of GGBFS, herein facilitating the hydration products (mainly ettringite and calcium silicate hydrates) precipitation and Pb immobilization. Further, we quantified the cradle-to-gate carbon footprint and cost analysis attributed to each binder-Pb contaminants system, finding that the application of these alternative binders could be pivotal in the envisaged carbon-neutral world if the growth of the OPC-free roadmap continues. The findings suggest that the synergistic use of recycled white steel slag and GGBFS can be proposed as a profitable and sustainable OPC-free candidate to facilitate the management of lead-contaminated brownfield sites. The overall results underscore the potential immobilization mechanisms of Pb in multiple OPC-free/substitution binder systems and highlight the urgent need to bridge the zero-emission insights to sustainable in-situ solidification/stabilization technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Liu
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Molinari
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Dalconi
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Valentini
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Pellay
- TEVGroup S.r.l., via Romea 8, 30034, Mira, Venice, Italy
| | - Graziano Rilievo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessia Famengo
- Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e di Tecnologie per l'Energia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, C.so Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Gabriella Salviulo
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Gilberto Artioli
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy
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Lu J, Wu D, Li S, Gao X. Reaction Process of Solid Waste Composite-Based Cementitious Materials for Immobilizing and Characterizing Heavy Metals in Lead and Zinc Tailings: Based on XRD, SEM-EDS and Compressive Strength Characterization. Molecules 2024; 29:996. [PMID: 38474511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the synergistic effect and mechanism of gelling materials with blast furnace slag (BFS), steel slag (SS) and desulphurization gypsum (DG) as the main components on the hardening of heavy metal ions by lead and zinc tailings. It is found that lead and zinc tailing (LZT) is mainly composed of dolomite and quartz and contain small amounts of calcium, aluminum, iron, magnesium and other elements as well as heavy metals such as lead and zinc. By the mechanical activation method, it is found that the lead and zinc tailings powder has the largest specific surface area and the highest activity index when the ball milling time is 2 h. At a hardening timepoint of 28 d, the calcite crystals in the samples are intertwined with the amorphous C-S-H gel (C-S-H gels are mainly composed of 3CaO∙SiO2 and 2CaO∙SiO2), which enhances the structural strength of the samples. The chemical reaction analysis confirmed that the formation of calcite is a major driver for the hydration reaction of the steel slag-desulphurization gypsum (SSSDG) system. Overall, the slag, steel slag and desulphurization gypsum solid waste-based gelling materials have synergistic effects in hardening heavy metals by limiting the leaching of metal ions, adsorbing metal ions and hardening heavy metals, and facilitating the hydration process through the formation of compound salt precipitates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Lu
- Anhui Province Intelligent Underground Exploration and Environmental Geotechnical Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines, College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Dun Wu
- Anhui Province Intelligent Underground Exploration and Environmental Geotechnical Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines, College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuqin Li
- Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Maanshan 243000, China
| | - Xia Gao
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
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Li X, Nie D, Chen X, Yang J, Li J, Yang Y, Liao Z, Mao X. Efficient and safe use of a slow-release Mn material for three sequential crops of rice in Cd-contaminated paddy soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166952. [PMID: 37696407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditional passivators reduce the effectiveness of Cd by ion exchange, chemisorption, and complexation in soil. However, traditional passivators have defects such as easy aging and poor durability, which not only reduce the treatment efficiency but also increase the risk of primary soil environmental pollution. For this reason, considering that Mn and Cd have physiological antagonism in rice, sepiolite-supported manganese ferrite (SMF) was prepared in this study to improve passivation persistence. The passivation mechanism, effect and duration of SMF were explored. The results showed that SMF has a dense and small pore structure and that the surface is rough, which provides abundant adsorption sites for Cd2+ adsorption. When the SMF adsorbs Cd2+, ions or functional groups in the material, such as MnOOH*, will exchange with Cd2+ to form Cd(OH)2 and other internal complexes. Indoor pure soil cultivation experiments showed that 0.1 % SMF can reduce the effective Cd content of soil by 41.32 %, demonstrating the efficiency of SMF. The three-crop rice experiments in pots showed that SMF could increase soil pH and continuously increase the content of available Mn in soil. Increasing the content of available Mn reduces the ability of rice to absorb Cd. In addition, the three-cropping rice experiments also indicated that the passivation effect of SMF materials on Cd-contaminated paddy fields was long-lasting and stable and that SMF is a more efficient and safe Cd passivation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Henry Fork School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Datao Nie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xian Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Junying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jihong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhongwen Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525099, China.
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6
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Chen T, Wen X, Zhou J, Lu Z, Li X, Yan B. A critical review on the migration and transformation processes of heavy metal contamination in lead-zinc tailings of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122667. [PMID: 37783414 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The health risks of lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) tailings from heavy metal (HMs) contamination have been gaining increasing public concern. The dispersal of HMs from tailings poses a substantial threat to ecosystems. Therefore, studying the mechanisms of migration and transformation of HMs in Pb-Zn tailings has significant ecological and environmental significance. Initially, this study encapsulated the distribution and contamination status of Pb-Zn tailings in China. Subsequently, we comprehensively scrutinized the mechanisms governing the migration and transformation of HMs in the Pb-Zn tailings from a geochemical perspective. This examination reveals the intricate interplay between various biotic and abiotic constituents, including environmental factors (EFs), characteristic minerals, organic flotation reagents (OFRs), and microorganisms within Pb-Zn tailings interact through a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes, leading to the formation of complexes, chelates, and aggregates involving HMs and OFRs. These interactions ultimately influence the migration and transformation of HMs. Finally, we provide an overview of contaminant migration prediction and ecological remediation in Pb-Zn tailings. In this systematic review, we identify several forthcoming research imperatives and methodologies. Specifically, understanding the dynamic mechanisms underlying the migration and transformation of HMs is challenging. These challenges encompass an exploration of the weathering processes of characteristic minerals and their interactions with HMs, the complex interplay between HMs and OFRs in Pb-Zn tailings, the effects of microbial community succession during the storage and remediation of Pb-Zn tailings, and the importance of utilizing process-based models in predicting the fate of HMs, and the potential for microbial remediation of tailings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xiaocui Wen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xueying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bo Yan
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Zhu K, He Y, Feng D, Jiang W, Zhang K. Leaching behavior of copper tailings solidified/stabilized using hydantoin epoxy resin and red clay. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118876. [PMID: 37678018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Tailings produced by mining engineering and metal smelting industries have become a major challenge to the ecological environment and human health. Environmental compatibility, mechanical stability, and economic feasibility have restricted the treatment and reuse of tailings. A novel solidification/stabilization technology using hydantoin epoxy resin (HER) and red clay for copper tailing treatment was developed, and the leaching behaviors of solidified/stabilized copper tailings were investigated in this paper. The leaching characteristics were analyzed by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) leaching tests. Besides, the influence of red clay content and acid rain on the permeability characteristics and leaching characteristics were investigated based on flexible-wall column tests and microstructure tests. The results showed that the copper tailings solidification/stabilization technology with HER and red clay had excellent performances in toxicity stabilization. The leaching concentration of Cu in TCLP tests and flexible wall column tests remained within the limit specified by the Chinese national standard, and the concentration of Cu decreased significantly with the increase of the red clay content. Moreover, acid rain leaching changed the mineral composition and microstructure of solidified tailings, and the porosity of the samples increased with the dissolution of soluble minerals. Additionally, the hydraulic conductivities decreased slightly with the increase in the pH value of acid rain, and the solidified sample with 5% red clay had the lowest hydraulic conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaofei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, PR China; School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Yong He
- Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, PR China; School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Deshan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, PR China; School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, PR China; School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Keneng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, PR China; School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
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Komaei A, Noorzad A, Ghadir P. Stabilization and solidification of arsenic contaminated silty sand using alkaline activated slag. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118395. [PMID: 37343471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of soils by arsenic represents a significant environmental and public health risk, making effective remediation strategies a pressing concern. One commonly employed technique is stabilization and solidification, which involves the addition of stabilizing binders such as cement to immobilize arsenic. This study investigates the potential of alkaline activated slag for stabilization and solidification of arsenic-contaminated soil, employing the toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. To assess the strength and leachability behavior, the research examines the effect of several factors, including binder content, curing time, curing conditions, alkaline activator solution to slag ratio, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio, and sodium hydroxide concentration. Additionally, field emission scanning electron microscopes (FE-SEM) in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests are employed to analyze the stabilization and solidification mechanism. The study shows that increasing the slag content to 20% by weight after 28 days of curing at ambient temperature leads to a decrease of almost 92% in the concentration of leached arsenic and an increase in UCS from 80 kPa to approximately 19 MPa. The formation of albite and anorthite crystals, along with gels such as (N, C)-A-S-H and C-S-H, contributes to enhanced strength and reduced leachability. As a result, the use of alkaline activated slag is identified as an effective and environmentally friendly approach for the stabilization/solidification of arsenic-contaminated soils. This study highlights the use of alkaline activated slag as an effective solution for remediating arsenic-contaminated soils while simultaneously reducing waste, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy consumption. Slag, a byproduct of metal production, is often wasted due to a lack of value and landfill space. However, alkaline activated slag demonstrates the potential to stabilize soil, immobilize heavy metals, and provide efficient and sustainable soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Komaei
- Department of Civil Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Noorzad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Pooria Ghadir
- School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhou Y, Shi Y, Zhu Q. Control of Fluoride Pollution in Cemented Phosphogypsum Backfill by Citric Acid Pretreatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6493. [PMID: 37834630 PMCID: PMC10573572 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Using phosphogypsum (PG) as the aggregate of cemented backfill is an economical and effective method of PG utilization. However, the stability and performance of cemented backfill are challenged by the rich fluoride content in PG. In this study, the effects of citric acid pretreatment on PG defluorination, backfill performance and environmental behavior were investigated by washing PG with different concentrations of citric acid and washing times. The results showed that the citric acid pretreatment could significantly reduce the fluoride content in PG and promote the hydration reaction with the binder, thus greatly reducing the usage and cost of the binder in actual production. Considering the efficiency of defluorination, the optimal citric acid concentration and washing times were determined to be 4% and 7-8 times, respectively. In addition, after citric acid pretreatment, the viscosity and setting time of the backfill slurry and the porosity of the backfill reduced, and the strength of the backfill improved, which was conducive to slurry pipeline transportation and underground mine stability. Finally, a further analysis of environmental behavior was conducted and it was found that the citric acid washing greatly reduced the content of fluoride in the bleeding water of slurry and the backfill leachate, which met the integrated wastewater discharge standard in China. The results of this study can provide important guidance for the large-scale recycling and environmental management of PG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Quanqi Zhu
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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10
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Xu S, Chen A, Wang Y, Han Y, Liu M. Effects of blast furnace slag on the immobilization, plant uptake and translocation of Cd in a contaminated paddy soil. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108162. [PMID: 37688807 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The potential toxicity of Cd to soil and rice plant severely threaten human health. This study was conducted to investigate the remediation effects of blast furnace slag (BFS) on the bioavailability of Cd in a contaminated paddy soil from a perspective of soil solution chemistry. Batch experiments, pot culture experiments, and principal analysis (PCA) were used to study the effects and mechanisms of BFS addition changing Cd chemical behavior and Cd toxicity. Results indicated that BFS facilitated Cd adsorption in soils, increased pH, Eh, and EC values in soil solution, whereas reduced dissolved Cd content. BFS amendment was efficient in decreasing root Cd intake and Cd upward transport in rice plant, with the Cd translocation factor in brown rice decreased by ∼ 75% (BFS treatment, 6‰ wt) relative to Cd treatment, which in turn increased rice biomass and grain yield. PCA indicated that the dissolved Cd concentration had a close relationship with soil pH and metal concentration in soil solution. Results from this study indicated that BFS had potential ability for either immobilization or remobilization of Cd in soils, and the findings have important implications for Cd-polluted soil remediation or other resource utilization with slag-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xu
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Aiting Chen
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Yaojing Wang
- College of Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Ying Han
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China.
| | - Mingda Liu
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China.
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11
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Han F, An SY, Liu L, Wang Y, Ma LQ, Yang L. Sulfoaluminate cement-modified straw biochar as a soil amendment to inhibit Pb-Cd mobility in the soil-romaine lettuce system. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138891. [PMID: 37164200 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is widely used to remediate soil polluted by potentially toxic elements (PTEs), while the effect of a new type of biochar, obtained from modified cement material, on the mobility of Pb and Cd in the soil-plant system is still unknown. In this study, soils doped with sulfoaluminate cement modified biochar (SBC) were characterized using a series of approaches including FTIR, XRD, and XPS, and combined with pot experiments to explore its synergistic effects on the speciation transformation, accumulation, and mobility of both Pb and Cd in a soil-romaine lettuce system in heavily contaminated soils containing 500 mg·kg-1-Pb and 3 mg·kg-1-Cd. The results showed that SBC effectively immobilized Pb and Cd in the soil and that this was achieved through cation exchange, complexation, and gel encapsulation. Moreover, SBC also changed the soil physicochemical properties and indirectly affected the speciation transformation of Pb and Cd. FTIR and XRD analyses revealed that the groups such as -OH, -COOH, SO42-, and SiO32-introduced by SBC stimulated the conversion from the soluble to the residual state of Pb. XPS analysis indicated that, the deviation of the C-O-C, C-OOH, and O-CO peak and the increased in area suggested that organic groups in the SBC were engaged in the immobilization mechanism of Pb and Cd. The transformation of residual Cd in other extractable fractions might be due to either enhanced soil reducibility or competitive adsorption with Pb. In 5% SBC soil, Pb was reduced by 27.69% and 64.84%, and Cd was reduced by 20.45% and 35.87% for shoots and roots of romaine lettuce, respectively. SBC showed a significantly positive correlation with SOM, while SOM showed a highly significantly negative correlation with both Pb and Cd in the roots. In summary, SBC can be strongly recommended as a green amendment to remediate Pb-Cd contaminated soil and to inhibit the mobility to plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Han
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, No.126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects of Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, No.126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shu-Yu An
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, No.126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects of Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, No.126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, No.126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects of Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, No.126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ye Wang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, No.126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects of Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, No.126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Qi Ma
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, No.126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects of Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, No.126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang' an University, No.126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects of Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang' an University, No.126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
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12
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Chen Q, Sun S, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhu L, Liu Y. In-situ remediation of phosphogypsum in a cement-free pathway: Utilization of ground granulated blast furnace slag and NaOH pretreatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137412. [PMID: 36455381 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In-situ remediating phosphogypsum (PG) for cemented paste backfill (CPB) in the contaminated site is economic management for promoting sustainable developments in the phosphate industry. This study concerns the combined use of NaOH pretreatment and ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) additives to promote the solidification/stabilization of PG with a lower carbon footprint pathway. According to physico-chemical analyses, the NaOH pretreatment effectively removed approximately 95% of F within the PG, which may originally be present as sparingly soluble fluorides or coexisting with silicates. The micro mineralogical characterization illustrates that the pretreatment can accelerate the early age hydration, with more hydration products observed, including calcium silicate hydrates and ettringite, effective F and P retention candidates. Whereas the incorporation of GGBFS plays an essential role in promoting the generation of additional cement hydrates at the following stages. The macro mechanical performance analysis indicates that the mixtures of pretreated-PG-OPC-GGBFS exhibit an excellent mechanical performance satisfying the design criteria. Subsequent elemental mapping and toxicity characteristic leaching procedures demonstrate that this combined approach has a competitive F and P immobilization ability compared to the typical OPC binder and individual GGBFS addition. The newly formed phases effectively controlled the concentration of F and P through adsorption, incorporation, or encapsulation. Objectively, the proposed methodology can be a promising candidate pathway for extrapolating the in-situ immobilization of PG. This study opens up new perspectives for synergetically recycling PG and GGBFS in a profitable and low carbon footprint way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiusong Chen
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Lushan South Road 932, 410083, Hunan, China; Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Maanshan, 243000, China
| | - Shiyuan Sun
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Lushan South Road 932, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Yunmin Wang
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Lushan South Road 932, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Qinli Zhang
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Lushan South Road 932, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Liming Zhu
- School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Lushan South Road 932, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Yikai Liu
- Department of Geosciences and CIRCe Centre, University of Padua, Via G. Gradenigo 6, 35129, Padua, Italy.
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13
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Rozbahani M, Goodarzi AR, Lajevardi SH. Coupling effect of superfine zeolite and fiber on enhancing the long-term performance of stabilized/solidified Pb-contaminated clayey soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:4203-4218. [PMID: 35965302 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The focus of the present study was on the applicability of superfine zeolite (SZ) and polypropylene fibers in improving the geo-environmental parameters as well as the durability of cement-based stabilized/solidified low plasticity clay containing different dosages of Pb. The leaching data revealed that while adding a low range (≤ 7.5%) of sole cement even in the severely polluted soils could fully eliminate the Pb bioavailability, the metal retention capacity might portray a marked sensitivity to the acid-washing process. A major reduction was also observed in the mechanical/leaching performance of those samples after undergoing the wetting-drying (w-d) cycle, especially at a high proportion of Pb, which could weaken the cementation bonding dramatically; hence, much more cement was needed to pass the required stabilization/solidification (S/S) standards. Besides, the micro level tests indicated that the application of SZ (with 25% cement replacement) would alleviate the Pb declining impact on the S/S reactions and modify the porous network of soil. As a result, the specimens amended by cement-SZ (CSZ) were more functional (~ 1.4 times) in immobilizing the toxic ions than the cement alone was. However, the CSZ admixture might not perfectly restrain the w-d forces/deteriorations. Such a potential drawback was found to be solvable by the insertion of fiber, in which case, an enhancement in the ductility and the metal capsulation could be also manifested. In fact, the CSZ/fiber treatment could form a well-intertwined matrix, showing high success rates in stabilizing/solidifying the contaminated soils alongside a significant decrease (~ 2-folds) in the quantity of needed amount of cement to give the S/S satisfactory operation under the harsh environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Rozbahani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Goodarzi
- Faculty of Engineering, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
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14
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Ban J, Sun K, Yao J, Sunahara G, Hudson-Edwards K, Jordan G, Alakangas L, Ni W, Poon CS. Advances in the use of recycled non-ferrous slag as a resource for non-ferrous metal mine site remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113533. [PMID: 35690086 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growing global demand for non-ferrous metals has led to serious environmental issues involving uncovered mine site slag dumps that threaten the surrounding soils, surface waters, groundwater, and the atmosphere. Remediation of these slags using substitute cement materials for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and precursors for alkali-activated materials (AAMs) can convert hazardous solid wastes into valuable construction materials, as well as to attain the desired solidification and stabilization (S/S) of heavy metal(loid)s (HM). This review discusses the current research on the effect of non-ferrous slags on the reaction mechanisms of the OPC and AAM. The S/S of HM from the non-ferrous slags in AAM and OPC is also reviewed. HM can be stabilized in these materials based on the complex salt effect and isomorphic effects. The major challenges faced in AAMs and OPC for HM stabilization include the long-term durability of the matrix (e.g., sulfate attack, stability of volume). The existing knowledge gaps and future trends for the sustainable application of non-ferrous slags are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Ban
- School of Water Resource and Environmental, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keke Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Water Resource and Environmental, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Geoffrey Sunahara
- School of Water Resource and Environmental, Research Center of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Karen Hudson-Edwards
- Environment and Sustainability Institute and Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Gyozo Jordan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Szent István University, Budapest, 1118, Hungary; State Key Laboratory for Environmental Geochemistry, China Academy of Sciences, Guizhou, 550081, China
| | - Lena Alakangas
- Division of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering. Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Wen Ni
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safe of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chi-Sun Poon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Grinding kinetics of lead–zinc tailing powders and its optimal particle size as a pozzolanic admixture in cement mortar. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Wang H, Ju C, Zhou M, Chen J, Kan X, Dong Y, Hou H. Acid rain-dependent detailed leaching characteristics and simultaneous immobilization of Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd from hazardous lead-zinc tailing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119529. [PMID: 35623574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In acidic medium, hazardous heavy metals of lead-zinc tailing (LZT) are easily leachable and mobilizable. Thus, the hazard, amount, form, and complexity of the leached heavy metals under acidic precipitation become a major environmental concern. This work investigates the gangue minerals, toxicity, speciation, leaching characteristics of heavy metals in LZT under simulated acid rain, as well as immobilization effects and mechanisms using a sustainable binder. In LZT, dolomite, quartz, calcite, and muscovite are the main gangue minerals, tiny hazardous metallic minerals were absorbed in the surface. The results revealed that Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd were the predominant harmful elements, particularly Pb and Zn. Zn is leached completely and is the concerned hazardous element under simulated acid rain. In the acid rain neutralization ability test, the amount of leachable Pb, Cr, Ca, and Si maintained in equilibrium, leached Zn, Cd, Al, and Mg depended on the addition of acid. Pb and Ca were sedimented in residues. Immobilization of Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd depended on the stability of Ca(OH)2/C-S-H of hydrates, and 70% LZTHP after curing 7 days can be used for some practical engineering projects. This work opens up deeply understandings for the leached heavy metals under acidic precipitation and improves the sustainable and safe in the field of immobilization of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Wang
- School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Chenxuan Ju
- School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Min Zhou
- School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Hubei Environmental Remediation Material Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Jiaao Chen
- School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Kan
- School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Yiqie Dong
- School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Haobo Hou
- School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Hubei Environmental Remediation Material Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
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17
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Li YF, Zheng GD, Yang JX, Guo JM, Yang J, Chen TB. Effects of water-soluble chitosan on Hylotelephium spectabile and soybean growth, as well as Cd uptake and phytoextraction efficiency in a co-planting cultivation system. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 25:339-349. [PMID: 35689343 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2084500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intercropping a Cd-accumulator with economically valuable crops is common in slightly or moderately Cd-polluted farmland soils. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of water-soluble chitosan (WSC) on the growth and Cd uptake of the Cd-accumulator Hylotelephium spectabile and soybean (Glycine max) during a co-cultivation in Cd-contaminated agricultural soil (WSC, 0 and 10 g·m-2). The results indicated that soybean yields were highest in response to the intercropping and WSC treatment. The results from the field trials generally showed that intercropping and WSC treatments significantly decreased Cd concentrations in inedible parts of soybean by 42.9-72.1% (except for stems), in the meantime, increased 95.8%-334.6% in shoot and root tissues of H. spectabile compared with the control (p < 0.05). The data revealed that Cd uptake was highest for H. spectabile during the intercropping and WSC treatment. The application of WSC in the intercropping system significantly increased the uptake of Cd by H. spectabile, but not by soybean. The findings of this study suggest that combining an intercropping system with a WSC treatment may be better for remediating Cd-contaminated soils than other methods involving the growth of a single hyperaccumulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Li
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Di Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Xing Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Mei Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong-Bin Chen
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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