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Chen D, Nie B, Ran Y, Wang Y, Li H, Gu W, Wang D. Improved Gaussian plume model for atmospheric dispersion considering buoyancy and gravitational deposition: The case of multi-form tritium. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 199:110892. [PMID: 37285757 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various types of radionuclides have different atmospheric dispersion characteristics, such as buoyancy and gravitational deposition phenomenon of light gas and heavy particles, respectively. Gaussian plume model was widely used to describe atmospheric dispersion behaviors of radioactive effluents, particularly for the purpose of engineering environmental impact assessment or nuclear emergency support. Nonetheless, buoyancy and gravitational deposition were rarely reported in previous work for tritium in particular, which might cause a deviation in evaluating near-surface concentration distribution and radiation dose to the public. Based on the multi-form tritium case, we made a quantitative description for the buoyancy and gravitational deposition phenomenon and discussed the feasibility of developing an improved Gaussian plume model to predict near-surface concentration distribution. Firstly, tritium concentration distribution near to the surface was predicted by using computational fluid dynamics method (CFD) and standard Gaussian plume model to reach consistency without consideration of buoyancy and gravitational deposition effects. Secondly, effects of buoyancy and gravitational deposition were identified by species transport model for gaseous tritium and discrete phase model for droplet tritium with integrating the buoyancy force caused by density variation of gaseous tritium and gravitational force of droplet tritium with enough size. Thirdly, buoyancy and gravitational deposition correction factors were obtained to modify the standard Gaussian plume model. Lastly, predictive results by improved Gaussian plume model were compared with CFD method. It was proved the improved correction method enables higher accuracy in predicting the atmospheric concentration distribution of gaseous pollutants with density variation or particles with gravitational deposition properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyi Chen
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Baojie Nie
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yiling Ran
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weiguo Gu
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dezhong Wang
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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2
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Duan J, Mao S, Xie P, Lang J, Li A, Tong J, Qin M, Xu J, Shen Z. Key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:235-254. [PMID: 36521987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Abrupt air pollution accidents can endanger people's health and destroy the local ecological environment. The appropriate emergency response can minimize the harmful effects of accidents and protect people's lives and property. This paper provides an overview of the key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents around the globe with emphasis on the major achievements that China has obtained in recent years. With decades of effort, China has made significant progress in emergency monitoring technologies and equipment, source estimation technologies, pollutant dispersion simulation technologies and others. Many effective domestic emergency monitoring instruments (e.g., portable DOAS/FT-IR systems, portable FID/PID systems, portable GC-MS systems, scanning imaging remote sensing systems, and emergency monitoring vehicles) had been developed which can meet the demands for routine emergency response activities. A monitoring layout technique combining air dispersion simulation, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and a post-optimality analysis was proposed to identify the optimal monitoring layout scheme under the constraints of limited monitoring resources. Multiple source estimation technologies, including the forward method and the inversion method, have been established and evaluated under various scenarios. Multi-scale dynamic pollution dispersion simulation systems with high temporal and spatial resolution were further developed. A comprehensive emergency response platform integrating database support, source estimation, monitoring schemes, fast monitoring of pollutants, pollution predictions and risk assessment was developed based on the technical idea of "source identification - model simulation - environmental monitoring" dynamic interactive feedback. It is expected that the emergency response capability for abrupt air pollution accidents will gradually improve in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shushuai Mao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Pinhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Jianlei Lang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jingjing Tong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Min Qin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zeya Shen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Cui Y, Zhang G, Wang W, Shen Y, Zhai X, Wu X, Li R, Wu B, Xue Y. Ten-year emission characteristics of atmospheric pollutants from incineration of sacrificial offerings in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:391-400. [PMID: 35459502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The incineration of sacrificial offerings is a significant widely practiced custom that is also a kind of neglected air pollution source in China. Our results showed that the emission factors of particulate matter, SO2, CO, NOx, and VOCs emitted from the incineration of sacrificial offerings with purification systems were reduced by 95%, 19%, 9%, 82%, and 42%, respectively, compared with those without a purification system, revealing a significant effect of the flue gas purification system on reducing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. The emission level of air pollutants from the incineration of sacrificial offerings remained stable before 2013 and then showed a remarkable decrease after the implementation of China´s Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan in 2013. The emissions of TSP (total suspended particulate), PM10, PM2.5, and NOx in 2009 were 8222, 6106, 5656 and 15,878 ton, respectively, obviously higher than 3434, 2551, 2305 and 8579 ton in 2019. Such trend was affected by both the quantity of incineration and the installation rate of purification systems after the Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Crematory (GB 13801-2015) issued in China. Distinct spatial distribution of atmospheric pollutants from incineration of sacrificial offerings was found with higher in the east and south of China than the west and north of China, which is proportional to the regional economy and population. The maximum ground-level concentration typically occurred at 0.12-0.2 km from the pollution source, posing potential health risks to people entering and exiting funeral and burial sites and nearby residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Cui
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control of Ministry of Civil Affairs, 101 Institute of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Yan Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control of Ministry of Civil Affairs, 101 Institute of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Xuefang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Renfei Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Bobo Wu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yifeng Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China.
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4
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Comparison between Puff and Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Models at a Complex and Coastal Site. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A comparison between a puff atmospheric dispersion model (hereafter: PuM) and a Lagrangian particle model (hereafter: LPM) was conducted for a real case of emissions from an industrial plant, in the context of a complex and coastal site. The PuM’s approach is well-known and widely adopted worldwide, thanks to the authoritative suggestions by the US-EPA for regulatory use as, according to the definitions included in its guidelines, an “alternative” to “preferred” models; LPMs are more advanced models and have gained reliability over the last two decades. Therefore, it is of interest to provide insights into the decision to adopt or recommend, in the field of atmospheric impact assessment, a more advanced, but more knowledge- and resource-intensive, modeling tool, rather than an established albeit less accurate one. An inter-comparison of the two approaches is proposed based on the use of various statistical and comparative parameters with the goal of studying their differences in reproducing maps of ground-level ambient concentration statistics for assessment purposes (annual means, hourly peaks). The models were tested under a year-long simulation. The dispersion from both a point and a volume source, belonging to an existing industrial plant, was analyzed separately. The inter-comparison was performed through the analysis of 2D ground concentration maps, scatterplots, and three classical indices from the 2D maps of annual concentration statistics. To correlate the differences among models with site characteristics, the statistics were analyzed not only globally, but also according to distance from the source, the elevation, and the land-use classification. The analysis shows that around-its-axis plume dispersion in LPM is lower than in PuM over all the land-use types except water surfaces, in agreement with the theoretical basis provided by the models. Because of its more advanced theoretical formulation, e.g., in the interaction of the plume with the complex terrain and the three-dimensional wind field, an LPM used as a comparison term allowed us to highlight the weaknesses of a more traditional approach, such as PuM, in reproducing effects such as plume up-sloping, deflection, channeling, confinement, and wind shear diffusion.
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Application of the RODOS decision support system for nuclear emergencies to the analysis of possible consequences of severe accident in distant receptors. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Alrammah I, Mohammed Saeed IM, Mhareb M, Alotiby M. Atmospheric dispersion modeling and radiological environmental impact assessment for normal operation of a proposed pressurized water reactor in the eastern coast of Saudi Arabia. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Bilal M, Hassan M, Tahir DBT, Iqbal MS, Shahid I. Understanding the role of atmospheric circulations and dispersion of air pollution associated with extreme smog events over South Asian megacity. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:82. [PMID: 35013892 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The winter fog/haze events in northeastern Pakistan and surrounding regions of India are often mixed with pollutants to form smog, and consequently damage human health and hampers daily life in the form of fatalities through road accidents, road blockages, and flight delays. The persistent anti-cyclonic conditions can further trigger the temperature inversion and prolong the smog event from days to weeks. The present study provides characteristics and lasting mechanisms of two persistent winter fog events (2016-2017) in Lahore, Pakistan, by using the fifth generation of European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA5 reanalysis data and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model simulated with Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) meteorological data. The results showed the presence of strong low-level anti-cyclonic circulations with wind speed less than 1.5 m/s from November to January over Eastern Punjab for two foggy winter seasons. The deep inversion during the fog events was observed that prevented the natural ventilation of air in the upper atmosphere and ultimately the smoke and heavy pollutant accumulated in the lower atmosphere. Furthermore, high relative humidity greater than 83% near the ground indicates a high condensation rate for water vapors to form fog near the ground. The analysis of the NOAA HYSPLIT trajectory model at different vertical heights revealed that smoke from stubble crop burning in the first week of November 2017 in Punjab and Haryana mixed with fog under favorable stable conditions that lead to intense smog over Lahore. This study will help to understand and to develop a forecasting mechanism of fog events by characterizing the meteorological conditions of the study area and to minimize the adverse impacts of smog on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Space Science, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Hassan
- Department of Space Science, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | | | - Muhammad Shahid Iqbal
- Department of Space Science, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Shahid
- Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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8
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Dose dispersion map using the fall-out stack model of the HYSPLIT code for a pool-type 5 MW research reactor under normal operation. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Dispersion of radionuclides released by nuclear accident and dose assessment in the Greater Bay Area of China. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Ouyang K, Chen W, He Z. Analysis of the radioactive atmospheric dispersion induced by ship nuclear power plant severe accident. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Mlakar P, Božnar MZ, Grašič B. Relative doses instead of relative concentrations for the determination of the consequences of the radiological atmospheric releases. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 196:1-8. [PMID: 30366237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiological atmospheric releases require population dose calculation for proper determination of preventive measures. The old concept of relative concentrations requires long lasting constant emission which is not realistic. The proposed concept of the "relative doses" is the generalization and expansion of the known concept of relative concentrations. Relative doses allow an evaluation of the general non-stationary pollutants emission under the real weather conditions over complex terrain. Relative doses can be calculated even before the actual source term - quantified emission - is known. The relative impact is also very useful for considering the possible impact of an accident scenario on the surroundings for various meteorological situations. This is applied for environmental impact assessments which require long term statistical evaluation. The method has a practical possible application for realistic dose assessment of effectiveness of additional protection achieved by installation of Passive Containment Filtered Venting Systems (PCFVS). PCFVS is considered an obligatory safety upgrade after the Fukushima accident.
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12
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Pirouzmand A, Kowsar Z, Dehghani P. Atmospheric dispersion assessment of radioactive materials during severe accident conditions for Bushehr nuclear power plant using HYSPLIT code. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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13
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Zhang X, Efthimiou G, Wang Y, Huang M. Comparisons between a new point kernel-based scheme and the infinite plane source assumption method for radiation calculation of deposited airborne radionuclides from nuclear power plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 184-185:32-45. [PMID: 29334619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiation from the deposited radionuclides is indispensable information for environmental impact assessment of nuclear power plants and emergency management during nuclear accidents. Ground shine estimation is related to multiple physical processes, including atmospheric dispersion, deposition, soil and air radiation shielding. It still remains unclear that whether the normally adopted "infinite plane" source assumption for the ground shine calculation is accurate enough, especially for the area with highly heterogeneous deposition distribution near the release point. In this study, a new ground shine calculation scheme, which accounts for both the spatial deposition distribution and the properties of air and soil layers, is developed based on point kernel method. Two sets of "detector-centered" grids are proposed and optimized for both the deposition and radiation calculations to better simulate the results measured by the detectors, which will be beneficial for the applications such as source term estimation. The evaluation against the available data of Monte Carlo methods in the literature indicates that the errors of the new scheme are within 5% for the key radionuclides in nuclear accidents. The comparisons between the new scheme and "infinite plane" assumption indicate that the assumption is tenable (relative errors within 20%) for the area located 1 km away from the release source. Within 1 km range, the assumption mainly causes errors for wet deposition and the errors are independent of rain intensities. The results suggest that the new scheme should be adopted if the detectors are within 1 km from the source under the stable atmosphere (classes E and F), or the detectors are within 500 m under slightly unstable (class C) or neutral (class D) atmosphere. Otherwise, the infinite plane assumption is reasonable since the relative errors induced by this assumption are within 20%. The results here are only based on theoretical investigations. They should be further thoroughly evaluated with real measurements in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Institute for Nuclear and Energy Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, D-76021, Germany.
| | - George Efthimiou
- Environmental Research Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos Str., 15310, Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Meng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
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14
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Leelőssy Á, Lagzi I, Kovács A, Mészáros R. A review of numerical models to predict the atmospheric dispersion of radionuclides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 182:20-33. [PMID: 29179047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of atmospheric dispersion modeling has evolved together with nuclear risk assessment and emergency response systems. Atmospheric concentration and deposition of radionuclides originating from an unintended release provide the basis of dose estimations and countermeasure strategies. To predict the atmospheric dispersion and deposition of radionuclides several numerical models are available coupled with numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems. This work provides a review of the main concepts and different approaches of atmospheric dispersion modeling. Key processes of the atmospheric transport of radionuclides are emission, advection, turbulent diffusion, dry and wet deposition, radioactive decay and other physical and chemical transformations. A wide range of modeling software are available to simulate these processes with different physical assumptions, numerical approaches and implementation. The most appropriate modeling tool for a specific purpose can be selected based on the spatial scale, the complexity of meteorology, land surface and physical and chemical transformations, also considering the available data and computational resource. For most regulatory and operational applications, offline coupled NWP-dispersion systems are used, either with a local scale Gaussian, or a regional to global scale Eulerian or Lagrangian approach. The dispersion model results show large sensitivity on the accuracy of the coupled NWP model, especially through the description of planetary boundary layer turbulence, deep convection and wet deposition. Improvement of dispersion predictions can be achieved by online coupling of mesoscale meteorology and atmospheric transport models. The 2011 Fukushima event was the first large-scale nuclear accident where real-time prognostic dispersion modeling provided decision support. Dozens of dispersion models with different approaches were used for prognostic and retrospective simulations of the Fukushima release. An unknown release rate proved to be the largest factor of uncertainty, underlining the importance of inverse modeling and data assimilation in future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Leelőssy
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - István Lagzi
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-BME Condensed Matter Research Group, Budafoki út 8, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Kovács
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Mészáros
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Felsberg A, Ross JO, Schlosser C, Kirchner G. Simulating the mesoscale transport of krypton-85. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 181:85-93. [PMID: 29128689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to its half-life, chemical inertness and low solubility in water, radioactive 85Kr is a valuable tracer for testing the performance of atmospheric dispersion models in simulating long-range transport of pollutants. This paper evaluates the capability of simulating the dispersion of radiokrypton emitted by a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in north-west France. Three time periods during which elevated activity concentrations of 85Kr in ground level air were detected in south-west Germany are chosen. Simulations have been performed using the HYSPLIT code and the European Centre for Median-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) data base. Although their results show a slight trend of underestimating the measured 85Kr concentrations, there is a significant correlation and moderate scatter between observations and simulations with about 50% of the results being within a factor of two of the measured concentrations. The simulated travel time distributions provided a valuable tool for providing additional insight into the dispersion of the tracer radionuclides and for identifying potential causes of deviations between measured and calculated concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Ole Ross
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany
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16
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Auxier JP, Auxier JD, Hall HL. Review of current nuclear fallout codes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 171:246-252. [PMID: 28340486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of developing a robust nuclear forensics program to combat the illicit use of nuclear material that may be used as an improvised nuclear device is widely accepted. In order to decrease the threat to public safety and improve governmental response, government agencies have developed fallout-analysis codes to predict the fallout particle size, dose, and dispersion and dispersion following a detonation. This paper will review the different codes that have been developed for predicting fallout from both chemical and nuclear weapons. This will decrease the response time required for the government to respond to the event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrad P Auxier
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Radiochemistry Center of Excellence (RCOE), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Institute for Nuclear Security, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, United States.
| | - John D Auxier
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Radiochemistry Center of Excellence (RCOE), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Institute for Nuclear Security, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Howard L Hall
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Radiochemistry Center of Excellence (RCOE), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Institute for Nuclear Security, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
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17
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Lavielle B, Thomas B, Gilabert E, Canchel G, Horlait D, Topin S, Pointurier F, Moulin C. Development toward a double focusing isotopic separator for noble gas isotope enrichment. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:908-913. [PMID: 27747992 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A double focusing sector field mass filter used in Nier-Johnson geometry has been built in order to perform Kr isotope enrichment for 81 Kr and 85 Kr isotopes. The principle consists in implanting Kr+ ions accelerated at 7 keV in Al foils after separation using the magnetic sector. A specific ion source has been designed capable of generating high Kr+ ion beams (>0.5 μA) to transfer into the collecting Al foils in 3 to 5 h significant fractions of large Kr samples (1015 to 1016 atoms) initially introduced in the instrument. Implanted Kr isotopes can be further selectively released from the Al foil by surface ablation using an infrared laser beam. Implantation yields and enrichment factors are measured using a conventional mass spectrometer. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lavielle
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, , 19 Chemin du Solarium, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France.
- CNRS, IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, 19 Chemin du Solarium, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France.
| | - Bertrand Thomas
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, , 19 Chemin du Solarium, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
- CNRS, IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, 19 Chemin du Solarium, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Eric Gilabert
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, , 19 Chemin du Solarium, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
- CNRS, IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, 19 Chemin du Solarium, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Gregory Canchel
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, , 19 Chemin du Solarium, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
- CNRS, IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, 19 Chemin du Solarium, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Denis Horlait
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, , 19 Chemin du Solarium, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
- CNRS, IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux-Gradignan, 19 Chemin du Solarium, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
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18
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Mitrakos D, Potiriadis C, Housiadas C. An approach for estimating the radiological significance of a hypothetical major nuclear accident over long distance transboundary scales. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Van Thielen S, Turcanu C, Camps J, Keppens R. Optimizing the calculation grid for atmospheric dispersion modelling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 142:103-112. [PMID: 25658472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents three approaches to find optimized grids for atmospheric dispersion measurements and calculations in emergency planning. This can be useful for deriving optimal positions for mobile monitoring stations, or help to reduce discretization errors and improve recommendations. Indeed, threshold-based recommendations or conclusions may differ strongly on the shape and size of the grid on which atmospheric dispersion measurements or calculations of pollutants are based. Therefore, relatively sparse grids that retain as much information as possible, are required. The grid optimization procedure proposed here is first demonstrated with a simple Gaussian plume model as adopted in atmospheric dispersion calculations, which provides fast calculations. The optimized grids are compared to the Noodplan grid, currently used for emergency planning in Belgium, and to the exact solution. We then demonstrate how it can be used in more realistic dispersion models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Van Thielen
- KU Leuven, CIB, Celestijnenlaan 300, Box 2422, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - C Turcanu
- SCK•CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - J Camps
- SCK•CEN, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - R Keppens
- KU Leuven, Department of Mathematics, Celestijnenlaan 200B, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Zhang XL, Li QB, Su GF, Yuan MQ. Ensemble-based simultaneous emission estimates and improved forecast of radioactive pollution from nuclear power plant accidents: application to ETEX tracer experiment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2015; 142:78-86. [PMID: 25647500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The accidental release of radioactive materials from nuclear power plant leads to radioactive pollution. We apply an augmented ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) with a chemical transport model to jointly estimate the emissions of Perfluoromethylcyclohexane (PMCH), a tracer substitute for radionuclides, from a point source during the European Tracer Experiment, and to improve the forecast of its dispersion downwind. We perturb wind fields to account for meteorological uncertainties. We expand the state vector of PMCH concentrations through continuously adding an a priori emission rate for each succeeding assimilation cycle. We adopt a time-correlated red noise to simulate the temporal emission fluctuation. The improved EnKF system rapidly updates (and reduces) the excessively large initial first-guess emissions, thereby significantly improves subsequent forecasts (r = 0.83, p < 0.001). It retrieves 94% of the total PMCH released and substantially reduces transport error (>80% average reduction of the normalized mean square error).
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Zhang
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Q B Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G F Su
- Institute of Public Safety Research, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - M Q Yuan
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China
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21
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Connan O, Solier L, Hébert D, Maro D, Lamotte M, Voiseux C, Laguionie P, Cazimajou O, Le Cavelier S, Godinot C, Morillon M, Thomas L, Percot S. Near-field krypton-85 measurements in stable meteorological conditions around the AREVA NC La Hague reprocessing plant: estimation of atmospheric transfer coefficients. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2014; 137:142-149. [PMID: 25078471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the near-field dispersion of (85)Kr around the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at La Hague (AREVA NC La Hague - France) under stable meteorological conditions. Twenty-two (85)Kr night-time experimental campaigns were carried out at distances of up to 4 km from the release source. Although the operational Gaussian models predict for these meteorological conditions a distance to plume touchdown of several kilometers, we almost systematically observed a marked ground signal at distances of 0.5-4 km. The calculated atmospheric transfer coefficients (ATC) show values (1) higher than those observed under neutral conditions, (2) much higher than those proposed by the operational models, and (3) higher than those used in the impact assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Connan
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France.
| | - L Solier
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - D Hébert
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - D Maro
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - M Lamotte
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - C Voiseux
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - P Laguionie
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - O Cazimajou
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - S Le Cavelier
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - C Godinot
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - M Morillon
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - L Thomas
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - S Percot
- IRSN/PRP-ENV/SERIS, Laboratoire de Radioécologie, Rue Max Pol Fouchet, BP10, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
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