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Song Z, Wang C, Hou Y, Wang B, Chen W. Time series analysis of PM 2.5 pollution risk based on the supply and demand of PM 2.5 removal service: a case study of the urban areas of Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:637. [PMID: 38902553 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Demonstrating the temporal changes in PM2.5 pollution risk in regions facing serious PM2.5 pollution problems can provide scientific evidence for the air pollution control of the region. However, research on the variation of PM2.5 pollution risk on a fine temporal scale is very limited. Therefore, we developed a method for quantitative characterizing PM2.5 pollution risk based on the supply and demand of PM2.5 removal services, analyzed the time series characteristics of PM2.5 pollution risk, and explored the reasons for the temporal changes using the urban areas of Beijing as the case study area. The results show that the PM2.5 pollution risk in the urban areas of Beijing was close between 2008 and 2012, decreased by approximately 16.3% in 2016 compared to 2012, and further decreased by approximately 13.2% in 2021 compared to 2016. The temporal variation pattern of the PM2.5 pollution risk in 2016 and 2021 showed significant differences, including an increase in the number of risk-free days, a decrease in the number of heavily polluted days, and an increase in the stability of the risk day sequence. The significant reduction in risk level was mainly attributed to Beijing's air pollution control measures, supplemented by the impact of COVID-19 control measures in 2021. The results of PM2.5 pollution risk decomposition indicate that compared to the previous 2 years, the stability and predictability of the risk variation in 2016 increased, but the overall characteristics of high risk from November to February and low risk from April to September did not change. The high risk from November to February was mainly due to the demand for coal heating during this period, a decrease in PM2.5 removal service supply caused by plant leaf fall, and the common occurrence of temperature inversions in winter, which hinders the diffusion of air pollutants. This study provides a method for the analysis of PM2.5 pollution risk on fine temporal scales and may provide a reference for the PM2.5 pollution control in the urban areas of Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhelu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100041, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Zhao N, Wang C, Shi C, Liu X. The effect of education expenditure on air pollution: Evidence from China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:121006. [PMID: 38692028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Education expenditure is essential in mitigating air pollution, but the relationship between education expenditure and air pollution lacks in-depth discussion. Utilizing data at the county level in China during 2007-2021, this study estimates the effect of education expenditure from local governments on air pollution. Our findings demonstrate that education expenditure significantly and negatively affects air pollution, which remains robust after addressing endogeneity. The mechanism analysis presents that education expenditure reduces air pollution through the composition, technique, and income effects. The heterogeneity analysis indicates that the impact of education expenditure exhibits marked regional heterogeneity. Specifically, the role of education expenditure is significant in strong regulation, key, eastern, and central regions. By considering interaction terms, we identify the moderating effects of human capital, economic development, infrastructure construction, and public service for education expenditure. The cost-benefit analysis emphasizes that education expenditure improves social welfare. Our findings can inspire local governments to place more emphasis on air quality and public education expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- School of Statistics, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, PR China; Center for Education Economics and Statistics of China, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- School of Statistics, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, PR China; Center for Education Economics and Statistics of China, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, PR China.
| | - Chunyan Shi
- School of Statistics, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, PR China; Center for Education Economics and Statistics of China, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- College of Science, North China University of Technology, Beijing, 100144, PR China
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Liu R, Shao M, Wang Q. Multi-timescale variation characteristics of PM 2.5 in different regions of China during 2014-2022. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:171008. [PMID: 38369160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, China has achieved a significant reduction in PM2.5 concentrations. Due to the diversity of natural and artificial factors, regional differences are remarkable in the variation characteristics and have not been well addressed in previous studies. Based on hourly observed PM2.5 concentrations from 2014 to 2022, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of variation characteristics on annual, seasonal, and diurnal scales, with a special focus on differences across major regions. Driving factors of the variations, the effectiveness of air pollution control efforts as well as future priorities were discussed. The annual PM2.5 concentrations in all regions showed an overall downward trend from 2014 to 2022, but the decline rates differed notably across the regions, with the maximum value nearly two times higher than the minimum value. The seasonal decline rates also differ from region to region, which could be partially attributed to the burning of crop residues and dust events. Northeast China was significantly affected by the burning of crop residues and experienced a big drop in the number of fire points in autumn, but a remarkable increase in spring. The spring dust events may greatly contribute to PM2.5 concentrations in northern and western China. For diurnal variation, nighttime concentrations were generally greater than daytime concentrations, and the nighttime concentrations were likely to increase in eastern regions and decrease in western regions. Furthermore, the daytime and nighttime ratios (calculated by daytime/nighttime concentration divided by the daily-mean concentration) exhibited different interannual trends, with the daytime ratios decreasing and nighttime ratios increasing, especially in the northeastern and western regions. The findings indicate that the air pollution control efforts have been generally successful, but with large regional disparities, and highlight the importance of controlling crop residue burning, dust events, and nighttime emissions for specific seasons and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Shao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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4
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Zhang Y, Zhao X, Gong J, Luo F, Pan Y. Effectiveness and driving mechanism of ecological restoration efforts in China from 2009 to 2019. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 910:168676. [PMID: 37981142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, China's rapid economic growth and industrialization have led to serious ecological concerns. To combat ecological degradation and promote ecosystem sustainability, China has made substantial investments in ecological restoration in recent decades. Nevertheless, a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness and driving mechanisms of these efforts are still lacking. Therefore, this study aims to bridge this gap by employing national land-use survey data to evaluate the effectiveness and driving mechanisms of China's ecological restoration efforts during 2009-2019, with a specific focus on ecological land preservation, land use structure, and their contribution to ecosystem services. Additionally, the Geodetector model was used to detect potential influencing factors and driving mechanisms of these efforts. The results of this study revealed that: (1) Between 2009 and 2019, a total of 585,492.61 km2 of non-ecological land was successfully transformed into ecological land through various ecological restoration efforts. Most of these areas were previously unused or cultivated land. (2) Forest and grass plantations were the major ecological restoration efforts in China, accounting for 47.35% and 41.91% of the total restored ecological land, respectively. Grassland restoration clustered northwest of the Hu Line, while forest restoration concentrated mainly to the southeast. Water and wetlands restoration were mainly distributed around China's major rivers, such as the Yangtze River and Yellow River. (3) China's ecological restoration efforts contributed to a 2.53 trillion CNY yuan increase in ecosystem service value during 2009-2019, with over 65% of the increase attributed to ecosystem regulating services. (4) China's ecological restoration efforts were mainly influenced by anthropogenic factors, such as population, land use, and urbanization, while the non-linearly enhanced interaction between natural and other factors also deserves attention. China should balance urban expansion, agricultural development, and ecological preservation, aligning restoration with socioeconomic trends while establishing effective inter-regional ecological compensation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Zhang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Jian Gong
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 43074, China
| | - Fang Luo
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yupiao Pan
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Chen W, Zhang F, Shang X, Zhang T, Guan F. The effects of surface vegetation coverage on the spatial distribution of PM 2.5 in the central area of Nanchang City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:125977-125990. [PMID: 38008837 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The frequent occurrence of haze has caused widespread concern in China, and PM2.5 is thought to be the main cause. Previous research showed that PM2.5 was not only influenced by meteorological conditions but also by land cover especially surface vegetation. It was concluded that PM2.5 concentration is significantly influenced by surface vegetation, but spatially how and in what manner are still unanswered. Taking the central area of Nanchang City, China, as a case, this study firstly applied land use regression (LUR) model to simulate the distribution of PM2.5 in 2020. Then, the dichotomous model was used to determine vegetation coverage. A statistical regression model was used to analyze the influence of vegetation cover on PM2.5 and the scale effects. The results showed that (1) vegetation coverage and PM2.5 concentration were both significantly negatively correlated at the spatial scales selected for this study. (2) The effect of vegetation coverage on PM2.5 varied with season and the 500 m had the best correlation. (3) The non-linear regression model fits better than the linear model, and the effect of vegetation coverage on PM2.5 was complex. (4) The effect of vegetation coverage on PM2.5 concentration was different with PM2.5 concentration level. The higher the PM2.5 concentration, the more pronounced the effect of vegetation coverage on it. This study proposed the idea and method of coupling vegetation coverage with PM2.5 concentration at the regional scale from gradient landscape's point of view and provided some references for mitigating PM2.5 pollution through optimizing urban vegetation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Chen
- School of Surveying and Geoinformation Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Fuqing Zhang
- School of Surveying and Geoinformation Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Xue Shang
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Landscape Process and Territorial Spatial Ecological Restoration, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Tongyue Zhang
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Landscape Process and Territorial Spatial Ecological Restoration, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Feiying Guan
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Landscape Process and Territorial Spatial Ecological Restoration, Nanchang, 330013, China
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Wang L, Yang X, Dong J, Yang Y, Ma P, Zhao W. Evolution of surface ozone pollution pattern in eastern China and its relationship with different intensity heatwaves. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122725. [PMID: 37827354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
With climate warming, eastern China has experienced a significant increase in temperature accompanied by intensified ozone pollution. We aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns and relationships between ozone levels and temperature in eastern China using observation-based ozone data from 418 air quality monitoring stations and temperature data from ERA5. The summer maximum temperature and annual ozone concentration in eastern China increased significantly between 2015 and 2022, with increases rate of 10% and 2.84 μg/m3 yr-1, respectively. The baseline ozone concentration was increasing over time. The average difference in MDA8 O3 concentration in spring, summer, and autumn decreased, with more ozone pollution spreading into spring and autumn, indicating a trend of prolonging the ozone season. During the June-July-August (JJA) period of 2015-2022, heatwaves increased significantly in eastern China. The frequency of heatwave events >10 days played a vital role in exacerbating ozone pollution. During the JJA period, the increase rate in MDA8 O3 concentration was 9.31 μg/m3 yr-1 during heatwave periods, significantly higher than that during non-heatwave periods (4.01 μg/m3 yr-1). The correlation between MDA8 O3 concentration and temperature was as high as 0.99, indicating that temperature was vital in ozone formation during the JJA period in eastern China. This study suggests that more stringent actions are needed to control ozone-precursor compounds during frequent summertime heatwaves in eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xingchuan Yang
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Junwu Dong
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Pengfei Ma
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment Center for Satellite Application on Ecology and Environment/ State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Wenji Zhao
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
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7
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Wu S, Yao J, Wang Y, Zhao W. Influencing factors of PM 2.5 concentration in the typical urban agglomerations in China based on wavelet perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116641. [PMID: 37442257 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 is one of the most harmful air pollutants affecting sustainable economic and social development in China. The analysis of influencing factors affecting PM2.5 concentration is significant for the improvement of air quality. In this study, three typical urban agglomerations in China (Beijing‒Tianjin‒Hebei [BTH], the Yangtze River Delta [YRD], and the Pearl River Delta [PRD]) were studied using innovative trend analysis, a Bayesian statistical model, and partial wavelet and multiwavelet coherence to analyze PM2.5 concentration variations and multi-scale coupled oscillations between PM2.5 concentration and air pollutants/meteorological factors. The results showed that: (1) PM2.5 concentration time-series showed significant downward trends, which decreased as follows: BTH > YRD > PRD. The higher the pollution level, the greater the change trend. In BTH and the PRD, PM2.5 had obvious trends and seasonal change points; whereas, the PM2.5 time-series change point in the YRD was not obvious. (2) PM2.5 had significant intermittent resonance cycles with air pollutants and meteorological factors in different time domains. There were differences in the main controlling factors affecting PM2.5 among the three urban agglomerations. (3) The explanatory ability of air pollutant combinations for variations in PM2.5 was higher than that of meteorological factor combinations. However, the synergistic effect of air pollutants/meteorological factors could better explain the PM2.5 concentration variations on all time-frequency scales. The results of this study provide a reference for ecological improvement as well as collaborative governance of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wu
- School of Resource, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048; China.
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Academy of Eco-civilization Development for Jing-Jin-Ji Megalopolis, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300382; China.
| | - Yongcai Wang
- School of Resource, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048; China.
| | - Wenji Zhao
- School of Resource, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048; China.
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Yen PH, Yuan CS, Lee GW, Ceng JH, Huang ZY, Chiang KC, Du IC, Tseng YL, Soong KY, Jeng MS. Chemical characteristics and spatiotemporal variation of marine fine particles for clustered channels of air masses transporting toward remote background sites in East Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 331:121870. [PMID: 37225076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the chemical characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution, and source apportionment of marine fine particles (PM2.5) for clustered transport channels/routes of air masses moving toward three remote sites in East Asia. Six transport routes in three channels were clustered based on backward trajectory simulation (BTS) in the order of: West Channel > East Channel > South Channel. Air masses transported toward Dongsha Island (DS) came mainly from the West Channel, while those transported toward Green Island (GR) and Kenting Peninsula (KT) came mostly from the East Channel. High PM2.5 commonly occurred from late fall to early spring during the periods of Asian Northeastern Monsoons (ANMs). Marine PM2.5 was dominated by water-soluble ions (WSIs) which were predominated by secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs). Although the metallic content of PM2.5 was predominated by crustal elements (Ca, K, Mg, Fe, and Al), enrichment factor clearly showed that trace metals (Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn) came mainly from anthropogenic sources. Organic carbon (OC) was superior to elemental carbon (EC), while OC/EC and SOC/OC ratios in winter and spring were higher than those in other two seasons. Similar trends were observed for levoglucosan and organic acids. The mass ratio of malonic acid and succinic acid (M/S) was commonly higher than unity, showing the influences of biomass burning (BB) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) on marine PM2.5. We resolved that the main sources of PM2.5 were sea salts, fugitive dust, boiler combustion, and SIAs. Boiler combustion and fishing boat emissions at DS had higher contribution than those at GR and KT. The highest/lowest contribution ratios of cross-boundary transport (CBT) were 84.9/29.6% in winter and summer, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsuan Yen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Aeroaol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Gia-Wei Lee
- Departmnt of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Hao Ceng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Zi-You Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chen Chiang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - I-Chieh Du
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Tseng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ker-Yea Soong
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiou Jeng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan; Green Island Marine Research Station, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Green Island, Taitung, Taiwan
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Wang Y, Wang M, Wu Y, Sun G. Exploring the effect of ecological land structure on PM 2.5: A panel data study based on 277 prefecture-level cities in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107889. [PMID: 36989762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the context of serious urban air pollution and limited land resources, it is important to understand the environmental value of ecological land. Previous studies focused mostly on the effectiveness of a particular type of green space or the total amount of ecological land on PM2.5 and have rarely analyzed the association between ecological land structure and PM2.5 systematically and quantitatively. Therefore, we took 277 cities in China as an example, comprehensively compared the results of different models, and selected a spatial Durbin model using time-fixed effects to dissect the degree of influence of ecological land and different land types within it on PM2.5. The urban ecological land use structure was closely related to PM2.5, and the higher the proportion of ecological land use was, the lower the PM2.5. The degree and direction of influence of different types of land functions within ecological land on PM2.5 differed, with forests, shrubs, and grasslands causing a weakening impact on PM2.5, while wetlands and waters did not have a weakening role. The degree of reduction of PM2.5 by a single type of ecological land was significantly smaller than that by a composite type of ecological land. Green space should be comprehensively considered, designed and adjusted in urban planning to continuously optimize the ecological spatial structure, increase landscape diversity and maximize ecological benefits. The findings of this study help with exploring the effects of land use structure under the goal-oriented control of air pollution and provide theoretical reference and decision-making support for formulating precise air pollution control policies and optimizing the spatial development of national land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Min Wang
- Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Yingmei Wu
- Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Guiquan Sun
- Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
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