Huynh BQ, Chin ET, Kiang MV. Estimated Childhood Lead Exposure From Drinking Water in Chicago.
JAMA Pediatr 2024;
178:473-479. [PMID:
38497944 PMCID:
PMC10949143 DOI:
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.0133]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Importance
There is no level of lead in drinking water considered to be safe, yet lead service lines are still commonly used in water systems across the US.
Objective
To identify the extent of lead-contaminated drinking water in Chicago, Illinois, and model its impact on children younger than 6 years.
Design, Setting, and Participants
For this cross-sectional study, a retrospective assessment was performed of lead exposure based on household tests collected from January 2016 to September 2023. Tests were obtained from households in Chicago that registered for a free self-administered testing service for lead exposure. Machine learning and microsimulation were used to estimate citywide childhood lead exposure.
Exposure
Lead-contaminated drinking water, measured in parts per billion.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Number of children younger than 6 years exposed to lead-contaminated water.
Results
A total of 38 385 household lead tests were collected. An estimated 68% (95% uncertainty interval, 66%-69%) of children younger than 6 years were exposed to lead-contaminated water, corresponding to 129 000 children (95% uncertainty interval, 128 000-131 000 children). Ten-percentage-point increases in block-level Black and Hispanic populations were associated with 3% (95% CI, 2%-3%) and 6% (95% CI, 5%-7%) decreases in odds of being tested for lead and 4% (95% CI, 3%-6%) and 11% (95% CI, 10%-13%) increases in having lead-contaminated drinking water, respectively.
Conclusions and Relevance
These findings indicate that childhood lead exposure is widespread in Chicago, and racial inequities are present in both testing rates and exposure levels. Machine learning may assist in preliminary screening for lead exposure, and efforts to remediate the effects of environmental racism should involve improving outreach for and access to lead testing services.
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